Collective Compliance Mechanisms in International Law Relating to Marine Pollution

Dr. Young-Kyung Yoon

doi:10.5771/9783748962649

Summary

Ensuring compliance effectively is important for any legal system. This book analyses collective compliance mechanisms in international law relating to marine pollution. It assesses the suitability of and need for collective compliance mechanisms particularly in this area and examines the current landscape of those mechanisms as well as the question whether further action is needed. The book moreover identifies the essential elements of collective compliance mechanisms to effectively ensure compliance and suggests options for further development in the field. Given that collective compliance mechanisms can be made use of in many areas of international law, the book is relevant for various areas of international law.

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2025
ISBN-Print: 978-3-7560-3330-0
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-6264-9
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Studies in International Law of the Sea and Maritime Law - Internationales Seerecht und Seehandelsrecht
Volume: 19
Language: English
Pages: 354
Product type: Book Titles

1. Acknowledgements No access
2. Abbreviations No access
1. 1. I. The importance of the oceans and of a healthy marine environment No access
  2. II. Marine pollution as a threat to the marine environment No access
  3. III. The development of treaties of international law relating to marine pollution (ILMP) No access
  4. IV. The importance of compliance and of means to ensure compliance No access
  5. V. Collective compliance mechanisms as an effective means to ensure compliance with ILMP No access
2. 1. I. Aims of the study No access
  2. II. Current state of research No access
  3. III. Structure and scope of the study No access
1. 1. 1. 1. Marine pollution No access
    2. 2. Scope of ILMP No access
  2. 1. 1. Part XII UNCLOS – The framework for marine environmental protection No access
    2. 2. Comprehensive regional seas conventions No access
    3. 1. a) London dumping regime No access
      2. b) IMO Conventions No access
      3. c) Part XI, XII UNCLOS No access
    4. 4. Other agreements No access
  3. 1. 1. States as rule addressees No access
    2. 1. a) Horizontal obligations No access
      2. b) Vertical obligations – national implementation and enforcement No access
    3. 3. Multilateral interests in performance No access
2. 1. I. The general notion of compliance with international treaties No access
  2. 1. 1. Horizontal and vertical action No access
    2. 2. Formal and substantive compliance No access
  3. III. The different notion of effectiveness No access
3. C. Possible reasons for states’ non-compliance in international law No access
1. 1. I. Decentralised nature of international law No access
  2. 1. 1. Objective to ‘ensure’ compliance No access
    2. 2. Elements and activities for ensuring compliance No access
    3. 1. a) Individual compliance mechanisms / collective compliance mechanisms No access
      2. b) Routine action / ad hoc action No access
      3. c) Confrontational action, facilitative action No access
2. 1. 1. 1. a) Individual states specially affected by non-compliance No access
      2. b) Individual states other than the specially affected state acting as agents of the community No access
    2. 1. a) Individual states specially affected by non-compliance No access
      2. b) Individual states other than a specially affected acting as agents of the community No access
    3. 1. a) Individual states affected by non-compliance No access
      2. b) Individual states other than a specially affected acting as agents of the community – ‘actio popularis’ No access
  2. II. Assessment of individual compliance mechanisms of international law with respect to ILMP No access
3. 1. 1. 1. In international law in general No access
    2. 2. In international environmental law in particular No access
  2. 1. 1. Routine reporting procedures and ad hoc non-compliance procedures No access
    2. 1. (1) Provisions for routine reporting procedures No access
        (2) Enabling clauses for ad hoc NCPs No access
      2. (1) Competence to ‘review the implementation of a treaty’ No access
        (2) Sufficient legal basis? No access
      3. (1) Plenary treaty bodies No access
        (2) Secretariats No access
        (3) Subsidiary “compliance bodies” No access
    3. 1. a) Routine reporting procedures No access
      2. b) Ad hoc NCPs No access
    4. 1. a) Routine reporting obligations No access
      2. (1) Information gathered by monitoring No access
        (2) Information requested by treaty bodies No access
        (3) Information submitted by other state parties and other entities No access
    5. 1. a) Routine reporting procedures No access
      2. b) Ad hoc NCPs No access
    6. 1. a) Routine reporting procedures No access
      2. b) Ad hoc NCPs No access
  3. 1. 1. Role of routine reporting procedures for ensuring compliance with MEAs and challenges faced No access
    2. 2. Role of ad hoc NCPs for ensuring compliance with MEAs and recent developments No access
4. D. The suitability and advantages of collective compliance mechanisms in ILMP No access
1. 1. 1. 1. a) Substantive obligations No access
      2. b) Procedural obligations No access
    2. 1. (1) International level No access
        (2) National level No access
      2. b) National enforcement measures No access
    3. 3. Summary of the obligations of Part XII UNCLOS No access
  2. 1. 1. a) Explicit and specific competence assignments? No access
      2. (a) Interpretation of 319 (2) UNCLOS No access
        (b) Practice of SG UN and SPLOS No access
        (2) Practice of the General Assembly No access
    2. 2. Summary and evaluation No access
2. 1. 1. 1. Background: Common heritage of mankind, ISA’s structure and regulatory role No access
    2. 2. Obligations of contractors No access
    3. 3. Obligations of sponsoring states No access
  2. 1. 1. a) Legal basis - Competence assignments for ensuring compliance with contractors’ obligations No access
      2. b) Initiation No access
      3. c) Gathering of Information No access
      4. d) Assessment and outcome No access
      5. e) Reaction to cases of non-compliance No access
    2. 1. a) Legal basis - Competence assignments for ensuring compliance with states’ obligations No access
      2. b) General competence assignment No access
    3. 3. Summary and evaluation No access
3. 1. 1. 1. The regional seas conventions in general No access
    2. 1. a) Introduction to the Helsinki, OSPAR, and Barcelona Convention No access
      2. b) General principles and general obligations No access
      3. c) Annexes and protocols No access
      4. d) Secondary rules No access
  2. 1. 1. a) Competence assignments for routine reporting procedures No access
      2. b) Enabling clauses for ad hoc NCPs No access
      3. c) Summary No access
    2. 1. (a) Routine reporting procedures No access
        (b) Explicit clauses for ad hoc NCPs No access
        (a) Competence to review the implementation of the convention No access
        (b) Sufficient legal basis? No access
      2. (1) Plenary treaty bodies No access
        (2) Secretariats No access
        (3) Subsidiary “compliance bodies” and other subsidiary bodies No access
        (4) External organisations No access
      3. c) Initiation No access
      4. (a) Content of requested information No access
        (b) Scope of requested information No access
        (c) Further details on reporting No access
        (2) Further sources of information and ad hoc means for verification No access
      5. (a) Scope of assessment No access
        (b) Assessment procedure No access
        (a) Triggering of assessment No access
        (b) Scope of assessment No access
        (c) Assessment procedure No access
      6. f) Reactions to cases of non-compliance and follow-up measures No access
    3. 3. Summary and evaluation No access
4. 1. 1. 1. Short introduction to the London Protocol No access
    2. 2. General principles and obligations No access
    3. 3. Secondary rules No access
  2. 1. 1. (1) Routine reporting procedure No access
        (2) Enabling clause for an ad hoc NCP No access
      2. (1) MoP No access
        (2) Secretariat No access
        (3) Subsidiary bodies No access
    2. 2. Initiation No access
    3. 1. (1) Content of requested information No access
        (2) Scope of requested information No access
        (a) Substantive reports No access
        (b) Implementation and effectiveness reports No access
      2. b) Further sources of information and ad hoc means for verification No access
    4. 1. (1) Substantive reports No access
        (2) Implementation and effectiveness reports No access
      2. b) Ad hoc NCP No access
    5. 5. Reactions to cases of non-compliance and follow-up measures No access
    6. 6. Summary and evaluation No access
5. 1. 1. 1. Background: IMO, its structure and regulatory role No access
    2. 2. The IMO Conventions of ILMP No access
    3. 3. General obligations No access
    4. 4. Annexes No access
    5. 5. Secondary rules No access
  2. 1. 1. Introduction: IMO and its work to ensure state parties’ compliance No access
    2. 1. (1) MARPOL No access
        (2) STCW Convention No access
      2. (a) MARPOL No access
        (b) STCW Convention No access
        (2) Further sources of information and means of verification No access
      3. (1) MARPOL No access
        (2) STCW Convention No access
      4. (1) MARPOL No access
        (2) STCW Convention No access
      5. e) Summary and evaluation No access
    3. 1. a) Background of the IMSAS No access
      2. (1) Documents providing the basis for the IMSAS No access
        (2) Explicit and specific competence assignments and competent bodies No access
      3. c) Stages of the IMSAS procedure No access
      4. (1) Content and scope of gathered information No access
        (2) Stages and means of gathering information No access
      5. (1) Assessment No access
        (2) Outcome - Reports No access
      6. (1) Facilitative measures No access
        (2) Confrontational measures No access
        (3) Consolidated audit summary reports (CASRs) and analysis of CASRs No access
      7. g) Follow-Up Measures No access
      8. h) Summary and Evaluation No access
    4. 4. Compliance strategy of the IMO? No access
  3. 1. 1. Background No access
    2. 2. Regional MoUs No access
    3. 3. Collective compliance mechanism? No access
6. 1. I. Short introduction No access
  2. 1. 1. Legal basis – Competence assignments and competent bodies No access
    2. 2. Evaluation No access
7. 1. I. Attainments No access
  2. 1. 1. Lack of collective compliance mechanism - Part XII UNCLOS No access
    2. 2. Insufficient collective compliance mechanisms No access
1. 1. I. Clear and precise legal bases No access
  2. II. Competent and suitable collective bodies No access
  3. III. Clear criteria for the setting in motion of mechanisms No access
  4. IV. Clear criteria and standards for the gathering and ascertaining of information No access
  5. V. Clear criteria and standards for assessment and for formulating outcomes No access
  6. VI. Clear criteria for reactions to non-compliance and for follow-up measures No access
  7. VII. Opportunities to exchange knowledge and experiences between different compliance bodies No access
2. 1. I. Making use of existing legal bases and specification of procedures No access
  2. II. Routine audits as an alternative No access
  3. III. Possibility for establishing confrontational reactive measures supplementing facilitative measures No access
3. 1. I. In case of new treaties No access
  2. II. In case of existing treaties No access
4. 1. I. Amendment of Part XII UNCLOS No access
  2. II. Demanding call to the state community in the yearly GA Resolution on oceans and the law of the sea No access
1. A. The suitability of and need for collective compliance mechanisms in ILMP No access
2. B. Existing current landscape of collective compliance mechanisms in ILMP and the need for further action No access
3. C. Criteria and legal steps needed and possible action at international level No access
Literature No access Pages 337 - 354