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The International and European Legal Regime Regulating Marine Litter in the EU

Authors:
Publisher:
 2015

Summary

Each year approximately 6.4 million tons of waste reach our oceans. The consequences of this pollutant are manifold and encompass environmental, economic and potentially also human health impacts. The book is the first monography to address regulatory responses to marine litter in a comprehensive way. The author analyses the applicable regulatory instruments addressing the introduction of marine litter and identifies gaps and loopholes in the regulatory systems of international and European law applicable to the four seas surrounding the European Union. Based on a factual discussion of the sources and impacts of marine litter, these instruments are systematically studied and reflected with a view to their effectiveness to prevent its introduction. Marine litter stands symbolic for the use of resources and the findings of the monography can be used as recommendations to address this issue.

Bibliographic data

Copyright year
2015
ISBN-Print
978-3-8487-2680-6
ISBN-Online
978-3-8452-7017-3
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series
Studies in International Law of the Sea and Maritime Law - Internationales Seerecht und Seehandelsrecht
Volume
6
Language
English
Pages
454
Product type
Book Titles

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access 1 - 18
  2. Introduction No access 19 - 28
        1. Urban agglomerations No access
        2. Sanitary and sewage-related waste No access
        3. Pollution from waste disposal No access
        4. Tourism and recreational activities No access
          1. Operational pollution No access
          2. Accidental pollution No access
        2. Fisheries No access
      1. Spatial appearance of marine litter No access
      2. Monitoring of litter in the marine environment No access
        1. Entanglement No access
        2. Transport vectors for hitch-hiking of non-native species and smothering of marine habitat No access
        1. Chemicals contained in plastic No access
        2. Material science of plastic No access
          1. Primary microplastic No access
          2. Secondary microplastic No access
        4. The uptake of microplastics No access
        5. Adsorption of chemicals and metals onto microplastics No access
        6. Trophical transfer of persistent microplastics No access
        7. Toxicological considerations No access
      3. Socio-economic impacts No access
      4. Preliminary conclusion No access
    4. Preliminary conclusion – Uncertainties and knowledge gaps No access 65 - 67
    5. Requirements for an effective and integrated protection instrument No access 67 - 70
        1. The application of the polluter-pays-principle in agreements No access
        2. Function of the polluter-pays-principle in marine litter context No access
      2. The role of the preventive principle in a marine litter context No access
        1. The implementation of the precautionary principle in the context of the introduction of polluting substances in the marine environment No access
        2. The precautionary principle in the marine litter context -⁠⁠ how to interpret risks and uncertainty? No access
    2. Marine litter considerations in the development of environmental law No access 87 - 93
      1. The UN Convention of the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) – framing marine environmental protection activities No access
      2. The definition of marine pollution in the context of regulatory measures No access
      3. The obligation to preserve and protect the marine environment as stipulated by UNCLOS in the context of marine litter regulation No access
        1. Prescriptive jurisdiction No access
        2. Enforcement of land-based pollution No access
        1. Dumping as a source of marine litter No access
        2. Operational pollution from seagoing vessels No access
        3. Enforcement measures of ocean-based pollution prevention measures No access
        4. Enforcement by coastal States No access
        5. Enforcement through port States No access
        6. Discussion on scenarios No access
        7. Preliminary Conclusion No access
      6. The duty to co-operate as endorsed by UNCLOS and its implication for marine litter regulation No access
      7. Marine litter considerations in semi-enclosed seas under UNCLOS No access
      8. Preliminary conclusion No access
          1. Role of the distinction between special areas and outside Special Areas under MARPOL Annex V for the regulation of marine litter No access
          2. Discharge standards No access
          3. Operational requirements under MARPOL No access
          4. Port reception facilities No access
          5. Port State Control No access
        2. Preliminary Conclusion No access
        1. Marine litter aspects in the LC No access
        2. Aspects of marine litter considerations in the LP No access
        3. Boundary issues between the LC/LP and MARPOL Annex V No access
        4. The dumping regime in the context of land-based waste management No access
        5. Preliminary conclusion No access
        1. Marine litter issues in the development of global land-based pollution measures No access
        2. Implications of marine litter as a priority contaminant in the framework of the GPA No access
        3. The role of the GPA to overcome the fragmented approach in addressing marine litter No access
    5. Conclusion No access 160 - 164
    1. UNEP´s Marine Litter Initiative and the Regional Seas Conventions No access 165 - 169
      1. The institutional framework established by the Helsinki Convention No access
        1. The land-based pollution approach of the Helsinki Convention No access
          1. Port Reception Facilities No access
          2. The no-special-fee-system as a means to reduce vessel-based pollution No access
          3. The role of the polluter-pays-principle and cost recovery No access
        3. The role of monitoring of marine litter No access
      3. Preliminary Conclusion No access
      1. The regulatory framework of the North-East Atlantic No access
      2. Ship-based pollution prevention in the framework of the OSPAR Convention No access
      3. Monitoring obligations under the OSPAR Convention No access
      4. The use of ecosystem quality criteria to assess the impact and presence of marine litter No access
      5. Marine litter in the framework of OSPARCOM No access
      6. Preliminary Conclusion No access
        1. Measures to address riverine inputs and other land-based pollution No access
        2. Critical analysis of the dumping regime as established by the Bucharest Convention No access
      2. Marine litter in the overall regulatory framework of the Black Sea Commission No access
      3. Preliminary Conclusion No access
      1. Marine litter in the context of the Barcelona Convention and UNEP/MAP No access
      2. Integrated Coastal Zone Management as an instrument to regulate coastal sources of marine litter No access
      3. Preliminary Conclusion No access
    6. Regional Action Plans No access 237 - 245
    7. Conclusion on the scope and regulatory techniques for preventing marine litter contained in the four European Regional Seas Conventions No access 245 - 251
      1. EU environmental objectives from a marine litter perspective No access
        1. The polluter-pays-principle No access
        2. The source-principle No access
        3. The precautionary principle No access
      1. Setting the background: marine litter in the overall strategic work No access
      2. Secondary EU law–legislative procedure No access
      3. Categorisation of relevant secondary legal instruments touching on the question of marine litter No access
      4. Selection of most pertinent issues and instruments No access
          1. The regulatory system established by the Waste Framework Directive No access
          2. Marine litter in the context of the definition of waste under the Waste Framework Directive No access
          3. The relevance of the Waste Framework Directive in the marine litter context No access
          1. Plastic in the context of the definition of non-hazardous waste under the Landfill Directive No access
          2. Evaluation of the regulatory approach of the Landfill Directive with a view to marine litter considerations No access
          3. Issues of implementation: the Zakynthos-case No access
          4. The interlink between waste management law and biodiversity protection No access
          5. Role of reporting and information No access
          6. Excursus: Measures reducing the impacts of plastic from landfills No access
          7. Preliminary Conclusion No access
          1. The applicability of the Packaging and Waste Packaging Directive No access
          2. Essential requirements under the Waste Packaging Directive No access
          3. The derogation clause under Art. 114 TFEU No access
          4. Preliminary conclusion No access
        4. The Green Paper on a European Strategy on Plastic Waste in the Environment and the proposal for amending waste legislation No access
        5. Preliminary Conclusion No access
          1. General framework No access
            1. Notification No access
            2. The fee and cost-recovery system of the PRF Directive No access
            3. Inspections No access
            4. Waste Handling Plans No access
          3. Proposal for a Port Reception Facility Directive No access
          4. Preliminary Conclusion No access
        7. Preliminary Conclusion No access
          1. The management units of the WFD– the river basin districts No access
            1. Determining GEcS No access
            2. Good chemical status No access
            1. The use of quality elements for GEcS for the classification of marine litter No access
            2. Marine litter in the context of chemical pollution of surface waters No access
          4. The combined approach to control point and diffuse sources– addressing microplastics No access
          5. Preliminary remarks No access
          6. The transboundary co-operation obligations of the WFD in light of marine litter considerations No access
          7. Preliminary Conclusion No access
          1. The geographical scope of the MSFD No access
          2. The aim to achieve a Good Environmental Status by 2020 and the context of “polluting effects” No access
            1. Assessment of marine waters No access
            2. The challenge to determine the GES for marine litter No access
              1. Interpretation of the wording of the provision No access
              2. Legislative historical interpretation No access
              3. The effet utile interpretation of descriptor 10 MSFD No access
              4. The challenge to determine “harm” in the context of descriptor 10 MSFD No access
              5. Establishing criteria and indicators for descriptor 10: the Commission Decision on criteria for good environmental status of marine waters No access
            4. Determination of targets for marine litter No access
            5. Monitoring programmes No access
          4. Marine Strategies: Programme of measures No access
            1. EU as an actor in international public law No access
            2. Regional Seas Conventions as an instrument to implement the MSFD No access
            3. Aspects of institutionalised co-operation by means of the integration of marine litter related MSFD issues in the work and programs of the Regional Seas Conventions No access
          6. Marine litter in the context of the GES by 2020 No access
          7. Preliminary conclusion No access
    3. Conclusion concerning EU law No access 386 - 391
  7. Conclusion and Summary No access 391 - 407
    1. International instruments and cases No access
    2. European Union No access
    3. The Group of 7 (G7) No access
    4. Literature No access
    5. Internet sources No access
    6. Presentations No access

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