Public Interest Considerations in Merger Control

Dr. Qian Li

doi:10.5771/9783748937210

Summary

Although more jurisdictions have converted to competition-based merger control rules, public interest considerations, i.e., non-competition-related considerations, still play a significant role. This work examines and compares their roles in merger control of the USA, the EU and China. These considerations have been taken into account in all three jurisdictions but to varying degrees. The convergence of the US and EU to the consumer welfare path has created international competition norms that public interest considerations would not be accepted to a high degree. Such norms might be challenged by China that has adopted a development path. Finally, this work proposes a three-approach regime to rationalize public interest considerations.

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2023
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-7588-0
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-3721-0
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Wirtschaftsrecht und Wirtschaftspolitik
Volume: 315
Language: English
Pages: 382
Product type: Book Titles

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages 1 - 18
Introduction No access Pages 19 - 24
1. 1. I. The Public Interest in a General Sense: A Multifaceted Concept No access
  2. 1. 1. Core Objectives of Competition Law No access
    2. 1. a) A Negative Definition No access
      2. (1) “Consideration” No access
        (2) “Public Interest” No access
        (3) “Public Interest Considerations” No access
2. 1. 1. 1. Openness No access
    2. 2. Jurisdiction Specificity No access
    3. 3. Time Specificity No access
  2. 1. 1. Defensive as Shields No access
    2. 2. Offensive as Swords No access
    3. 3. Dual Functions No access
3. 1. I. Essence of the Public Interest Dispute No access
  2. 1. 1. Incompatibility with the Core Objectives No access
    2. 2. Legal Uncertainty and Unpredictability No access
    3. 3. Existence of Other Specialized Rules No access
    4. 4. Compliance Cost Disadvantages No access
  3. 1. 1. Competition Law: Merely a Part of the Entire Policy System No access
    2. 2. State’s Specific Demands beyond the Core Objectives No access
    3. 3. Openness and Flexibility No access
    4. 1. a) Absence of Specialized Rules No access
      2. (1) Harms on Public Interest Promotion No access
        (2) Benefits for Public Interest Promotion No access
        (3) Developing Countries: Policy-Friendly Texture No access
    5. 5. Exaggerated Cost Disadvantages and Overlooked Cost Advantages No access
4. D. Conclusion of Chapter One No access
1. A. Introduction: Prevalence of Public Interest Considerations No access
2. 1. 1. 1. Fear of the Concentration of Economic Power No access
    2. 2. Employment Protection No access
    3. 3. National Champion Creation No access
  2. II. The Public Interest from “Product”: Sector-Based Public Interest Considerations No access
  3. III. The Public Interest from “Nationality”: Nationality-Based Public Interest Considerations No access
  4. IV. Observations No access
3. 1. 1. 1. a) Public Interest Considerations: Part of General Substantive Criteria No access
      2. (1) General Public Interest Exceptions No access
        (2) Sector-Specific Exceptions/Provisions No access
      3. c) Combinations of Options No access
    2. 2. Implicit Public Interest Considerations Applied in Enforcement No access
  2. II. Dual Functions: Shield and Sword No access
4. 1. I. Single Authority Model No access
  2. 1. 1. External Intervention Model No access
    2. 2. Dual Competence Model No access
5. E. Conclusion of Chapter Two No access
1. A. Introduction No access
2. 1. 1. 1. a) The 1950 Amendments: Legislative History No access
      2. b) Since Brown Shoe Case: A Multivalued Approach No access
    2. 2. In the Mid-1970s: Shift to An Economic Approach No access
  2. II. Merger Justifications: No Public Interest Benefits No access
  3. III. Observations No access
3. 1. 1. 1. Editorial Independence No access
    2. 2. National Security No access
    3. 1. a) Boeing/Douglas: FTC Non-Opposition Decision No access
      2. b) FTC Application of General Dynamics Doctrine No access
  2. 1. 1. a) The General Dynamics Defence No access
      2. b) The Failing Firm Defence No access
      3. c) Quasi-Exemption for National Security Benefits No access
    2. 2. Expeditious Review Procedure No access
  3. III. Institutional Arrangement No access
4. 1. I. Railroad Mergers: Exempt from Competition Merger Review No access
  2. II. Bank Mergers: Shared Competences No access
  3. III. Telecommunications mergers: Concurrent Competences No access
  4. IV. Foreign Investment Scrutiny: CFIUS Review as a Last Resort No access
5. E. Conclusion of Chapter Three No access
1. A. Introduction No access
2. 1. 1. 1. Economic, Social and Territorial Cohesion among Member States No access
    2. 2. Industrial Policy No access
    3. 3. Data Protection No access
    4. 4. Public Security in Foreign Investments No access
    5. 5. Financial Stability No access
  2. 1. 1. Recital 23 No access
    2. 1. a) As Competition Parameter: Data Protection No access
      2. b) As Potential Competition No access
    3. 3. Merger Remedies in Energy Mergers No access
    4. 4. Procedural Derogations No access
  3. III. Observations No access
3. 1. 1. 1. Substantive Condition 1: National Legitimate Interests No access
    2. 2. Substantive Condition 2: Appropriateness of Measures No access
    3. 3. Procedural Condition: Prior Communication Obligation and Stand-still Obligation No access
  2. II. Consequences of Article 21(4) No access
4. 1. 1. 1. The Pure Economic Approach No access
    2. 2. The Mixed Economic Approach No access
  2. 1. 1. Public Interest Justifications in EU Free Movement Law No access
    2. 2. Link between Article 21(4) and Public Interest Justifications in EU Free Movement Law No access
5. E. Conclusion of Chapter Four No access
1. A. Introduction No access
2. 1. I. Procedural Provisions No access
  2. II. Substantive Provisions No access
  3. III. Enforcement Arrangement No access
  4. IV. Legal Liabilities and Sanctions for Non-Compliance No access
  5. V. Administrative Reconsideration and Judicial Review No access
3. 1. I. Non-Competition Legislative Objectives of the AML No access
  2. II. Overall Positive Attitudes towards Mergers No access
  3. III. Public Interest Exemption Clause No access
  4. IV. Non-Competition Factors in Merger Appraisal No access
  5. V. National Security Review Linking Clause No access
  6. VI. Observations No access
4. 1. 1. 1. a) Import Security of Food No access
      2. b) Import Security of Materials No access
    2. 1. a) Chinese SOEs and Restructuring Waves No access
      2. b) Quasi-Exemption under Merger Control No access
      3. c) Substantive Exemption: CSR/CNR Reorganization No access
    3. 3. Development of Critical Industries No access
    4. 4. Protection of Domestic Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises No access
  2. 1. 1. Consultation Procedure No access
    2. 1. a) Horizontal Chinese Competitors No access
      2. b) Downstream Chinese Customers No access
      3. c) Observations No access
    3. 1. (1) Restriction of Investments No access
        (2) Treatment of Non-Acquired Businesses No access
      2. b) Behavioural Remedies with Public Interest Purposes No access
      3. c) Divestitures: Chinese Purchasers No access
5. E. Conclusion of Chapter Five No access
1. A. Introduction No access
2. 1. 1. 1. National Security Interests No access
    2. 2. National Champion Creation No access
    3. 3. Sector-Based Public Interest Considerations No access
    4. 4. Nationality-Based Public Interest Considerations No access
  2. 1. 1. Jurisdiction-Specific Grounds No access
    2. 1. a) The US: On Welfare No access
      2. b) China: On Economic Development No access
      3. c) The EU: On a Balanced Range of EU Objectives No access
3. 1. I. Convergence: Reliance on Single Authority Arrangement No access
  2. 1. 1. Merger Enforcement: Administrative Model v. Judicial Model No access
    2. 2. Competition Authority: Competence Boundaries No access
    3. 3. Judicial Scrutiny No access
4. 1. 1. 1. Common Reliance on Implicit Manners No access
    2. 2. Implicit but Not Invisible: Standards for Finding Implicit Applications of Public Interest Considerations No access
    3. 3. Implicit Manners: Positive and Negative Consequences No access
  2. 1. 1. a) Determination of Jurisdiction No access
      2. b) Review Procedure No access
      3. c) Substantive Appraisal No access
    2. 1. a) Different Degrees of Impacts: Two Peak Situations No access
      2. b) Varied Reliance on Shield and Sword Functions No access
      3. c) Possible Reasons for Divergence No access
5. E. Conclusion of Chapter Six No access
1. A. Introduction No access
2. 1. 1. 1. The Pure Economic Approach No access
    2. 2. The Pure Public Interest Approach No access
    3. 3. The Mixed Economic Approach No access
  2. II. Element of “How”: Explicit and Implicit Forms No access
  3. 1. 1. General Observations No access
    2. 2. Links between “What” and the Three Balancing Approaches No access
  4. 1. 1. General Procedural Principles No access
    2. 2. Links between “Who” and the Three Balancing Approaches No access
  5. 1. 1. a) The Pure Economic Approach and Its Combined Team No access
      2. b) The Pure Public Interest Approach and Its Combined Team No access
      3. c) The Mixed Economic Approach and Its Combined Team No access
    2. 1. a) Approach Selection: Specific to Each Public Interest Consideration No access
      2. b) Joint Approaches and Combination Strategy No access
    3. 1. a) Reduce Dependence on the Mixed Economic Approach No access
      2. b) Activate the Pure Public Interest Approach No access
      3. c) Enhance Transparency No access
3. 1. I. Judicial Scrutiny: Relevance to Public Interest Considerations No access
  2. 1. 1. Judicial Review of EDEKA/KT No access
    2. 2. Challenges and Implications No access
4. 1. I. Public Interest Considerations and Conflicts No access
  2. 1. 1. Bilateral Strategy: Negative Comity Principle No access
    2. 1. a) Binding Agreements No access
      2. b) Non-Binding Cooperation No access
5. E. Conclusion of Chapter Seven No access
Conclusion No access Pages 343 - 354
Summary in German No access Pages 355 - 368
Bibliography No access Pages 369 - 382

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