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Monographie Kein Zugriff

Investment Protection in the European Union

Considering EU law in investment arbitrations arising from intra-EU and extra-EU bilateral investment agreements
Autor:innen:
Verlag:
 29.09.2017

Zusammenfassung

Die Anwendung des Europarechts bei Schiedsverfahren auf der Grundlage von intra-EU und extra-EU Investitionsschutzverträgen (BITs) führt zu erheblichen Konflikten. Spätestens seit der Vorlagefrage des Bundesgerichtshofs an den Europäischen Gerichtshof im Achmea-Fall beschäftigen die Zulässigkeit von privaten Schiedsgerichten bei Streitigkeiten zwischen Investoren aus EU-Mitgliedsstaaten mit anderen EU-Mitgliedsstaaten erneut sowohl die Praxis als auch die Wissenschaft. Das Werk untersucht die verschiedenen Szenarien, in denen EU-Mitgliedsstaaten an Investitionsschutzverfahren beteiligt seien können und demonstriert unterschiedliche Lösungsansätze.

Der Autor plädiert, entgegen der bisherigen Ansicht einiger Schiedsgerichte, für eine Unzulässigkeit der Schiedsverfahren in speziellen Verfahrenskonstellationen. In anderen Konstellationen schlägt der Autor die Übertragung des Bosphorus-Urteils des EGMR auf investitionsschutzrechtliche Sachverhalte vor, um sachgerechte Lösungen zu erzielen.

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Bibliographische Angaben

Copyrightjahr
2017
Erscheinungsdatum
29.09.2017
ISBN-Print
978-3-8487-4347-6
ISBN-Online
978-3-8452-8571-9
Verlag
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Reihe
Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht
Band
26
Sprache
Englisch
Seiten
548
Produkttyp
Monographie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

KapitelSeiten
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis Kein Zugriff 1 - 22
  2. Introduction Kein Zugriff 23 - 32
    1. The necessity of investment protection Kein Zugriff
        1. From the Middle Ages until the Colonial Era: the use of force and other individual measures Kein Zugriff
          1. Customary international law: minimum standard of treatment Kein Zugriff
          2. Conventional obligations: Treaties of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Kein Zugriff
          1. Procedural enforcement: dependence on either the home state or the host state Kein Zugriff
          2. Unspecific provisions and a general trend to the conclusion of more specific treaties Kein Zugriff
        1. Conventional protection of investments through IIAs Kein Zugriff
        2. Higher degree of clarity as to the protection standards Kein Zugriff
        3. Direct enforcement by investors Kein Zugriff
        4. Enlargement of the scope of rights through the terms investment and investor Kein Zugriff
      3. State-contracts Kein Zugriff
      1. Rise of the EU and the internal market: Investment protection through EU law Kein Zugriff
        1. Extra-EU IIAs Kein Zugriff
        2. Intra-EU IIAs Kein Zugriff
        3. Mixed agreements including the EU as contracting party Kein Zugriff
        1. Guiding principles of investment protection through IIAs Kein Zugriff
          1. Fair and equitable treatment Kein Zugriff
          2. Protection against Expropriation Kein Zugriff
          3. Full protection and security Kein Zugriff
            1. National treatment Kein Zugriff
            2. Most favoured nation treatment Kein Zugriff
            3. Other non-discrimination clauses Kein Zugriff
          5. Umbrella clauses Kein Zugriff
          6. Free transfer of funds Kein Zugriff
          7. Admission clauses and right to establish Kein Zugriff
            1. Jurisdiction of the Centre Kein Zugriff
            2. Procedural rules and applicable law Kein Zugriff
            3. Recourse and enforcement Kein Zugriff
            1. Jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal Kein Zugriff
            2. Applicable law and procedural rules Kein Zugriff
            3. Recourse and enforcement of arbitral awards issued in private forums Kein Zugriff
          3. Other remedies such as inter-state and local remedies Kein Zugriff
        1. Guiding principles of EU law Kein Zugriff
            1. Freedom of establishment Kein Zugriff
            2. Free movement of capital Kein Zugriff
            3. Free transfer of funds Kein Zugriff
            4. Free movement of goods and freedom to provide services Kein Zugriff
            1. Scope of application of the Charter (Art. 51 of the Charter) Kein Zugriff
            2. Freedom to conduct business (Art. 16 of the Charter) Kein Zugriff
            3. Right to property (Art. 17 of the Charter) Kein Zugriff
          3. Other principles, including the general principles of EU law and principles of access to justice and due process / relief Kein Zugriff
          1. Competition law: Art. 101, 102 TFEU Kein Zugriff
          2. State aid provisions: Art. 107 ff TFEU Kein Zugriff
          3. Secondary legislation Kein Zugriff
          1. Proceedings before national courts and preliminary ruling procedure (Art. 267 TFEU) Kein Zugriff
            1. Action for annulment (Art. 263, 264 TFEU) Kein Zugriff
            2. Infringement proceedings as inter-state remedies for violation of EU law (Art. 258 ff TFEU) Kein Zugriff
            1. Extra-contractual action for damages against the EU Kein Zugriff
            2. Extra-contractual action for damages against the member states Kein Zugriff
      1. Preliminary remarks as to the notion of conflict regarding different legal frameworks Kein Zugriff
          1. State aid rules (Art. 107 ff TFEU) Kein Zugriff
          2. European public procurement and competition law Kein Zugriff
          3. Fundamental freedoms and their limitations in general Kein Zugriff
          4. Non-discrimination (Art. 18 TFEU or the fundamental freedoms) Kein Zugriff
          5. Free movement of capital Kein Zugriff
          6. Changing legal framework Kein Zugriff
          1. Conflict between arbitration clauses and Art. 344 TFEU Kein Zugriff
          2. Conflict between arbitration clauses and the dispatch of competencies in the EU Kein Zugriff
          3. Conflict between arbitration clauses and the principle of non-discrimination (Art. 18 TFEU) Kein Zugriff
        1. Arbitration proceedings Kein Zugriff
            1. Invalidity of the arbitration clause (Art. 34 (2) lit. a UNCITRAL Model Law (Lack of jurisdiction)) Kein Zugriff
            2. Award contrary to public policy Kein Zugriff
          2. ICSID-Annulment proceedings Kein Zugriff
          1. Enforcement in private forums (ICC, SCC, etc.) Kein Zugriff
          2. Enforcement of ICSID-Awards Kein Zugriff
        4. The impact of further potential EU proceedings on the enforcement of an award Kein Zugriff
        5. Conclusion on potential conflicts in the arbitration proceedings Kein Zugriff
        1. Distinguishing different types of situations raising the conflict: intra-EU vs. extra-EU IIAs Kein Zugriff
        2. Enjeux en question – Guiding principles which should be respected by any solution to this conflict of laws Kein Zugriff
      1. Structure of the analysis Kein Zugriff
      2. The perspective of an arbitral tribunal in an intra-EU investment dispute Kein Zugriff
      1. The relevance of any other rule of law than the IIA in the proceedings Kein Zugriff
          1. Transferal of competencies and rights to legislate Kein Zugriff
          2. Irrelevance of principles set forth in the European Treaties for its qualification Kein Zugriff
        2. EU law primarily creates rights and obligations towards member states and as an auxiliary individual rights Kein Zugriff
        3. EU law regulates rights between subjects of international law Kein Zugriff
        1. Absence of explicit provisions dealing with the conflict in IIAs and the European Treaties Kein Zugriff
        2. Absence of conflict rule leading to the termination of an entire treaty Kein Zugriff
          1. The notion of sameness in Art. 59 VLCT as interpreted by the arbitral tribunals dealing with intra-EU disputes Kein Zugriff
          2. The misuse of the notion of “same subject matter” to eliminate conflicts ab initio Kein Zugriff
        2. Tacit intention to terminate the IIA subsequent to a member state’s accession to the European Union (Art. 59 (1) lit. a VCLT) Kein Zugriff
        3. Incompatibility of EU law and IIAs (Art. 59 (1) lit. b VCLT) Kein Zugriff
        4. Conclusions on the effect of Art. 59 VCLT on intra-EU IIAs Kein Zugriff
        1. Ordinary meaning and scope of Art. 351 TFEU Kein Zugriff
        2. Ordinary meaning and scope of Art. 350 TFEU Kein Zugriff
        3. Art. 350, 351 TFEU as opposition to the (inherent) general principle of primacy Kein Zugriff
      4. Applicable conflict rule under the principles of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Kein Zugriff
        1. First sub-hypothesis: IIA concluded before accession Kein Zugriff
        2. Second sub-hypothesis: IIA concluded after accession Kein Zugriff
        3. Necessity of a conflict and the legal consequences Kein Zugriff
        1. Why the arbitral tribunal should consider the interpretation of the CJEU in its arbitration proceedings Kein Zugriff
          1. The irrelevance of the EU’s competencies to regulate arbitration for the question of compatibility Kein Zugriff
          2. The scope of application of Art. 344 TFEU Kein Zugriff
          3. The existence of a duty to respect the fundamental elements of the European Union’s legal order and judicial system Kein Zugriff
          4. The criteria to determine the incompatibility with the general principles of the European Union’s legal and judicial order Kein Zugriff
          1. Quantity of cases and quality of provisions concerned (criteria n° 1 and n° 2) Kein Zugriff
          2. Interpretative monopoly – (de facto) binding interpretation (criterion n° 3) Kein Zugriff
          3. Circumvention of preliminary ruling procedure – disrupting the interaction of the courts (criterion n° 4) Kein Zugriff
          4. Further safeguards to ensure the uniform application of EU law (criterion n° 5) Kein Zugriff
          5. Contravention of the principle of mutual trust (criterion n° 6) Kein Zugriff
          6. Overall assessment of the criteria n° 1 to n° 6 Kein Zugriff
        4. Interim conclusions on the arbitration clause’s incompatibility with the autonomy of the EU’s legal order and its specific characteristics Kein Zugriff
        5. Excursus for mixed agreements Kein Zugriff
        1. The type of provisions to be affected to trigger the application of the ERTA-jurisprudence Kein Zugriff
        2. Scope of comparison under the ERTA-Doctrine / Pringle-Case Kein Zugriff
        3. Interim conclusion on the arbitration clause’s incompatibility due to violation of the EU’s exclusive competences Kein Zugriff
            1. Difference in treatment between investors from different nationalities Kein Zugriff
            2. Comparable circumstances between such investors Kein Zugriff
            3. Justification for the differential treatment in comparable circumstances Kein Zugriff
          2. Outbound perspective (home state favoring its national investors towards non-national investors) Kein Zugriff
        2. Legal consequences of the violation of the principle of nondiscrimination Kein Zugriff
      4. Interim conclusions on conflicts between EU law and arbitration clauses contained in IIAs Kein Zugriff
      1. Inconsistency with substantive guarantees provided in the IIA Kein Zugriff
      2. How to implement EU law’s primacy on the merits Kein Zugriff
      1. Impact of sunset clauses on the results Kein Zugriff
      2. Conformity of the solution with the interests in question Kein Zugriff
        1. Principle of pacta sunt servanda Kein Zugriff
        2. No fundamental change of circumstances upon accession to the EU (Art. 62 VCLT) Kein Zugriff
        3. Consequences for obligations arising from IIAs under public international law Kein Zugriff
        1. The effects of Art. 351 TFEU: grandfathering of conflicting obligations Kein Zugriff
          1. Limits to Art. 351 (1) TFEU regarding prior treaties Kein Zugriff
            1. Arguments against the application of Art. 351 (1) TFEU by analogy Kein Zugriff
            2. Limitations to the grandfathering effect of Art. 351 (1) TFEU if applied by analogy Kein Zugriff
        3. Summary regarding the unionist perspective and the status of extra-EU IIAs Kein Zugriff
      3. Excursus for mixed agreements and future comprehensive trade agreements Kein Zugriff
      1. The dual nature of EU law in extra-EU arbitration proceedings: international law but also domestic law of the member state Kein Zugriff
            1. The prerequisite of the investment’s legality under the law of the host state Kein Zugriff
            2. Consequences for interferences of investments with EU law Kein Zugriff
          2. Interpretation of the Fair and Equitable Treatment standard Kein Zugriff
          1. EU law being the applicable law to the jurisdictional stage as lex loci arbitri. Kein Zugriff
          2. EU law at the merits stage Kein Zugriff
        1. Setting-aside or enforcement proceedings Kein Zugriff
        2. Potential decisions by the European Commission Kein Zugriff
      4. Interim conclusion on the disruptive potential of ignoring EU law in extra-EU investment proceedings Kein Zugriff
        1. German Constitutional Court: Solange II Kein Zugriff
        2. ECtHR: Bosphorus vs. Ireland Kein Zugriff
          1. EU law as domestic law being applicable law to the investment dispute Kein Zugriff
            1. Mixed agreements (e.g. Energy Charter Treaty) Kein Zugriff
            2. Transposing the underlying idea of the Bosphorus-Approach to extra-EU-IIAs Kein Zugriff
        2. Interim results on the possibility to transpose the Bosphorus Approach to IIAs Kein Zugriff
          1. Equivalence of measures being qualified as expropriations Kein Zugriff
            1. Public purpose / public interest Kein Zugriff
            2. Due process of law Kein Zugriff
            3. Prohibition of discrimination Kein Zugriff
            4. Due compensation Kein Zugriff
            1. Protected assets and difficulties arising thereof Kein Zugriff
            2. Implications of the chain of control: indirectly owned investments Kein Zugriff
            1. Protected assets: “investment” and “free movement of capital” Kein Zugriff
            2. Exceptions and justifications to guarantees under the IIA and under EU law Kein Zugriff
            3. Scope of application of the free movement of capital: erga omnes protection? Kein Zugriff
          2. Compensation of protection through application of Art. 20 of the Charter Kein Zugriff
            1. Due process in judicial proceedings Kein Zugriff
            2. Due process in administrative proceedings Kein Zugriff
          2. Prohibition of arbitrary and discriminatory measures and measures causing intentional harm (element no°2) Kein Zugriff
          3. Obligation to provide legality, stability and transparency in exercising legislative or regulatory powers (element no°3) Kein Zugriff
          4. Honouring of legitimate expectations and stability of legislation (element no°4) Kein Zugriff
          5. Principle of proportionality (element no°5) Kein Zugriff
          6. Overall comparative assessment regarding the FET standard Kein Zugriff
          1. Protection against arbitrary measures Kein Zugriff
          2. Umbrella clauses Kein Zugriff
        5. Additional protection for investors established within the EU and operating in other EU member states Kein Zugriff
        6. Overall assessment of substantive protection under EU law and IIAs Kein Zugriff
        1. How to address the equivalence of procedural protection Kein Zugriff
        2. The implementation of procedural investment protection by mixed arbitration Kein Zugriff
            1. Direct actions before the CJEU Kein Zugriff
            2. Supplementary function of national courts under EU law Kein Zugriff
            3. The assisting function of secondary relief: compensation for violation of EU law Kein Zugriff
          2. Specific performance instead of deterrence: how to ensure observance of substantive guarantees Kein Zugriff
          3. Complementary means offered by EU law to enforce compliance with substantive guarantees Kein Zugriff
        4. Overall assessment of the equivalence of procedural protection under IIAs and EU law Kein Zugriff
        1. Mandatory actions by the host states under EU law Kein Zugriff
        2. The burden of proof relating to an act being “mandatory” Kein Zugriff
        1. Consequence of prior proceedings Kein Zugriff
        2. Downgrade in the level of protection Kein Zugriff
        3. Considerable lack of protection in the particular case depriving the investor of any protection Kein Zugriff
        4. Denial of justice: forcing the EU member states to grant sufficient procedural protection Kein Zugriff
      3. The required dialogue of the judges Kein Zugriff
      4. Conformity of the solution with the interests in question Kein Zugriff
  6. Outlook regarding the EU’s future investment policy Kein Zugriff 499 - 502
  7. Conclusion Kein Zugriff 503 - 512
  8. Literature Kein Zugriff 513 - 548

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