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National Constitutional Identity

Judicial Resistance in the EU As Civil Disobedience and Conscientious Objection
Authors:
Publisher:
 05.02.2025

Summary

National constitutional identity articulates constitutional conflicts between national and supranational legal orders in the form of judicial resistance against the primacy of EU law. The book critically engages with national constitutional identity on the level of constitutional theory and through a detailed analysis of its practical use, as interpreted by the CJEU and apex courts across the Member States. Moreover, the book introduces a novel framework of ‘identity clusters’, which evaluates identity claims due to their justificatory reasons or rationales. Finally, the book draws a structural comparison between national constitutional identity claims and the concepts of civil disobedience and conscientious objection. Identity claims, like civil disobedience, highlight deficiencies in the legal system and resist the EU law until these deficiencies are not addressed. In connection with conscientious objection, identity claims underscore individual circumstances that cannot be reconciled within the broader legal framework.

Keywords

Bibliographic data

Copyright year
2025
Publication date
05.02.2025
ISBN-Print
978-3-7560-2321-9
ISBN-Online
978-3-7489-4970-1
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series
Schriftenreihe Europäisches Recht, Politik und Wirtschaft
Volume
406
Language
English
Pages
518
Product type
Book Titles

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 - 22 Download chapter (PDF)
  2. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. 1.1 Research Questions and Objectives
      2. 1.2 Methodology and Terminology
      3. 1.3 Existing Identity Research and Scholarly Interlocuters
        1. 2.1.1 Functional Characteristics of the EU’s Competences and its Consequences
        2. 2.1.2 Retained Exclusive Member States’ Competences
        3. 2.1.3 Actions Explicitly Prohibited by the EU: Reserved Member States’ Competences
        4. 2.1.4 Interim Conclusion
        1. 2.2.1 Competing Claims to Authority
        2. 2.2.2 Complementing Visions of Constitutional Pluralism: A Point of Departure
    3. 3 Outline
  3. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. 1 Introduction
      1. 2.1 Pouvoir Constituant and Pouvoir Constitué as Ideal Paradox
      2. 2.2 Constitutional Populism and Constitutional Form – the Power of the FCC
      3. 2.3 Carl Schmitt and Identity of the Constitution – A Voluntaristic Account
      1. 3.1 The Eternity Clause – Identity Terminology Omitted
      2. 3.2 Identity: The Part of the Basic Law Dealing with Fundamental Rights
      3. 3.3 Identity: The Legal Principles Underlying Fundamental Rights
      1. 4.1 The Maastricht Treaty and the European Article
        1. 4.2.1 The Principle of National Democracy and the Right to Vote
        2. 4.2.2 Maastricht’s Empirical and Normative Assumption
        3. 4.2.3 Inner Contradiction of the Maastricht Argumentation
        4. 4.2.4 Neologism of Staatenverbund
      1. 5.1 The Lisbon Decision
      2. 5.2 Constitutional Identity and Ultra Vires Review Introduced
        1. 5.3.1 Five Essential Areas ‘Since Always’ (seit jeher)
        2. 5.3.2 Exclusive Control or Substantial Freedom of Action
      4. 5.4 The Lack of Democratic Legitimacy of the EU
      5. 5.5 Staatenverbund Intensified and Impossibility of the EU as a Federation
      6. 5.6 Concluding Remarks
      1. 6.1 Introduction – Continuity and Revisions
      2. 6.2 Mangold and the Right to Err
      3. 6.3 Ultra Vires Only as Manifest and Structurally Significant Violations
      4. 6.4 Concluding Remarks
      1. 7.1 The Context of the Outright Monetary Mechanism
      2. 7.2 OMT I – FCC’s First Reference ‘Dictate’ to the CJEU
      3. 7.3 Relationship Between Constitutional Identity and Ultra Vires Review
      4. 7.4 Article 4(2) and National Constitutional Identity by the FCC
      5. 7.5 The Right to Vote and Constitutional Review – OMT I, ESM and OMT II
      6. 7.6 Concluding Remarks
      1. 8.1 EAW – Human Dignity and the Principle of Individual Guilt
      2. 8.2 Reviewing EU Law Against German Fundamental Rights Standards
    9. 9 Conclusion
  4. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. 1 Introduction
      1. 2.1 National Constitutional Identity – Muddying the Waters
      2. 2.2 Legal Intuition and Beyond
      3. 2.3 The Unbearable Lightness of Identity
      1. 3.1 Identity and Fundamental Rights
      2. 3.2 Shared Liberal Constitutional Commitments – Sameness
      3. 3.3 Sovereignty – Control and Independence Over Essential Areas
      4. 3.4 Political and Constitutional Fundamental Structures – Institutional Diversity
        1. 3.5.1 Human Dignity and Identity
        2. 3.5.2 Equality and Nobility Titles
        3. 3.5.3 Principles of Criminal Law
        4. 3.5.4 Interim Concluding Remarks
        1. 3.6.1 Unifying Effect of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
        2. 3.6.2 Self-Determination of Churches and Non-Discrimination
        3. 3.6.3 Recognition of Same-Sex Marriages and Fundamental Freedoms
        1. 3.7.1 Protection of Languages and Equality of the Member States
        2. 3.7.2 Language as Identity in the CJEU’s Case Law
        1. 3.8.1 Uneasy Historical Narratives
        2. 3.8.2 Common State and Questions of Dissolution
        3. 3.8.3 Colonial Past
      9. 3.9 Cultural Diversities
      10. 3.10 Citizenship and Nationality
      11. 3.11 Interim Conclusions
        1. 4.1.1 Constitutional Transformation and Illiberal Democracy
        2. 4.1.2 Relocation of Refugees and Identitarian Constitutional Defence
        3. 4.1.3 Identity Decision – Historical Constitution
        4. 4.1.4 National Constitutional Identity and Migration
        5. 4.1.5 Interim Conclusions
        1. 4.2.1 Contextualizing the Struggles of Former One-Party Systems
        2. 4.2.2 The Trajectory of Changes – Undermining the Judiciary
        3. 4.2.3 The CJEU’s Milestone Protecting Judicial Independence – ASJP
        4. 4.2.4 Introduction of Identity to Safeguard Judicial Reform
        5. 4.2.5 The CJEU Further Strengthens National Judicial Independence
        6. 4.2.6 Legal Polexit as Climax of the Constitutional Conflict
        7. 4.2.7 Interim Conclusions
    5. 5 Conclusion
  5. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. 1 Introduction
      1. 2.1 Multilevel Constitutional Design of Fundamental Rights Protection
      2. 2.2 The Scope of Fundamental Rights Application – A Disputed Matter
      3. 2.3 Three Levels of Fundamental Rights Protection – Turning Minimum Protection into a Final Norm
      1. 3.1 European Identity Clause and Fundamental Rights – Going Beyond
      2. 3.2 Identity as Commitments, Interpretations and Unique Fundamental Rights
      3. 3.3 Treating Fundamental Rights Identity Claims Differently
      1. 4.1 To be Forgotten I – Reviewing the Basic Law’s Standards
      2. 4.2 The Basic Law as the Standard of Review in EU Matters
      3. 4.3 Embracing or Facilitating Diversity of Fundamental Rights in the EU
      4. 4.4 Marginalizing the EU Charter but Forgetting Constitutional Identity
      1. 5.1 Direct Application of the EU Charter in Constitutional Complaints
      2. 5.2 Constructive Pluralism in the Field of European Fundamental Rights
      3. 5.3 The Tensions of the Right to be Forgotten II – Applying and Interpreting
      4. 5.4 Co-Shaping the Process of Constitutionalization of the EU
    6. 6 Forgetting Fundamental Rights Identity Claims
    7. 7 Conclusion
  6. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. 1 Introduction
      1. 2.1 Evolution of European Identity Clause under the EU Treaties
      2. 2.2 Identity as a Core National Responsibility
    3. 3 National Constitutional Identity: National or Constitutional
      1. 4.1 Protecting National Identity to Sacrifice Common European Values
      2. 4.2 National Constitutional Identity and the Other EU Principles in Accord
      1. 5.1 Deterrence and Engagement
      2. 5.2 Identity as Dissent and Resistance
      1. 6.1 Identity as a Pre-Constitutional Conception to Define the Community
      2. 6.2 Identity as a Constitutional Argument – Identitarian Adjudication
      3. 6.3 Identitarian Adjudication Beyond the EU
      4. 6.4 Protecting the Core of the Constitution
      1. 7.1 The Courts
      2. 7.2 The Legislator
      3. 7.3 The Executives
      4. 7.4 Legal Scholarship
      1. 8.1 From Public Policy to National Identity – Connections and Shortcomings
      2. 8.2 Possibilities for Misuse and Considerations of Abandoning the Concept
      3. 8.3 Identity in the Light of Tradition, History and Culture
    9. 9 Conclusion
  7. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. 1 Introduction
      1. 2.1 Know Thyself
      2. 2.2 European (Constitutional) Identity – Two Contrasting Methodological Narratives
      3. 2.3 (Constitutional) Identity as an Evasive Concept
      4. 2.4 An Endeavour of Numerous Projections – Following Intuition and Creating Meaning
      5. 2.5 Shared Constitutional Traditions – Comparison and Differentiation
      1. 3.1 Conceptual History
      2. 3.2 Sovereignty and Identity Together
      3. 3.3 European Sovereignty and Neo-Colonial Delusions
      1. 4.1 Identity as Relational, not Descriptive
      2. 4.2 Identified Subject Matter as Idea or Narrative
      3. 4.3 Singleness and Multitude of Identities
      1. 5.1 Identity as Perpetuum Mobile
      2. 5.2 (Dis)Ability to Change and the Hierarchy of Norms
      3. 5.3 Law and Democratic Reversibility
    6. 6 Call the Essential Constitutional Commitments by their Name
    7. 7 Concluding Remarks
  8. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. 1 Introduction
      1. 2.1 On Structural Similarities: The Birth of the Idea
      2. 2.2 Existing Scholarly Connections of Civil Disobedience and Conscientious Objection with the Acts of State and its Institutions − State Civil Disobedience
      3. 2.3 Institutions as Agents of Civil Disobedience – Parliaments and Courts
        1. 2.4.1 Civil Disobedience and Solange I – Resistance to Change
        2. 2.4.2 Conscientious Objection and Sayn-Wittgenstein – Asking for Exemption
      5. 2.5 Methods of Research – Interdisciplinary Aspect
        1. 2.6.1 The Scope of the Survey – Explored and Overlooked Theories
        2. 2.6.2 Apples, Oranges, and Anthropomorphism – Comparing Individuals and Constitutions, Civil Society and Judicial Institutions
        3. 2.6.3 (Un)Productive Journey – What Can We Learn?
    3. 3 Conscience and Conscientious Objection
      1. 4.1 Conscientious Refusal and Political Principles in the Theory of Justice
      2. 4.2 Conscientious Objection in the Theoretical Approach of Joseph Raz
      3. 4.3 When the Law is Doubtful – Dworkin’s Judicial Theory of Civil Disobedience
        1. 5.1.1 Legal Paternalism and Self-Regarding Actions
        2. 5.1.2 Consent
        1. 5.2.1 Objections Against the State and Beyond
        2. 5.2.2 Objection on Behalf of the State
        3. 5.2.3 Conscientious Objection Among Private Individuals
      3. 5.3 Compensation or Substitute Services
      4. 5.4 Away with a Comprehensive Legal Doctrine of Conscientious Objection
      1. 6.1 Defining Civil Disobedience – The Last Resort, Non-violence, and Openness to Consequences
      2. 6.2 Moral Justificatory Reasons from Raz
      3. 6.3 Determining What is Morally Right and Wrong – Conflicting Examples
    7. 7 Transplants of Civil Disobedience – Modest Guidelines for Justification
      1. 8.1 Disobedience as Incentive to Change – Ultra Vires Review
      2. 8.2 Identity Claims as Constitutional Conscientious Objection – Asking for Exemption
      1. 9.1 The Motivation for Action – Individual v Collective Interests
      2. 9.2 Constructive and Undermining Consequences of Resistance – Time will Judge
      3. 9.3 Discursive or Absolute Resistance
      4. 9.4 Normative Justificatory Reasons for Action – The Rationale
    10. 10 Conclusion
  9. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. 1 Closing Insights
    2. 2 Key Takeaways
    3. 3 Looking Ahead
  10. Bibliography 477 - 510 Download chapter (PDF)
  11. Table of Cases 511 - 518 Download chapter (PDF)

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