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The International and European Legal Regime Regulating Marine Litter in the EU

Autor:innen:
Verlag:
 2015

Zusammenfassung

Jährlich gelangen mehr als 6 Millionen Tonnen Abfall in unsere Meere. Aus der Langlebigkeit der eingetragenen Stoffe sowie deren ökologischen und toxischen Auswirkungen ergeben sich besondere Herausforderungen an unsere Gesellschaft. Vor diesem Hintergrund, untersucht und erarbeitet die Autorin Lösungsstrategien zur Vermeidung von Meeresmüll in den vier Europäischen Meeren. Dabei werden sowohl völkerrechtliche sowie Rechtsinstrumente der Europäischen Union auf ihre Regulierungsstrategien untersucht und Regulierungslücken identifiziert. In einer interdisziplinären Herangehensweise, deckt die Autorin Meeresmüllquellen wie Schifffahrt oder Abfallmanagement ab und erarbeitet somit die erste Monographie, die die Gesamtheit von regulativen Meeresmüllvermeidungsstrategien in der Europäischen Union betrachtet.

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Bibliographische Angaben

Copyrightjahr
2015
ISBN-Print
978-3-8487-2680-6
ISBN-Online
978-3-8452-7017-3
Verlag
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Reihe
Studies in International Law of the Sea and Maritime Law - Internationales Seerecht und Seehandelsrecht
Band
6
Sprache
Englisch
Seiten
454
Produkttyp
Monographie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

KapitelSeiten
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis Kein Zugriff 1 - 18
  2. Introduction Kein Zugriff 19 - 28
        1. Urban agglomerations Kein Zugriff
        2. Sanitary and sewage-related waste Kein Zugriff
        3. Pollution from waste disposal Kein Zugriff
        4. Tourism and recreational activities Kein Zugriff
          1. Operational pollution Kein Zugriff
          2. Accidental pollution Kein Zugriff
        2. Fisheries Kein Zugriff
      1. Spatial appearance of marine litter Kein Zugriff
      2. Monitoring of litter in the marine environment Kein Zugriff
        1. Entanglement Kein Zugriff
        2. Transport vectors for hitch-hiking of non-native species and smothering of marine habitat Kein Zugriff
        1. Chemicals contained in plastic Kein Zugriff
        2. Material science of plastic Kein Zugriff
          1. Primary microplastic Kein Zugriff
          2. Secondary microplastic Kein Zugriff
        4. The uptake of microplastics Kein Zugriff
        5. Adsorption of chemicals and metals onto microplastics Kein Zugriff
        6. Trophical transfer of persistent microplastics Kein Zugriff
        7. Toxicological considerations Kein Zugriff
      3. Socio-economic impacts Kein Zugriff
      4. Preliminary conclusion Kein Zugriff
    4. Preliminary conclusion – Uncertainties and knowledge gaps Kein Zugriff 65 - 67
    5. Requirements for an effective and integrated protection instrument Kein Zugriff 67 - 70
        1. The application of the polluter-pays-principle in agreements Kein Zugriff
        2. Function of the polluter-pays-principle in marine litter context Kein Zugriff
      2. The role of the preventive principle in a marine litter context Kein Zugriff
        1. The implementation of the precautionary principle in the context of the introduction of polluting substances in the marine environment Kein Zugriff
        2. The precautionary principle in the marine litter context -⁠⁠ how to interpret risks and uncertainty? Kein Zugriff
    2. Marine litter considerations in the development of environmental law Kein Zugriff 87 - 93
      1. The UN Convention of the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) – framing marine environmental protection activities Kein Zugriff
      2. The definition of marine pollution in the context of regulatory measures Kein Zugriff
      3. The obligation to preserve and protect the marine environment as stipulated by UNCLOS in the context of marine litter regulation Kein Zugriff
        1. Prescriptive jurisdiction Kein Zugriff
        2. Enforcement of land-based pollution Kein Zugriff
        1. Dumping as a source of marine litter Kein Zugriff
        2. Operational pollution from seagoing vessels Kein Zugriff
        3. Enforcement measures of ocean-based pollution prevention measures Kein Zugriff
        4. Enforcement by coastal States Kein Zugriff
        5. Enforcement through port States Kein Zugriff
        6. Discussion on scenarios Kein Zugriff
        7. Preliminary Conclusion Kein Zugriff
      6. The duty to co-operate as endorsed by UNCLOS and its implication for marine litter regulation Kein Zugriff
      7. Marine litter considerations in semi-enclosed seas under UNCLOS Kein Zugriff
      8. Preliminary conclusion Kein Zugriff
          1. Role of the distinction between special areas and outside Special Areas under MARPOL Annex V for the regulation of marine litter Kein Zugriff
          2. Discharge standards Kein Zugriff
          3. Operational requirements under MARPOL Kein Zugriff
          4. Port reception facilities Kein Zugriff
          5. Port State Control Kein Zugriff
        2. Preliminary Conclusion Kein Zugriff
        1. Marine litter aspects in the LC Kein Zugriff
        2. Aspects of marine litter considerations in the LP Kein Zugriff
        3. Boundary issues between the LC/LP and MARPOL Annex V Kein Zugriff
        4. The dumping regime in the context of land-based waste management Kein Zugriff
        5. Preliminary conclusion Kein Zugriff
        1. Marine litter issues in the development of global land-based pollution measures Kein Zugriff
        2. Implications of marine litter as a priority contaminant in the framework of the GPA Kein Zugriff
        3. The role of the GPA to overcome the fragmented approach in addressing marine litter Kein Zugriff
    5. Conclusion Kein Zugriff 160 - 164
    1. UNEP´s Marine Litter Initiative and the Regional Seas Conventions Kein Zugriff 165 - 169
      1. The institutional framework established by the Helsinki Convention Kein Zugriff
        1. The land-based pollution approach of the Helsinki Convention Kein Zugriff
          1. Port Reception Facilities Kein Zugriff
          2. The no-special-fee-system as a means to reduce vessel-based pollution Kein Zugriff
          3. The role of the polluter-pays-principle and cost recovery Kein Zugriff
        3. The role of monitoring of marine litter Kein Zugriff
      3. Preliminary Conclusion Kein Zugriff
      1. The regulatory framework of the North-East Atlantic Kein Zugriff
      2. Ship-based pollution prevention in the framework of the OSPAR Convention Kein Zugriff
      3. Monitoring obligations under the OSPAR Convention Kein Zugriff
      4. The use of ecosystem quality criteria to assess the impact and presence of marine litter Kein Zugriff
      5. Marine litter in the framework of OSPARCOM Kein Zugriff
      6. Preliminary Conclusion Kein Zugriff
        1. Measures to address riverine inputs and other land-based pollution Kein Zugriff
        2. Critical analysis of the dumping regime as established by the Bucharest Convention Kein Zugriff
      2. Marine litter in the overall regulatory framework of the Black Sea Commission Kein Zugriff
      3. Preliminary Conclusion Kein Zugriff
      1. Marine litter in the context of the Barcelona Convention and UNEP/MAP Kein Zugriff
      2. Integrated Coastal Zone Management as an instrument to regulate coastal sources of marine litter Kein Zugriff
      3. Preliminary Conclusion Kein Zugriff
    6. Regional Action Plans Kein Zugriff 237 - 245
    7. Conclusion on the scope and regulatory techniques for preventing marine litter contained in the four European Regional Seas Conventions Kein Zugriff 245 - 251
      1. EU environmental objectives from a marine litter perspective Kein Zugriff
        1. The polluter-pays-principle Kein Zugriff
        2. The source-principle Kein Zugriff
        3. The precautionary principle Kein Zugriff
      1. Setting the background: marine litter in the overall strategic work Kein Zugriff
      2. Secondary EU law–legislative procedure Kein Zugriff
      3. Categorisation of relevant secondary legal instruments touching on the question of marine litter Kein Zugriff
      4. Selection of most pertinent issues and instruments Kein Zugriff
          1. The regulatory system established by the Waste Framework Directive Kein Zugriff
          2. Marine litter in the context of the definition of waste under the Waste Framework Directive Kein Zugriff
          3. The relevance of the Waste Framework Directive in the marine litter context Kein Zugriff
          1. Plastic in the context of the definition of non-hazardous waste under the Landfill Directive Kein Zugriff
          2. Evaluation of the regulatory approach of the Landfill Directive with a view to marine litter considerations Kein Zugriff
          3. Issues of implementation: the Zakynthos-case Kein Zugriff
          4. The interlink between waste management law and biodiversity protection Kein Zugriff
          5. Role of reporting and information Kein Zugriff
          6. Excursus: Measures reducing the impacts of plastic from landfills Kein Zugriff
          7. Preliminary Conclusion Kein Zugriff
          1. The applicability of the Packaging and Waste Packaging Directive Kein Zugriff
          2. Essential requirements under the Waste Packaging Directive Kein Zugriff
          3. The derogation clause under Art. 114 TFEU Kein Zugriff
          4. Preliminary conclusion Kein Zugriff
        4. The Green Paper on a European Strategy on Plastic Waste in the Environment and the proposal for amending waste legislation Kein Zugriff
        5. Preliminary Conclusion Kein Zugriff
          1. General framework Kein Zugriff
            1. Notification Kein Zugriff
            2. The fee and cost-recovery system of the PRF Directive Kein Zugriff
            3. Inspections Kein Zugriff
            4. Waste Handling Plans Kein Zugriff
          3. Proposal for a Port Reception Facility Directive Kein Zugriff
          4. Preliminary Conclusion Kein Zugriff
        7. Preliminary Conclusion Kein Zugriff
          1. The management units of the WFD– the river basin districts Kein Zugriff
            1. Determining GEcS Kein Zugriff
            2. Good chemical status Kein Zugriff
            1. The use of quality elements for GEcS for the classification of marine litter Kein Zugriff
            2. Marine litter in the context of chemical pollution of surface waters Kein Zugriff
          4. The combined approach to control point and diffuse sources– addressing microplastics Kein Zugriff
          5. Preliminary remarks Kein Zugriff
          6. The transboundary co-operation obligations of the WFD in light of marine litter considerations Kein Zugriff
          7. Preliminary Conclusion Kein Zugriff
          1. The geographical scope of the MSFD Kein Zugriff
          2. The aim to achieve a Good Environmental Status by 2020 and the context of “polluting effects” Kein Zugriff
            1. Assessment of marine waters Kein Zugriff
            2. The challenge to determine the GES for marine litter Kein Zugriff
              1. Interpretation of the wording of the provision Kein Zugriff
              2. Legislative historical interpretation Kein Zugriff
              3. The effet utile interpretation of descriptor 10 MSFD Kein Zugriff
              4. The challenge to determine “harm” in the context of descriptor 10 MSFD Kein Zugriff
              5. Establishing criteria and indicators for descriptor 10: the Commission Decision on criteria for good environmental status of marine waters Kein Zugriff
            4. Determination of targets for marine litter Kein Zugriff
            5. Monitoring programmes Kein Zugriff
          4. Marine Strategies: Programme of measures Kein Zugriff
            1. EU as an actor in international public law Kein Zugriff
            2. Regional Seas Conventions as an instrument to implement the MSFD Kein Zugriff
            3. Aspects of institutionalised co-operation by means of the integration of marine litter related MSFD issues in the work and programs of the Regional Seas Conventions Kein Zugriff
          6. Marine litter in the context of the GES by 2020 Kein Zugriff
          7. Preliminary conclusion Kein Zugriff
    3. Conclusion concerning EU law Kein Zugriff 386 - 391
  7. Conclusion and Summary Kein Zugriff 391 - 407
    1. International instruments and cases Kein Zugriff
    2. European Union Kein Zugriff
    3. The Group of 7 (G7) Kein Zugriff
    4. Literature Kein Zugriff
    5. Internet sources Kein Zugriff
    6. Presentations Kein Zugriff

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