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Investment Protection in the European Union

Considering EU law in investment arbitrations arising from intra-EU and extra-EU bilateral investment agreements
Authors:
Publisher:
 2017

Summary

The impact of European Union law on investment arbitration proceedings arising from intra-EU and extra-EU bilateral investment agreements (BITs) remains matter of considerable debate. In the last years several arbitral tribunals expressed their view on the subject matter, raising constant suspicion by the European Commission and certain EU-member states involved in such proceedings. The book hence analysis the potential objections regarding the arbitral tribunal's jurisdiction and the merits of the case resulting from the interference of European Union law with international investment law. Although such consequence is disputed by several arbitral tribunals, the author supports that in intra-EU proceedings the tribunals lack jurisdiction. However, in extra-EU proceedings, the author suggests to transpose the Bosphorus judgement rendered by the European Court of Human Rights to investment arbitration proceedings to reduce potential conflicts and satisfy the diverging interests.

Bibliographic data

Edition
1/2017
Copyright Year
2017
ISBN-Print
978-3-8487-4347-6
ISBN-Online
978-3-8452-8571-9
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series
Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht
Volume
26
Language
English
Pages
548
Product Type
Monograph

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access 1 - 22
  2. Introduction No access 23 - 32
    1. The necessity of investment protection No access
        1. From the Middle Ages until the Colonial Era: the use of force and other individual measures No access
          1. Customary international law: minimum standard of treatment No access
          2. Conventional obligations: Treaties of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation No access
          1. Procedural enforcement: dependence on either the home state or the host state No access
          2. Unspecific provisions and a general trend to the conclusion of more specific treaties No access
        1. Conventional protection of investments through IIAs No access
        2. Higher degree of clarity as to the protection standards No access
        3. Direct enforcement by investors No access
        4. Enlargement of the scope of rights through the terms investment and investor No access
      3. State-contracts No access
      1. Rise of the EU and the internal market: Investment protection through EU law No access
        1. Extra-EU IIAs No access
        2. Intra-EU IIAs No access
        3. Mixed agreements including the EU as contracting party No access
        1. Guiding principles of investment protection through IIAs No access
          1. Fair and equitable treatment No access
          2. Protection against Expropriation No access
          3. Full protection and security No access
            1. National treatment No access
            2. Most favoured nation treatment No access
            3. Other non-discrimination clauses No access
          5. Umbrella clauses No access
          6. Free transfer of funds No access
          7. Admission clauses and right to establish No access
            1. Jurisdiction of the Centre No access
            2. Procedural rules and applicable law No access
            3. Recourse and enforcement No access
            1. Jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal No access
            2. Applicable law and procedural rules No access
            3. Recourse and enforcement of arbitral awards issued in private forums No access
          3. Other remedies such as inter-state and local remedies No access
        1. Guiding principles of EU law No access
            1. Freedom of establishment No access
            2. Free movement of capital No access
            3. Free transfer of funds No access
            4. Free movement of goods and freedom to provide services No access
            1. Scope of application of the Charter (Art. 51 of the Charter) No access
            2. Freedom to conduct business (Art. 16 of the Charter) No access
            3. Right to property (Art. 17 of the Charter) No access
          3. Other principles, including the general principles of EU law and principles of access to justice and due process / relief No access
          1. Competition law: Art. 101, 102 TFEU No access
          2. State aid provisions: Art. 107 ff TFEU No access
          3. Secondary legislation No access
          1. Proceedings before national courts and preliminary ruling procedure (Art. 267 TFEU) No access
            1. Action for annulment (Art. 263, 264 TFEU) No access
            2. Infringement proceedings as inter-state remedies for violation of EU law (Art. 258 ff TFEU) No access
            1. Extra-contractual action for damages against the EU No access
            2. Extra-contractual action for damages against the member states No access
      1. Preliminary remarks as to the notion of conflict regarding different legal frameworks No access
          1. State aid rules (Art. 107 ff TFEU) No access
          2. European public procurement and competition law No access
          3. Fundamental freedoms and their limitations in general No access
          4. Non-discrimination (Art. 18 TFEU or the fundamental freedoms) No access
          5. Free movement of capital No access
          6. Changing legal framework No access
          1. Conflict between arbitration clauses and Art. 344 TFEU No access
          2. Conflict between arbitration clauses and the dispatch of competencies in the EU No access
          3. Conflict between arbitration clauses and the principle of non-discrimination (Art. 18 TFEU) No access
        1. Arbitration proceedings No access
            1. Invalidity of the arbitration clause (Art. 34 (2) lit. a UNCITRAL Model Law (Lack of jurisdiction)) No access
            2. Award contrary to public policy No access
          2. ICSID-Annulment proceedings No access
          1. Enforcement in private forums (ICC, SCC, etc.) No access
          2. Enforcement of ICSID-Awards No access
        4. The impact of further potential EU proceedings on the enforcement of an award No access
        5. Conclusion on potential conflicts in the arbitration proceedings No access
        1. Distinguishing different types of situations raising the conflict: intra-EU vs. extra-EU IIAs No access
        2. Enjeux en question – Guiding principles which should be respected by any solution to this conflict of laws No access
      1. Structure of the analysis No access
      2. The perspective of an arbitral tribunal in an intra-EU investment dispute No access
      1. The relevance of any other rule of law than the IIA in the proceedings No access
          1. Transferal of competencies and rights to legislate No access
          2. Irrelevance of principles set forth in the European Treaties for its qualification No access
        2. EU law primarily creates rights and obligations towards member states and as an auxiliary individual rights No access
        3. EU law regulates rights between subjects of international law No access
        1. Absence of explicit provisions dealing with the conflict in IIAs and the European Treaties No access
        2. Absence of conflict rule leading to the termination of an entire treaty No access
          1. The notion of sameness in Art. 59 VLCT as interpreted by the arbitral tribunals dealing with intra-EU disputes No access
          2. The misuse of the notion of “same subject matter” to eliminate conflicts ab initio No access
        2. Tacit intention to terminate the IIA subsequent to a member state’s accession to the European Union (Art. 59 (1) lit. a VCLT) No access
        3. Incompatibility of EU law and IIAs (Art. 59 (1) lit. b VCLT) No access
        4. Conclusions on the effect of Art. 59 VCLT on intra-EU IIAs No access
        1. Ordinary meaning and scope of Art. 351 TFEU No access
        2. Ordinary meaning and scope of Art. 350 TFEU No access
        3. Art. 350, 351 TFEU as opposition to the (inherent) general principle of primacy No access
      4. Applicable conflict rule under the principles of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties No access
        1. First sub-hypothesis: IIA concluded before accession No access
        2. Second sub-hypothesis: IIA concluded after accession No access
        3. Necessity of a conflict and the legal consequences No access
        1. Why the arbitral tribunal should consider the interpretation of the CJEU in its arbitration proceedings No access
          1. The irrelevance of the EU’s competencies to regulate arbitration for the question of compatibility No access
          2. The scope of application of Art. 344 TFEU No access
          3. The existence of a duty to respect the fundamental elements of the European Union’s legal order and judicial system No access
          4. The criteria to determine the incompatibility with the general principles of the European Union’s legal and judicial order No access
          1. Quantity of cases and quality of provisions concerned (criteria n° 1 and n° 2) No access
          2. Interpretative monopoly – (de facto) binding interpretation (criterion n° 3) No access
          3. Circumvention of preliminary ruling procedure – disrupting the interaction of the courts (criterion n° 4) No access
          4. Further safeguards to ensure the uniform application of EU law (criterion n° 5) No access
          5. Contravention of the principle of mutual trust (criterion n° 6) No access
          6. Overall assessment of the criteria n° 1 to n° 6 No access
        4. Interim conclusions on the arbitration clause’s incompatibility with the autonomy of the EU’s legal order and its specific characteristics No access
        5. Excursus for mixed agreements No access
        1. The type of provisions to be affected to trigger the application of the ERTA-jurisprudence No access
        2. Scope of comparison under the ERTA-Doctrine / Pringle-Case No access
        3. Interim conclusion on the arbitration clause’s incompatibility due to violation of the EU’s exclusive competences No access
            1. Difference in treatment between investors from different nationalities No access
            2. Comparable circumstances between such investors No access
            3. Justification for the differential treatment in comparable circumstances No access
          2. Outbound perspective (home state favoring its national investors towards non-national investors) No access
        2. Legal consequences of the violation of the principle of nondiscrimination No access
      4. Interim conclusions on conflicts between EU law and arbitration clauses contained in IIAs No access
      1. Inconsistency with substantive guarantees provided in the IIA No access
      2. How to implement EU law’s primacy on the merits No access
      1. Impact of sunset clauses on the results No access
      2. Conformity of the solution with the interests in question No access
        1. Principle of pacta sunt servanda No access
        2. No fundamental change of circumstances upon accession to the EU (Art. 62 VCLT) No access
        3. Consequences for obligations arising from IIAs under public international law No access
        1. The effects of Art. 351 TFEU: grandfathering of conflicting obligations No access
          1. Limits to Art. 351 (1) TFEU regarding prior treaties No access
            1. Arguments against the application of Art. 351 (1) TFEU by analogy No access
            2. Limitations to the grandfathering effect of Art. 351 (1) TFEU if applied by analogy No access
        3. Summary regarding the unionist perspective and the status of extra-EU IIAs No access
      3. Excursus for mixed agreements and future comprehensive trade agreements No access
      1. The dual nature of EU law in extra-EU arbitration proceedings: international law but also domestic law of the member state No access
            1. The prerequisite of the investment’s legality under the law of the host state No access
            2. Consequences for interferences of investments with EU law No access
          2. Interpretation of the Fair and Equitable Treatment standard No access
          1. EU law being the applicable law to the jurisdictional stage as lex loci arbitri. No access
          2. EU law at the merits stage No access
        1. Setting-aside or enforcement proceedings No access
        2. Potential decisions by the European Commission No access
      4. Interim conclusion on the disruptive potential of ignoring EU law in extra-EU investment proceedings No access
        1. German Constitutional Court: Solange II No access
        2. ECtHR: Bosphorus vs. Ireland No access
          1. EU law as domestic law being applicable law to the investment dispute No access
            1. Mixed agreements (e.g. Energy Charter Treaty) No access
            2. Transposing the underlying idea of the Bosphorus-Approach to extra-EU-IIAs No access
        2. Interim results on the possibility to transpose the Bosphorus Approach to IIAs No access
          1. Equivalence of measures being qualified as expropriations No access
            1. Public purpose / public interest No access
            2. Due process of law No access
            3. Prohibition of discrimination No access
            4. Due compensation No access
            1. Protected assets and difficulties arising thereof No access
            2. Implications of the chain of control: indirectly owned investments No access
            1. Protected assets: “investment” and “free movement of capital” No access
            2. Exceptions and justifications to guarantees under the IIA and under EU law No access
            3. Scope of application of the free movement of capital: erga omnes protection? No access
          2. Compensation of protection through application of Art. 20 of the Charter No access
            1. Due process in judicial proceedings No access
            2. Due process in administrative proceedings No access
          2. Prohibition of arbitrary and discriminatory measures and measures causing intentional harm (element no°2) No access
          3. Obligation to provide legality, stability and transparency in exercising legislative or regulatory powers (element no°3) No access
          4. Honouring of legitimate expectations and stability of legislation (element no°4) No access
          5. Principle of proportionality (element no°5) No access
          6. Overall comparative assessment regarding the FET standard No access
          1. Protection against arbitrary measures No access
          2. Umbrella clauses No access
        5. Additional protection for investors established within the EU and operating in other EU member states No access
        6. Overall assessment of substantive protection under EU law and IIAs No access
        1. How to address the equivalence of procedural protection No access
        2. The implementation of procedural investment protection by mixed arbitration No access
            1. Direct actions before the CJEU No access
            2. Supplementary function of national courts under EU law No access
            3. The assisting function of secondary relief: compensation for violation of EU law No access
          2. Specific performance instead of deterrence: how to ensure observance of substantive guarantees No access
          3. Complementary means offered by EU law to enforce compliance with substantive guarantees No access
        4. Overall assessment of the equivalence of procedural protection under IIAs and EU law No access
        1. Mandatory actions by the host states under EU law No access
        2. The burden of proof relating to an act being “mandatory” No access
        1. Consequence of prior proceedings No access
        2. Downgrade in the level of protection No access
        3. Considerable lack of protection in the particular case depriving the investor of any protection No access
        4. Denial of justice: forcing the EU member states to grant sufficient procedural protection No access
      3. The required dialogue of the judges No access
      4. Conformity of the solution with the interests in question No access
  6. Outlook regarding the EU’s future investment policy No access 499 - 502
  7. Conclusion No access 503 - 512
  8. Literature No access 513 - 548

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