EU Consumer Law: Article-by-Article Commentary

Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Reiner Schulze; Prof. Dr. Esther Arroyo Amayuelas

doi:10.5771/9783748942863

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Bibliographic data

Edition: 1/2026
Copyright Year: 2026
ISBN-Print: 978-3-7560-1196-4
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-4286-3
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Language: English
Pages: 1560
Product Type: Edited Book

1. Preface No access
2. Authors No access
3. Summary of Contents No access
4. CONTENTS No access
5. 1. Short titles of EU legislation No access
  2. Short titles of national legislation No access
1. 1. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. The evolution of the regulatory text No access
      2. 1. The UCTD in the case-law of the CJEU No access
        2. The reasons behind the intense elaboration of the CJEU on the Directive No access
    3. C. Appreciation and criticism of the Directive: a generally positive but mixed balance sheet No access
  2. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. The purpose of the Directive No access
      2. II. Contracts concluded between a seller or supplier and a consumer No access
      3. III. The exclusion from the Directive’s scope of application of terms reflecting mandatory provisions No access
  3. 1. 1. I. Origins and location of the provision No access
      2. II. The definitions contained in Art. 2 UCTD: general features No access
    2. 1. 1. The limitation to the natural person only No access
        a) General outlines No access
        b) The so-called ‘mixed’ purposes No access
      2. 1. The extension of the definition: not only natural person No access
        2. The activity of the seller or supplier No access
  4. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. 1. General features of the unfairness test No access
        2. The role division between national courts and CJEU in assessing unfairness No access
        a) The ‘good faith’ test No access
        b) The ‘significant imbalance’ test No access
      2. II. The exemption concerning individually negotiated contract terms No access
  5. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. 1. The nature of the goods or services for which the contract was concluded No access
        a) Factual circumstances No access
        b) Legal circumstances No access
        c) Relevant time No access
        3. Other terms of the contract or of another contract on which it is dependent No access
      2. a) Loan agreements and foreign currency No access
        b) Loan agreements and ancillary services No access
        c) Other contracts No access
        2. The adequacy of price and remuneration in relation to the good or service purchased No access
        3. Transparency of the term as a requirement for the limitation of the unfairness test No access
  6. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Historical and comparative background No access
      3. III. Public policy grounds and economic rationale No access
    2. 1. I. Scope No access
      2. II. Form and substance of transparency requirements No access
      3. III. The consequences of the lack of transparency No access
      4. IV. Breach of transparency obligation and unfairness test No access
  7. 1. 1. I. Legislative history No access
      2. II. Scope of the provision No access
    2. 1. 1. Unfair term to be set aside if contract can stand without it No access
        2. Rule: no revision of the unfair term No access
        3. Exception: replacement of the unfair terms with national supplementary rules No access
        4. Consequences of non-bindingness of the unfair term No access
        5. Ex officio review No access
      2. II. Measures to ensure protection in case a non-Member State law applies No access
  8. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Principle of equivalence No access
      2. II. Principle of effectiveness No access
      3. III. The activity of national judges to remedy the possible unfairness of the clauses No access
      4. IV. Recent examples of application of the principles at issue No access
      5. V. Final remarks No access
  9. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. National provisions that increase the level of consumer protection No access
      2. II. National rules interacting with the Directive No access
  10. 1. 1. I. Legislative history No access
      2. II. Scope of the provision No access
    2. 1. I. The reasons for minimum and partial harmonisation and its effects No access
      2. II. Reporting requirements No access
  11. 1. 1. I. Introduction No access
      2. II. The macroeconomic context No access
    2. 1. I. The innovation brought about by Art. 8b and the Omnibus Directive No access
      2. II. Rationale and remedies No access
      3. III. Final remarks No access
  12. Art. 9 No access
  13. Art. 10 No access
  14. Art. 11 No access
  15. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Requirements No access
      3. III. Casuistry No access
  16. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Rights vis-à-vis the seller or supplier No access
      3. III. The inadequacy of the exclusion or limitation No access
  17. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. The seller or supplier’s services and conditions No access
      3. III. Firm consumer commitment No access
      4. IV. Consequence of unfairness No access
  18. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Penitential earnest money and penal earnest money No access
      3. III. Scope of enforceable reciprocity No access
      4. IV. Consequences of unfairness No access
  19. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Penal clauses, penal earnest money, default interest No access
      3. III. Disproportion and consequences of unfairness No access
  20. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
    2. 1. 1. Nature of discretionary dissolution No access
        2. Unfairness of imbalance No access
      2. II. Retention of sums for services not yet performed No access
  21. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Context No access
    2. 1. I. Contracts of indeterminate duration No access
      2. II. Reasonable notice No access
      3. III. Serious grounds No access
      4. IV. Exemption for financial services contracts No access
  22. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
    2. 1. I. Unreasonably early deadline No access
      2. II. Consumer notice No access
  23. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
    2. 1. I. No real opportunity to become acquainted with terms No access
      2. II. Elements of ‘real opportunity’ No access
      3. III. Irrefutable presumption of actual awareness No access
  24. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
    2. 1. I. Valid reason No access
      2. II. Specification in the contract No access
      3. III. Exemptions No access
  25. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
    2. 1. I. Characteristics of a good or service No access
      2. II. Scope of the alteration No access
      3. III. Valid reason No access
  26. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
    2. 1. I. Price determination and price increases No access
      2. II. Excessive final price No access
      3. III. Consumer’s right to cancel No access
      4. IV. Exemption for financial services contracts No access
  27. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
    2. 1. I. Seller’s right to determine conformity No access
      2. II. Seller’s exclusive right to interpret contract terms No access
  28. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
    2. 1. I. Limiting obligation to respect commitments of agents No access
      2. II. Making commitments subject to compliance with a particular formality No access
  29. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
    2. 1. I. Seller or supplier non-performance No access
      2. II. Consumer’s obligation to perform No access
  30. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
    2. 1. I. Transfer of rights and obligations No access
      2. II. Consumer agreement No access
  31. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
    2. 1. I. Excluding or hindering No access
      2. 1. Mandatory arbitration clauses No access
        2. Restriction of evidence No access
        3. Imposition of the burden of proof No access
      3. III. Other examples from the CJEU jurisprudence No access
  32. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
    2. 1. I. Supplier of financial services No access
      2. II. Contract of indefinite duration No access
      3. III. Immediate notification No access
      4. IV. Valid reason No access
  33. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
    2. 1. 1. Financial services and suppliers of financial services No access
        2. Valid reason No access
        3. Obligation to notify the consumer No access
        4. Consumer right to dissolve the contract No access
      2. 1. Obligation to notify the consumer No access
        2. Consumer’s right to dissolve the contract No access
  34. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
    2. 1. I. Transactions excluded from points 1(g), (j) and (l) No access
      2. II. Implications for point 1(g) No access
      3. III. Implications for point 1(j) No access
      4. IV. Implications for point 1(l) No access
  35. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
    2. 1. I. The use of price-indexation clauses No access
      2. II. Lawfulness No access
      3. III. Explicit description No access
1. 1. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Harmonisation of certain aspects of timeshare, long-term holiday products, resale and exchange contracts No access
      2. II. B2C contract No access
      3. 1. General contract law remedies No access
        2. The registration of immovable or movable property and conveyance of immovable property No access
        3. Conditions of establishment, authorisation regimes, or licensing requirements No access
        4. The determination of the legal nature of the rights which are the subject of the contracts covered by the Directive No access
  2. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Timeshare contract No access
      2. II. Long-term holiday product contract No access
      3. III. Resale contract No access
      4. 1. Operation No access
        2. Problems associated with exchange contracts No access
        3. Definition No access
  3. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Indication in advertising of the availability of pre-contractual information No access
      2. II. Requirement to indicate commercial purpose at promotional or sales events No access
      3. III. Ongoing availability of pre-contractual information during the promotional or sales event No access
      4. IV. Prohibition on marketing as an investment No access
  4. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. The timing of the provision of information No access
      2. II. Transparent information No access
      3. III. Characteristics of the information No access
      4. IV. The language of the information No access
      5. V. Legal nature of the form No access
      6. 1. Timeshare contract No access
        2. Long-term holiday product contract No access
        3. Resale contract No access
        4. Exchange contract No access
  5. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Form and content of the contract No access
      2. II. The language of the contract No access
  6. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Right of withdrawal in the Timeshare Directive 1994 No access
      2. 1. The removal of the reference to the right to terminate the contract for breach No access
        2. The term No access
        3. Computation of the period No access
        4. Assistance through a standard withdrawal form No access
  7. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  8. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  9. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  10. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  11. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Terminology No access
      2. II. Termination of ancillary contracts No access
      3. III. Termination of the credit agreement No access
      4. IV. Termination of the ancillary contract in the event of nullity of the principal contract No access
      5. V. Detailed rules on the termination of ancillary contracts No access
  12. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Imperative nature of the Directive No access
      2. II. Directive application in international cases No access
  13. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  14. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Information on the national provisions transposing the Directive No access
      2. II. Information on codes of conduct No access
      3. III. Out-of-court dispute resolution No access
  15. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  16. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Transposition deadline No access
      2. II. Rules on the form of transposition No access
      3. III. Notification to the Commission of national transposition measures No access
  17. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  18. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  19. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  20. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
2. 1. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Development of the Directive No access
    3. C. Legal basis No access
    4. D. Economic background No access
    5. E. Relation to other EU legal instruments No access
  2. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Subject-matter No access
      2. II. Options to extend the scope of provisions of the CRD No access
  3. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Consumer No access
      2. II. Trader No access
      3. III. Goods, sales and services No access
      4. IV. Digital content and digital services No access
      5. V. Distance contracts, off-premises contracts and on-premises contracts No access
  4. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Consumer contracts No access
      2. II. Relation to other EU legal instruments No access
      3. III. Financial services No access
      4. IV. Timeshare, package travel and passenger services No access
      5. V. (Other) excluded consumer contracts No access
      6. VI. General Contract Law rules remain applicable No access
      7. VII. Contractual arrangements offering better protection No access
  5. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Targeted full harmonisation No access
      2. II. Options regarding language requirements No access
      3. III. Options pertaining to distance and off-premises contracts No access
      4. IV. Options regarding information requirements pertaining to online marketplaces No access
      5. V. Options regarding contracts other than distance and off-premises contracts No access
      6. VI. Options regarding financial services contracts concluded at a distance No access
  6. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Contracts other than off-premises and distance contracts No access
      2. II. Information requirements under Art. 5(1) CRD No access
      3. III. In a clear and comprehensible manner: transparency requirement No access
      4. IV. Language requirements and other information obligations No access
      5. V. Unless information is already apparent from the context No access
      6. VI. Day-to-day transactions No access
      7. VII. Information part of the contract? No access
      8. VIII. Burden of proof and sanctions for breach No access
  7. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Information requirements under Art. 6(1) CRD No access
      2. II. In a clear and comprehensible manner: transparency requirement No access
      3. III. Language requirements pertaining to package travel contracts No access
      4. IV. Information obligations stemming from the ECD and the SD No access
      5. V. Application to framework contracts and subsequent contracts No access
      6. VI. Burden of proof and sanctions for breach No access
  8. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Online marketplaces and online interfaces No access
      2. II. Ranking of offers No access
      3. III. Information as to the identity of the third party No access
      4. IV. In a clear and comprehensible manner: transparency requirement No access
      5. V. In a way appropriate to the means of distance communication No access
      6. VI. Additional information obligations imposed on providers of online marketplaces No access
      7. VII. Burden of proof and sanctions for breach No access
  9. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Information to be given No access
      2. II. On paper or another durable medium No access
      3. III. Legible and in plain, intelligible language: transparency requirement No access
      4. IV. Signed copy or confirmation of contract: no form requirement No access
      5. V. Supply of digital content, services, water, or energy during the withdrawal period No access
      6. VI. Maintenance and repair services No access
  10. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Information to be given or made available No access
      2. II. In a way appropriate to the means of distance communication No access
      3. III. Distance contracts concluded via telephone No access
      4. IV. Order with obligation to pay No access
      5. V. Order confirmation button No access
      6. VI. Delivery restrictions No access
  11. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Justification of the right of withdrawal No access
      2. II. No reasons, no costs (other than specified) No access
      3. III. Period for withdrawal No access
      4. IV. Performance during the withdrawal period No access
  12. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Information pertaining to the right of withdrawal No access
      2. II. Remedies for not providing information pertaining to the right of withdrawal No access
      3. III. Provision of information during extended withdrawal period No access
      4. IV. Abuse of (extended) withdrawal period? No access
  13. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Notice of withdrawal No access
      2. II. Model withdrawal form No access
      3. III. Other unequivocal withdrawal statement No access
      4. IV. Web-based withdrawal statement No access
      5. V. Dispatch principle applicable No access
      6. VI. Notice of withdrawal does not reach the trader No access
  14. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Online interface No access
      2. II. Withdrawal button No access
      3. III. Contract details to be provided or confirmed No access
      4. IV. Confirmation button No access
      5. V. Acknowledgement of withdrawal No access
      6. VI. Dispatch principle and notice of withdrawal does not reach the trader No access
      7. VII. Sanctions for breach No access
  15. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Effects of withdrawal No access
      2. II. No damages due No access
      3. III. Relation to avoidance and termination for non-performance No access
  16. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Reimbursement of payments made by the consumer No access
      2. II. Moment when reimbursement is due No access
      3. III. Data, digital content, and digital services No access
  17. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Return of goods received under a consumer sales contract No access
      2. II. Unless the trader has offered to collect the goods No access
      3. III. Costs for returning goods No access
      4. IV. Liability for diminished value No access
      5. V. Services, energy, or water provided during the withdrawal period No access
      6. VI. Further use of digital content and digital service No access
  18. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Ancillary contract No access
      2. II. Consumer credit contract No access
      3. III. Automatic termination of ancillary contract No access
  19. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Exceptions to be interpreted restrictively, but with common sense No access
      2. II. Services, digital content, and digital service No access
      3. III. Goods No access
      4. IV. Speculation to be prevented No access
      5. V. Exceptions to some of the exceptions … No access
      6. VI. Party-autonomy? No access
  20. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Information requirements under Art. 16a CRD No access
      2. II. Transparency No access
      3. III. Minimum harmonisation No access
  21. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Withdrawal period No access
      2. II. Exceptions from the right of withdrawal No access
      3. III. Exercise of right of withdrawal No access
      4. IV. Effects of the exercise of the right of withdrawal on ancillary contracts No access
      5. V. Reflection period No access
      6. VI. Priority for specific EU legislation No access
      7. VII. Targeted full harmonisation No access
  22. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Payment for services rendered up to the withdrawal No access
      2. II. Reimbursement of remaining sums No access
      3. III. Targeted full harmonisation No access
  23. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Adequate explanations No access
      2. II. Consumer remains responsible, but informed consent is aimed for No access
      3. III. No fully automated decisions No access
      4. IV. Priority for specific EU legislation No access
      5. V. Targeted full harmonisation No access
  24. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Online interface No access
      2. II. Unfair commercial practices on the trader’s online interface No access
      3. III. Minimum harmonisation and relation with UCPD No access
  25. 1. A. General Features No access
    2. 1. I. Delivery and Risk No access
      2. II. Payment fees, costs for telephone communication, and additional payments No access
  26. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Relation with SGD and Art. 20 CRD No access
      2. II. Transferring the physical possession of the goods No access
      3. III. Transferring control over the goods No access
      4. IV. Period for performance No access
      5. V. Failure to deliver on time: additional period No access
      6. VI. Failure to deliver on time: exceptions to the additional period No access
      7. VII. Express refusal to deliver before the delivery period has elapsed No access
      8. VIII. Consequences of failure to deliver No access
  27. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Additional fees for payment No access
      2. II. Administration costs, booking fees, and discounts No access
      3. III. Relation with information obligations on price, charges, and payment No access
      4. IV. Relation with PSD2 No access
  28. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Risk of loss or damage No access
      2. II. Main rule for passing of risk unclear No access
      3. III. Passing of risk if the seller offers possibility of transportation No access
      4. IV. Passing of risk if the seller did not offer the possibility of transportation No access
  29. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Telephonic helpdesk No access
      2. II. … at the basic rate No access
      3. III. Where the trader operates telephone line for contracts concluded No access
  30. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Relation with Transparency No access
      2. II. Express consent required for additional payment No access
      3. III. Reimbursement if no express consent had been obtained No access
      4. IV. Consequences for trader’s reciprocal obligation not regulated No access
      5. V. Application to personal data No access
  31. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Harmonised notice pertaining to legal guarantee No access
      2. II. Harmonised label pertaining to commercial guarantee of durability No access
  32. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Remedies for trader’s infringement of CRD No access
      2. II. Adequate and effective means No access
      3. III. Collective action No access
  33. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Public enforcement of the CRD No access
      2. II. What to do with the proceeds of the penalties No access
  34. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Mandatory nature No access
      2. II. Ex officio application No access
      3. III. Relevance of Private International Law No access
  35. 1. A. General Features No access
    2. 1. I. Information as to rights and obligations No access
      2. II. Information as to content of codes of conduct No access
  36. 1. A. General Features No access
    2. 1. I. Unsolicited supply No access
      2. II. Inertia selling is an aggressive commercial practice No access
      3. III. (Quasi-)Contractual remedies No access
  37. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Implementing acts pertaining to harmonised notice of label No access
      2. II. Examination procedure No access
  38. Art. 28 Transposition No access
  39. 1. A. General Features No access
    2. 1. I. Reporting requirements pertaining to national rules on off-premises contracts No access
      2. II. Other reporting requirements pertaining to national rules No access
  40. Art. 30 Reporting by the Commission and review No access
  41. Art. 31 Repeals No access
  42. Art. 32 Amendment to Directive 93/13/EEC No access
  43. Art. 33 Amendment to Directive 1999/44/EC No access
  44. Art. 34 Entry into force No access
  45. Art. 35 Addressees No access
3. 1. 1. 1. I. The freedom to provide mortgage services No access
      2. II. Broadening the scope of the CCD 1987? No access
      3. III. Consumer protection in soft law No access
      4. IV. A consumer protection Directive for an efficient market against the backdrop of the financial crisis No access
      5. V. Consumer rights under the MCD No access
    2. B. Experience gained in the application of the Directive, reforms, and future changes No access
  2. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of the provision No access
      2. II. Mortgage (consumer) credit versus consumer credit No access
      3. III. The concept of residential immovable property No access
      4. IV. Mortgages, other comparable securities, and credit relating to residential immovable property No access
      5. V. Lack of private law remedies No access
  3. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU Legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of the provision No access
      2. II. The reasons for minimum harmonisation No access
      3. III. Areas excluded from the MCD No access
  4. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of the provision No access
      2. II. Credit agreements secured by mortgages or other comparable securities over residential immovable property or secured by a right related to a residential immovable property No access
      3. III. Credit agreements the purpose of which is to acquire or retain property rights in land or an existing or projected building No access
      4. IV. Credit agreements excluded from the scope of the MCD No access
      5. V. Opt-outs for certain credit agreements No access
  5. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU Legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of the provision No access
      2. II. A classification of the definitions in the MCD No access
  6. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of the provision No access
      2. II. Private or public nature, prevention of conflicts of interest, and professional secrecy No access
      3. III. Competent authorities to supervise the application and enforcement of Art. 9, 29, and 32 to 35 MCD No access
      4. IV. Competent authorities and judicial supervision No access
      5. V. Prudential supervision and conduct supervision No access
  7. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of the provision No access
      2. II. Financial education No access
      3. III. Flash Eurobarometer 2023 No access
  8. General Comments to Art. 7–9 Conditions applicable to creditors, credit intermediaries, and appointed representatives No access
  9. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of the provision No access
      2. II. The obligation to take consumers’ interests into account No access
      3. III. Staff remuneration (salaries and commission) No access
      4. IV. Payments prior to the conclusion of a credit agreement No access
  10. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of the provision No access
      2. II. Information and explanations free of charge No access
  11. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of the provision No access
      2. II. The concept of ‘staff’ No access
      3. III. Knowledge and competence requirements No access
      4. IV. Supervision No access
  12. General Comments to Art. 10–11, 13–14 Information prior to the conclusion of credit agreements No access
  13. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of the provision No access
      2. II. Generally applicable rule for all types of mortgage credit advertising No access
      3. III. Usefulness of the rule No access
  14. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of the provision No access
      2. II. Who is obliged to observe the specific advertising provisions? No access
      3. 1. Standard and de minimis content No access
        2. Advertising mortgages and on the risks involved in mortgage credits No access
        3. Advertising with the APRC and interest rates in particular No access
        4. Using a representative example No access
        5. Obligatory ancillary services No access
      4. IV. Clear, precise, and prominent information in accordance with the medium used No access
  15. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of the provision No access
      2. II. Tying a current account to a credit No access
      3. III. Selling insurance that is tied to a credit No access
      4. IV. Bundling No access
  16. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of the provision No access
      2. II. Form and other requirements No access
      3. III. Terms to be included in the general information No access
  17. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of the provision No access
      2. 1. Obligatory content No access
        2. Timely receipt No access
        3. Right of withdrawal/Cooling-off period No access
  18. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of the provision No access
      2. II. Information about intermediaries No access
      3. III. Information aimed at verifying intermediary impartiality No access
      4. IV. Information about intermediary remuneration No access
      5. V. Complaints channels No access
  19. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of the provision No access
      2. II. What needs to be explained No access
      3. III. How adequate explanations should be given No access
  20. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of the provision No access
      2. II. Basic rules for calculating the APRC No access
      3. III. Assumptions (and potential disadvantages) of the APRC in its current design No access
      4. IV. Servicing accounts and other means of payment No access
  21. General Comments to Art. 18–20 Creditworthiness No access
  22. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of the provision No access
      2. II. Pre-contractual duty to assess creditworthiness No access
      3. III. Information about databases and automated data processing No access
      4. 1. Prohibition on granting credit No access
        2. Remedies and sanctions No access
  23. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope No access
      2. II. Reliable valuation standards No access
      3. III. Internal or external valuation and objective and impartial appraisals No access
  24. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of the provision No access
      2. II. Sufficient information for the purposes of assessing creditworthiness No access
      3. III. Verification of information No access
      4. IV. Incomplete or incorrect information No access
  25. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of the provision No access
      2. II. Positive and negative databases No access
      3. III. Database access No access
      4. IV. Conditions for reciprocity No access
      5. V. The legal basis for data sharing No access
      6. VI. Consumer information about database consultation No access
      7. VII. Unfair commercial practices No access
  26. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of the provision No access
      2. II. Information about advisory services and when it should be given No access
      3. III. Who can provide advisory services? No access
      4. IV. Robo-advisors No access
  27. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope No access
      2. II. Background No access
      3. III. Currency conversion or other arrangements No access
      4. IV. Ongoing duty to inform on variations of the exchange rate with a substantial impact on the amounts due No access
      5. V. Impact and future developments No access
  28. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of the provision No access
      2. II. The concept of index, reference rate (or benchmark) No access
      3. III. Clear, accessible, objective, and verifiable indexes or reference rates No access
      4. IV. Historical records of indexes No access
  29. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope No access
      2. II. Early repayment to reduce the total cost of the credit No access
      3. III. The conditions for early repayment No access
      4. IV. Compensation for financial loss No access
      5. V. Information on the conditions and consequences of early repayment No access
      6. VI. Early repayment to switch creditor No access
  30. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of the provision No access
      2. II. Enforceable claims No access
      3. III. Record-keeping of mortgage underwriting policies and immovable property accepted as collateral No access
      4. IV. Price indexes No access
  31. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of the provision No access
      2. II. Information prior to the change in borrowing rate and periodical information No access
      3. III. A new amortisation table or explanations on the effects of the change in the borrowing rate No access
      4. IV. Does the consumer have the right to terminate the credit agreement if there is a change in the borrowing rate? No access
      5. V. Unilateral changes in the borrowing rate No access
  32. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope No access
      2. II. Unilateral modifications of credit agreements No access
      3. III. Extent of the ‘modification of the terms and conditions’ No access
      4. IV. The information requirement No access
  33. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of the provision No access
      2. II. Reasonable forbearance prior to enforcement No access
      3. III. Datio in solutum and full-recourse mortgages No access
      4. IV. Default charges and penalties No access
  34. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
      3. III. Comparative references to other EU legislation No access
    2. 1. I. Scope No access
      2. II. The inclusion of consumer protection in case of assignment in the MCD No access
      3. III. The consumer’s position vis-à-vis credit purchasers No access
      4. IV. A cautious duty to inform No access
  35. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  36. Art. 42 Transposition No access
  37. Art. 43 Transitional provisions No access
  38. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. The MCD’s entry into force and national transposition regulations No access
      2. II. Other transitional provisions No access
      3. III. Pointing out the European origins of the transposition rule No access
      4. IV. Monitoring the transposition of directives No access
      5. V. Amending of the MCD, and adoption and application of national transposition regulations No access
  39. Art. 44 Review clause No access
  40. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. The review of the MCD No access
      2. II. The main aspects under review No access
4. 1. 1. A. Overview No access
    2. B. Historical background No access
  2. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  3. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of application No access
      2. II. Exclusions from the scope of application No access
      3. III. Relationship with Member States’ contract law No access
  4. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Travel services No access
      2. II. Package holiday No access
      3. III. Package travel contract No access
      4. IV. Start of the package holiday No access
      5. V. Associated travel services No access
      6. VI. Traveller No access
      7. VII. Contract partner No access
      8. VIII. Tour operator No access
      9. IX. Travel agent No access
      10. X. Branch No access
      11. XI. Durable medium No access
      12. XII. Unavoidable and exceptional circumstances No access
      13. XIII. Breach of contract No access
      14. XIV. Minors No access
      15. XV. Sales office No access
      16. XVI. Repatriation No access
  5. Art. 4 Level of harmonisation No access
  6. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  7. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  8. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  9. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  10. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  11. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  12. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  13. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Withdrawal from the contract by travellers No access
      2. 1. The concept of ‘unavoidable and extraordinary circumstances’ No access
        2. COVID-19 as ‘unavoidable and extraordinary circumstances’ No access
      3. III. Termination by the tour operator No access
  14. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  15. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  16. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  17. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  18. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  19. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  20. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. The concept of ‘linked travel arrangements’ No access
      2. II. Obligations of the trader No access
      3. III. Consequences for the breach of obligations No access
      4. IV. Combined trip without arrangement of combined travel services No access
  21. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  22. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  23. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  24. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  25. Art. 28 Transposition No access
  26. Art. 29 Repeal No access
  27. Art. 30 Entry into force No access
5. 1. Introduction No access
  2. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  3. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
    2. 1. I. Consumers No access
      2. II. Member State of residence No access
      3. 1. Contract with a provider No access
        2. Authorisation for access in the Member State of residence No access
        3. Against payment or free of charge No access
      4. IV. Temporary stay in a Member State No access
      5. 1. Service within the meaning of Art. 56 and 57 TFEU No access
        2. Online provision under agreed conditions No access
        3. Audiovisual media service No access
        4. Characterisation through intellectual property No access
      6. VI. Portability No access
  4. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
    2. 1. I. Core obligation of the provider No access
      2. II. No additional costs No access
      3. III. Quality requirements No access
      4. IV. Duty to inform No access
  5. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  6. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
    2. 1. 1. Basics No access
        2. Requirements of data protection law No access
        3. Control of the IP address No access
      2. II. Re-examination No access
      3. III. Subscribers’ duty to inform No access
      4. IV. Refraining from a review No access
  7. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
    2. 1. I. Opt-in right of the provider of free services No access
      2. II. Information obligations of the provider No access
  8. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  9. Art. 8 Protection of personal data No access
  10. Art. 9 Application to existing contracts and rights acquired No access
  11. Art. 10 Review No access
6. 1. Introduction No access
  2. 1. 1. I. Content and context No access
      2. II. Function No access
    2. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Subject matter No access
  3. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  4. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Personal scope of application No access
      2. a) Requirement of a contract No access
        b) Performance of the trader No access
        aa) Price No access
        bb) Personal data No access
        2. Consumer specification (2) No access
        3. Tangible media as carriers of the digital content (3) No access
        a) Complementary relation to the SGD (4) No access
        b) Subsidiarity of the DCD (7, 8, 9) No access
        5. Exempted areas (5) No access
        6. Bundle contracts (6) No access
        7. Contractual aspects left to national legislation (10) No access
  5. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Full harmonisation No access
      2. II. Exceptions No access
  6. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of application No access
      2. II. Recipient and the moment of supply in the digital contract (1) No access
      3. 1. Supply of the digital content (a) No access
        2. Supply of the digital service (b) No access
        3. Supply to a physical or virtual facility chosen by the consumer No access
      4. IV. Relationship to general contract law No access
  7. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Concept of conformity No access
      2. II. Limitations of applicability No access
      3. III. Legal defects No access
  8. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Contractual agreement No access
      2. II. Performance features No access
      3. III. Purpose required by the consumer No access
      4. IV. Accessories, instructions and assistance No access
      5. V. Updates No access
  9. 1. 1. I. Function No access
      2. II. Structure No access
    2. 1. 1. General rule No access
        2. Legal provisions and standards to be taken into account No access
      2. 1. Characteristics of the criteria No access
        2. Quantity No access
        3. Qualities and performance features No access
        4. Nature of the digital content or service No access
        5. Public statements No access
        6. Accessories and instructions No access
        7. Trial version or preview No access
      3. III. Updates No access
      4. IV. Conformity during continuous supply over a period of time No access
      5. V. Agreed deviations from paras 1 and 2 No access
      6. VI. Supply of the latest version No access
  10. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Integration into the consumer’s digital environment No access
      2. II. Incorrect integration No access
      3. III. Resulting lack of conformity No access
      4. IV. Integration by the trader or under his responsibility No access
      5. V. Integration by the consumer No access
      6. VI. Legal consequences No access
  11. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. 1. Third party No access
        2. Any right No access
        3. Violation No access
        4. Resulting restriction No access
      2. II. Prevention or limitation of use in accordance with Art. 7 and 8 No access
      3. III. Point in time No access
      4. IV. Legal consequences No access
  12. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Failure to supply No access
      2. 1. Basic concept of liability for lack of conformity No access
        a) Relevant point in time No access
        b) Liability period No access
        c) Limitation period No access
        a) Scope No access
        b) Relevant time No access
        c) Limitation period No access
  13. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Failure to supply No access
      2. a) Scope No access
        b) Requirements No access
        c) Legal consequences No access
        2. Continuous supply over a period of time No access
        a) Missing compatibility of the consumer’s digital environment No access
        aa) Basic features No access
        bb) Necessary cooperation No access
        cc) Possible cooperation No access
        dd) Least intrusive means No access
        ee) Information and consent of the consumer with regard to the relevant means No access
        ff) Information about the cooperation requirement before conclusion of the contract No access
        gg) Legal consequences No access
  14. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. 1. Failure to supply in accordance with Art. 5 No access
        2. Request by the consumer No access
        3. Failure to supply after the consumer’s request No access
      2. II. Immediate termination No access
      3. III. Legal consequences No access
      4. IV. Right of the consumer to performance by the retailer No access
  15. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. System (1) No access
      2. 1. Exceptions from the entitlement of having the digital content or digital service brought into conformity (2) No access
        2. Execution of the entitlement of having the digital content or digital service brought into conformity (3) No access
      3. 1. Cases in which price reduction or termination of contract are admissible (4) No access
        2. Price reduction (5) No access
        3. Termination of contract (6) No access
  16. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Requirement of a statement to the trader No access
      2. II. Expression of the decision of the termination No access
      3. III. Consequences of an effective termination statement No access
  17. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Obligation to reimburse sums paid by the consumer under the contract (1) No access
      2. 1. Treatment of personal data (2) No access
        a) Obligation to refrain from using content other than personal data (3) No access
        b) Obligation to make content other than personal data available to the consumer (4) No access
      3. III. Inaccessibility of the digital content after termination of the contract (5) No access
  18. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Obligation to refrain from further use or to make it available to third parties (1) No access
      2. II. Obligation to return the tangible medium (2) No access
      3. III. Exclusion of liability (3) No access
  19. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of application No access
      2. II. Time limit for reimbursement (1) No access
      3. 1. Means of payment (2) No access
        2. Prohibition of reimbursement fees for the consumer (3) No access
      4. IV. No regulation for the case of non-compliance No access
  20. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of application No access
      2. II. The term ‘modification’ No access
      3. III. General requirements (1) No access
      4. 1. Intensification of the general information requirement (1)(d) No access
        a) The right to terminate the contract (2, 3) No access
        b) The right to maintain the digital content or digital service without the modification No access
        3. Relation to other remedies of the DCD No access
  21. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Idea of the provision No access
      2. II. Conditions for a right of redress No access
      3. III. Transposition issues No access
  22. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Effective and adequate means for compliance (1) No access
      2. II. Additional public or collective enforcement (2) No access
  23. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of application (1) No access
      2. II. Legal consequence (1) No access
      3. III. Unilaterally mandatory law (2) No access
  24. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Amendment to the CPC Regulation No access
      2. II. Amendment to the Injunctions Directive No access
  25. Art. 24 Transposition No access
  26. Art. 25 Review No access
7. 1. 1. A. Development of the SGD as a fully harmonised conformity regime for B2C sales contracts No access
    2. B. Basic ideas of the SGD No access
    3. C. Structure of the SGD No access
  2. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. 1. Internal market and consumer protection No access
        2. Focus on the digital world No access
        3. Sustainability No access
      2. II. Subject matter No access
  3. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. 1. Contract No access
        2. Transfer of ownership of goods No access
        3. Payment of a price No access
        4. Seller and consumer No access
      2. 1. Founders of new businesses and employees No access
        2. ‘Apparent traders’ No access
        3. Dual purpose contracts No access
        4. Party to the contract No access
      3. 1. Founders of new businesses, employees and ‘apparent traders’ No access
        2. Party to the contract No access
      4. IV. Producer No access
      5. 1. Tangible movable items No access
        a) Digital content and digital services No access
        b) Incorporation or interconnection No access
        aa) Functional criterion No access
        bb) Contractual criterion No access
        cc) Conclusion: Uniform requirements No access
        d) Digital items supplied by third parties No access
        3. Water, gas and electricity No access
      6. 1. Compatibility and interoperability No access
        2. Functionality No access
        3. Durability No access
      7. VII. Durable medium No access
      8. VIII. Commercial guarantee No access
      9. IX. Free of charge No access
      10. X. Public auction No access
  4. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. 1. Sales contracts between a consumer and a seller No access
        a) Digital items No access
        b) Tangible media serving as carriers for digital items No access
        c) Goods sold by way of execution or otherwise by authority of law No access
        aa) Public auction No access
        bb) Second-hand goods No access
        cc) Clear and comprehensive information No access
        b) Living animals No access
      2. 1. Exclusion of aspects of general contract law No access
        2. Exclusion of the right to damages No access
        3. Exclusion of other aspects of sales contract law No access
      3. III. Competing national regimes No access
  5. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Limits of the regulatory scope No access
      2. II. Opening clauses No access
  6. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. 1. Cumulative application of objective and subjective conformity requirements No access
        2. Paramount importance of the subjective description of the good No access
        3. Objective conformity requirements as a gap-filling and transparency regime No access
        4. Remaining tension between the objective conformity regime and subjective freedom of contract No access
        5. Conclusion No access
      2. II. Fully harmonised conformity requirements No access
      3. 1. Installation requirements as elements of conformity No access
        2. Freedom from restrictions arising from third-party rights as an element of conformity? No access
  7. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Conceptual aspects and role of subjective conformity requirements No access
      2. II. How do subjective conformity requirements become part of the contract? No access
      3. 1. Agreed conformity requirements as referred to in letter (a) No access
        2. Fitness for purpose as referred to in letter (b) No access
        3. Accessory and instruction-related conformity requirements as referred to in letter (c) No access
        4. The updates stipulated in the sales contract as referred to in letter (d) No access
  8. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Conceptual aspects and role of objective conformity requirements in complementing subjective conformity and in ensuring transparency No access
      2. II. Structure of the provision No access
      3. 1. Fitness for purpose as referred to in paragraph 1, letter (a) No access
        2. Description of a model or sample as referred to in paragraph 1, letter (b) No access
        3. Accessories and instructions as referred to in paragraph 1, letter (c) No access
        4. Features normal for goods of the same type as referred to in paragraph 1, letter (d) No access
        5. Key role of public statements in ensuring transparency, as provided for by Art. 7(1)(d) No access
        6. Exceptions to the seller being bound by public statements, as set out in paragraph 2 No access
      4. 1. Background and innovative character of the provision No access
        2. Prerequisites, as set out in Art. 7(3) No access
        3. Consequences of the seller not meeting the requirements of Art. 7(3) No access
      5. 1. Limitation of the seller’s liability for non-conformity No access
        2. Prerequisites, as set out in Art. 7(4) No access
      6. 1. Structural tension between mandatory remedies for non-conformity and freedom of contract No access
        2. Functioning of the provision as a transparency regime No access
        3. Scope of application No access
        4. Prerequisites to be met under Art. 7(5) No access
  9. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Limited shift from traditional understanding of conformity as relating to a single point in time. No access
      2. 1. General prerequisites No access
        2. Sales contract and need to install the goods No access
        3. Incorrect installation by the seller or under the seller’s responsibility No access
        4. Incorrect installation by the consumer due to shortcomings in the seller’s or the supplier’s installation instructions No access
        5. Burden of proof No access
      3. III. Non-conformity under Art. 8 giving rise to remedies under Art. 13 No access
  10. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Third-party rights No access
      2. II. Restriction resulting from a violation that prevents or limits the use of the goods No access
      3. III. Lack of conformity according to Arts. 6 or 7 No access
      4. IV. Applicability of the regime on conformity No access
      5. V. Opening clause No access
  11. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. 1. Delivery of the goods No access
        2. Obligation to supply updates No access
        3. Opening clause? No access
      2. II. Liability period No access
      3. III. Limitation period No access
      4. 1. Continuous supply over a period of time No access
        2. Relevant time for assessing conformity No access
        3. Liability and limitation periods No access
      5. V. Lack of durability? No access
      6. VI. Second-hand goods No access
      7. VII. Effect of repair or replacement No access
  12. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Conditions of the general presumption No access
      2. II. Consequences of the general presumption No access
      3. III. Exceptions to the general presumption No access
      4. IV. Opening clause and national burden of proof rules No access
      5. V. Continuous supply of digital elements over a period of time No access
      6. VI. Lack of durability? No access
  13. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Minimum notification period No access
      2. II. Detection of the lack of conformity No access
      3. III. Content, form and proof of the notification No access
      4. IV. Consequences of a violation of the notification obligation No access
  14. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. First-order remedies and second-order remedies and the transition No access
      2. II. Withholding payments No access
      3. III. Consumer action and lack of conformity No access
  15. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. 1. Free of charge No access
        2. To be carried out within a reasonable period of time No access
        3. Without any significant inconvenience to the consumer No access
        4. Additional dimensions of the remedy No access
      2. II. The duty to take back and the costs of removal and reinstallation No access
    3. C. Use of the good prior to replacement No access
  16. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  17. 1. A. Main features No access
    2. 1. I. Two first problems covered No access
      2. II. The effects of termination on performance made by the parties No access
  18. 1. A. Main features No access
    2. 1. I. The scope of the commercial guarantee No access
      2. II. Making the commercial guarantee binding No access
      3. III. Transparency and formalities of the commercial guarantee No access
  19. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. 1. Liability of the seller to the consumer because of a lack of conformity No access
        2. Lack of conformity resulting from an act or omission No access
        3. Additional substantive conditions? No access
      2. 1. Addressee of the redress No access
        2. Remedies of the seller No access
      3. III. Non-mandatory nature No access
  20. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Adequate and effective means to ensure compliance with the SGD No access
      2. II. Collective enforcement No access
  21. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  22. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. 1. Derogation from national measures transposing the SGD No access
        2. Agreement to the detriment of the consumer No access
        3. Non-binding effect No access
      2. II. Lack of conformity brought to the seller’s attention by the consumer No access
      3. III. Exceptions No access
  23. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. CPC Regulation No access
      2. II. Injunctions Directive and RAD No access
  24. Art. 23 Repeal of Directive 1999/44/EC No access
  25. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Adoption and publication of national measures No access
      2. II. Application of national measures No access
      3. III. Temporal scope of application No access
  26. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Qualified review clause No access
      2. II. The Role of the SGD in the EU Digital Single Market Strategy No access
  27. Art. 26 Entry into force No access
  28. Art. 27 Addressees No access
8. 1. 1. A. History of EU consumer credit law No access
    2. B. Principles of EU consumer credit law No access
    3. C. Reasons for replacing the CCD 2008 No access
    4. D. The Commission’s approach to reform No access
    5. 1. I. Draft report by Kateřina Konečná for IMCO No access
      2. II. General Approach of the Council No access
      3. III. Report of the IMCO Committee No access
      4. IV. Trilogue No access
    6. F. The Outcome No access
  2. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  3. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. General rule No access
      2. II. Exemptions No access
      3. III. Overrunning No access
      4. IV. Discretion left to the Member States No access
      5. V. Temporal scope No access
  4. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Definition of consumer No access
      2. II. Definition of creditor No access
      3. III. Definition of credit agreement No access
      4. IV. Definition of ancillary service No access
      5. V. Definition of total cost of the credit to the consumer No access
      6. VI. Definition of total amount payable by the consumer No access
      7. VII. Definition of APRC No access
      8. VIII. Definition of borrowing rate No access
      9. IX. Definition of fixed borrowing rate No access
      10. X. Definition of total amount of credit No access
      11. XI. Definition of durable medium No access
      12. XII. Definition of credit intermediary No access
      13. XIII. Definition of pre-contractual information No access
      14. XIV. Definition of profiling No access
      15. XV. Definition of tying practice No access
      16. XVI. Definition of bundling practice No access
      17. XVII. Definition of advisory services No access
      18. XVIII. Definition of overdraft facility No access
      19. XIX. Definition of overrunning No access
      20. XX. Definition of linked credit agreement No access
      21. XXI. Definition of early repayment No access
      22. XXII. Definition of debt advisory services No access
  5. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  6. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  7. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  8. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  9. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Obligation to include a warning in advertisements No access
      2. II. Requirements for standard information No access
      3. III. Requirements for standard information in case of a medium with limited or no visual space No access
      4. IV. Prohibition of certain advertising practices No access
  10. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Catalogue of general information obligations No access
      2. II. Formal and other requirements No access
  11. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. General No access
      2. II. SECCI form No access
      3. III. Part I of SECCI: key information No access
      4. IV. Part II of SECCI No access
      5. V. Transparency requirements No access
      6. VI. Time of providing the pre-contractual information No access
      7. VII. Obligation to provide a free copy of the draft credit contract No access
      8. VIII. Applicability to credit intermediaries acting in an ancillary capacity No access
  12. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Specific ECCI form No access
      2. II. Information elements No access
      3. III. Formal and transparency requirements No access
      4. IV. Obligation to provide a free copy of the draft agreement No access
      5. V. Applicability to credit intermediaries acting in an ancillary capacity No access
  13. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Obligation to provide adequate explanations No access
      2. II. Content of the explanations No access
      3. III. Adapting the obligation in justified cases No access
  14. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Pre-contractual information on personalised offers based on automated processing No access
      2. II. Information obligations under the GDPR No access
  15. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Distinction of tying and bundling No access
      2. 1. Payment or savings accounts No access
        2. Credit insurance No access
      3. III. Bundling No access
  16. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. No inferred agreement No access
      2. II. Agreement of the consumer No access
      3. III. Legal consequences and sanctions No access
  17. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Distinction between explanation and advice No access
      2. II. Scope of application No access
      3. 1. Range of products No access
        2. Fees No access
        3. Time and form No access
      4. IV. The provision of advice No access
      5. V. Status transparency No access
      6. VI. Warning of specific financial risks No access
      7. VII. Remedies No access
  18. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Unsolicited granting of credit No access
      2. II. Legal consequences No access
  19. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of application No access
      2. 1. Necessary information No access
        2. The assessment No access
        3. Procedural aspects No access
        4. Joint credit applications No access
      3. III. Consequences of the lack of creditworthiness No access
      4. 1. No right of the creditor to amend or cancel the contract No access
        2. Remedies of the consumer No access
      5. V. Automatisation No access
  20. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Access to databases No access
      2. II. Minimum standards for databases No access
      3. III. Regulation of databases No access
      4. IV. Information of the consumer No access
  21. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Formal requirements and the obligation to provide a copy of the agreement No access
      2. II. No EU rules on the requirements of written form No access
      3. III. Validity of the credit agreement is left within the competence of the Member States No access
  22. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. General No access
      2. II. Transparency requirements No access
      3. 1. Type of credit No access
        2. Information about contract parties and credit intermediary No access
        3. The total amount of credit and the conditions governing the drawdown No access
        4. Duration of the credit agreement No access
        5. Information in case of using credit for specific goods or services No access
        6. Information on borrowing rate No access
        7. Information on the APRC and the total amount payable by the consumer No access
        8. Information on payments No access
        9. Information on the right to request an amortisation table No access
        10. Statement on the payment of interest No access
        11. Information on charges for additional services No access
        12. Information on default interest and other charges in case of payment default No access
        13. Warning of legal consequences of payment default No access
        14. Information on the notarial fees No access
        15. Information on the required insurance and securities No access
        16. Information about the right of withdrawal No access
        17. The type of durable medium No access
        18. Information about consumer rights in case of linked agreements No access
        19. Information about the right of early repayment No access
        20. Information about the procedure for termination of the agreement No access
        21. Information about an out-of-court complaint and redress mechanism No access
        22. Other contractual terms and conditions No access
        23. Information about the competent supervisory authority No access
        24. Information about providers of debt advisory services No access
      4. IV. Providing the consumer with an amortisation table No access
      5. V. No-guarantee statement No access
  23. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of the provision No access
      2. II. Form and content of the information No access
      3. III. Relationship to other consumer protection legislation No access
  24. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. General rule on information obligations in case of changes in the borrowing rate No access
      2. II. Providing periodical information under certain circumstances No access
  25. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Regular information No access
      2. II. Increase of the borrowing rate or other charges No access
      3. III. Protection from the consequences of cancellation or reduction No access
      4. IV. Minimum harmonisation No access
  26. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Contractual information No access
      2. II. Regular information No access
      3. III. Information on significant overrunning No access
      4. IV. Offer of advisory services and redirection towards debt advisory services No access
      5. V. Protection from the consequences of cancellation or reduction No access
      6. VI. Minimum harmonisation No access
      7. VII. Consequences of breach No access
  27. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of application No access
      2. II. Exercise and form of withdrawal No access
      3. 1. Regular withdrawal period No access
        a) Introduction No access
        b) No application to irrelevant information? No access
        c) No compensation with other sanctions No access
        d) No forfeiture or abuse of law No access
        3. Withdrawal period in certain linked contracts No access
      4. IV. Exclusion of the right of withdrawal after fulfilment of the contract No access
      5. 1. Obligations of the consumer No access
        2. Obligations of the creditor No access
        3. Ancillary agreements No access
      6. VI. Relationship with EU legislation on distance selling of financial services No access
  28. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Withdrawal from the financed contract No access
      2. II. Problems with the linked sales or services contract No access
  29. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Right to contract termination No access
      2. II. Creditor’s right to terminate the consumer’s right to draw down for ‘objectively justified reasons’ No access
  30. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Consumer’s right to early repayment, and reduction of total cost of credit No access
      2. II. Creditor’s right to compensation No access
      3. III. Exceptions to the creditor’s right to compensation No access
      4. IV. Legislative options for the Member States No access
  31. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Meaning of the APRC No access
      2. II. General principles for the calculation No access
      3. III. Assumptions No access
      4. IV. Sanctions for breaching the obligation to provide correct APRC to the consumer No access
  32. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Measures to prevent excessive borrowing or APRC rates No access
      2. II. Measures to cap other fees No access
      3. III. The complementary role of judicial control of price clauses under the UCTD No access
      4. IV. Publishing and assessment of national measures under Art. 31(1) CCD No access
  33. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. General principles No access
      2. II. Remuneration policies No access
      3. III. Enforcement No access
  34. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of application No access
      2. II. Level of knowledge and competence No access
      3. III. Enforcement No access
  35. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  36. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Obligation to exercise forbearance measures No access
      2. II. Possible forbearance measures No access
      3. III. Restrictions on default charges No access
      4. IV. Party autonomy for voluntary repossession agreements No access
  37. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Obligation to ensure the availability of independent debt advisory services No access
      2. II. Obligations to ensure early detection of financial difficulties and early referral to debt advisory services No access
  38. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. B. Explanations No access
  39. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Status transparency No access
      2. II. Fees No access
      3. III. Other obligations No access
      4. IV. Level of harmonisation No access
  40. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Keeping the consumer’s original defences against the assignee No access
      2. II. Informing the consumer about assignment No access
  41. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Obligation to provide access to efficient consumer ADR procedures No access
      2. II. Facilitating cross-border cooperation No access
  42. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Obligation to designate competent authorities and provide them with necessary resources and powers No access
      2. II. Exercising enforcement powers No access
      3. III. Professional secrecy obligations No access
      4. IV. Notification of the Commission No access
  43. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. The concept of targeted harmonisation No access
      2. II. Contracts outside the scope of application of the CCD 2023 No access
      3. III. Unregulated issues within the scope of application of the Directive No access
      4. IV. Harmonised provisions No access
      5. V. Regulatory choices No access
      6. VI. Concretisation of provisions No access
  44. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Imperative nature No access
      2. II. Prevention of circumvention No access
  45. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of application No access
      2. 1. Effective No access
        2. Proportionate No access
        3. Dissuasive No access
      3. III. Notification of penalties to the EU Commission No access
      4. IV. Penalties for widespread infringements and infringements with a Union dimension No access
      5. V. Disclosure to the public No access
  46. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Legal context and legislative history No access
    2. B. Explanations No access
  47. Art. 46 Review and monitoring No access
  48. Art. 47 Repeal and transitional provisions No access
  49. Art. 48 Transposition No access
  50. Art. 49 Entry into force No access
  51. Art. 50 Addressees No access
9. 1. 1. A. Background No access
    2. B. Genesis of the Directive No access
    3. C. The Proposal for a Directive on the Repair of Goods and the adoption of the R2RD No access
  2. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Subject matter No access
      2. II. Purpose No access
      3. 1. B2C or beyond? The uncertain scope of the R2RD No access
        2. Distribution of measures No access
      4. IV. Compatibility with the proportionality test before adopting new regulations of professions No access
  3. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Existing definitions No access
      2. II. New concepts No access
      3. III. Missing concepts No access
  4. 1. 1. I. Legislative history No access
      2. II. Scope of the provision No access
    2. 1. I. A new information form to encourage the repair of goods No access
      2. II. Content of the form No access
      3. III. The form is not mandatory, but binding No access
  5. 1. 1. I. Legislative history No access
      2. II. Scope of the provision No access
    2. 1. I. Introduction No access
      2. II. Subjects No access
      3. 1. In a reasonable time and for a reasonable price No access
        2. Information on indicative repair prices and provision of a replacement good No access
      4. IV. Other mechanisms to ensure the obligation to repair No access
      5. V. Unresolved questions No access
  6. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  7. 1. 1. I. Legislative history No access
      2. II. Scope of the provision No access
    2. 1. I. The limited practical effectiveness of reparability as an objective criterion of conformity No access
      2. II. The extension of the liability period following repair No access
      3. III. The categorisation of refurbished goods: a missed opportunity to establish a legal regime No access
1. 1. Introduction No access
  2. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  3. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Temporal scope of application No access
      2. II. Material scope of application No access
      3. III. Damage to personal data No access
      4. IV. Articulation with other (national) liability regimes No access
  4. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Level of harmonisation No access
      2. II. Critical assessment No access
  5. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Products No access
      2. II. Intangible products No access
      3. III. Related services No access
      4. IV. Manufacturer’s control No access
      5. V. Placing on the market No access
      6. VI. Economic operators No access
      7. VII. Miscellaneous No access
  6. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  7. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Psychological damage No access
      2. II. Loss or corruption of data No access
      3. III. Damage to property No access
  8. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  9. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Manufacturers No access
      2. II. Importers, authorised representatives and fulfilment service providers No access
      3. III. Distributors No access
      4. IV. Online platforms No access
      5. V. Modifiers No access
      6. VI. Compensation funds No access
  10. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Disclosure No access
      2. II. Limitations on disclosure obligation No access
  11. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Reversal of the burden of proof No access
      2. II. Proving defectiveness No access
      3. III. Proving causation No access
      4. IV. Reversal of the burden of proof for both defect and causation No access
  12. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Not putting into circulation defence No access
      2. II. Not defective when put into circulation defence No access
      3. III. Compliance with legal requirements No access
      4. IV. Development risks’ defence No access
      5. V. Component-part defence No access
      6. VI. Modifier defence No access
  13. Art. 12 Liability of multiple economic operators No access
  14. Art. 13 Reduction of liability No access
  15. Art. 14 Right of recourse No access
  16. Art. 15 Exclusion or limitation of liability No access
  17. Art. 16 Limitation period No access
  18. Art. 17 Expiry period No access
  19. Art. 18 Derogation from development risk defence No access
2. 1. A. General features No access
  2. 1. I. Material scope of application No access
    2. II. Personal scope of application No access
    3. III. Safety No access
    4. IV. Obligations of Economic Operators No access
    5. V. Right to Information and to a remedy No access
    6. VI. Market Surveillance, Implementation and Enforcement No access
    7. VII. Impact of digitalisation No access
    8. VIII. Conclusion No access
1. 1. Introduction No access
2. 1. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Setting a framework for combating discrimination based on the grounds of ethnic and racial origin No access
      2. II. Racial and ethnic grounds of unequal treatment as controversial criteria No access
      3. III. The anti-discrimination law in the structure of private law No access
  2. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. 1. Concept of ‘race’ as a ground for discrimination No access
        2. Ethnicity No access
        3. Discriminated person No access
      2. 1. Less favourable treatment No access
        2. On the grounds of racial or ethnic origin No access
        3. Irrelevance of the wrongdoer’s fault No access
        4. Discrimination based on the citizenship of the EU Member State No access
      3. 1. Function of the concept of indirect discrimination No access
        2. Concept of race and ethnicity from the perspective of indirect discrimination No access
        3. Apparently neutral provision, criterion, or practice No access
        4. Justification No access
      4. 1. Unwanted conduct No access
        2. Racial or ethnic origin No access
        3. Creation of an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating, or offensive environment No access
        4. Role of the Member States in defining the concept of harassment No access
      5. 1. Concept of instruction to discriminate No access
        2. Instructions on the various kinds of discrimination No access
  3. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Conditions for access to employment, to self-employment, and occupation No access
      2. II. Access to vocational guidance or training No access
      3. III. Employment and working conditions, including dismissals and pay No access
      4. IV. Membership of and involvement in an organisation of workers or employers, or any organisation whose members carry on a particular profession, including the benefits provided for by such organisations No access
      5. V. Social protection, including social security and healthcare No access
      6. VI. Social advantages No access
      7. VII. Education No access
      8. VIII. Access to and supply of goods and services which are available to the public, including housing No access
      9. IX. Different treatment based on nationality No access
  4. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Exceptional conditions for the justification of unequal treatment No access
      2. 1. Compliance with the reason and nature of the occupational activities No access
        2. Genuine and determining occupational requirements No access
        3. Legitimate objective No access
        4. Proportionality of requirements No access
  5. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Maintenance or adoption of specific measures No access
      2. II. Adoption of specific measures to prevent or compensate for disadvantages No access
      3. III. Specific measures No access
      4. IV. Prevention or compensation No access
  6. 1. A. Minimum harmonisation No access
    2. B. Prohibition of reducing the existing level of protection No access
  7. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Availability of the appropriate procedures No access
      2. II. The question of compensation and sanctions No access
      3. 1. Associations, organisations, and other legal entities No access
        2. Acting on behalf of, or in support of, the complainant No access
      4. IV. Time limits No access
  8. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Minimum harmonisation No access
      2. II. Burden of proof and direct discrimination No access
      3. III. Burden of proof and indirect discrimination No access
      4. IV. Criminal procedures No access
      5. V. Application of the presumption in the procedures mentioned in Art. 7(2) of the Racial Equality Directive No access
      6. VI. Exception for the ex officio investigation No access
  9. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  10. Art. 10 Dissemination of information No access
  11. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  12. Art. 12 Dialogue with non-governmental organisations No access
  13. Art. 13 [Bodies for the promotion of equal treatment] No access
  14. Art. 14 Compliance No access
  15. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Content of sanctions No access
      2. 1. Effectiveness No access
        2. Proportionality No access
        3. Dissuasiveness No access
  16. Art. 16 Implementation No access
  17. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. The content of the report No access
      2. II. Published reports No access
  18. Art. 18 Entry into force No access
  19. Art. 19 Addressees No access
3. 1. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Purpose of the Gender Equality Directive No access
      2. 1. Discrimination based on sex No access
        2. Access to goods and services No access
  2. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Sexual harassment in the scope of the application of the directive No access
      2. II. Addressee of sexual harassment No access
      3. 1. Unwanted conduct No access
        2. Sexual nature No access
        3. Violation of dignity No access
  3. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Access to goods and services available to the public No access
      2. II. Prohibition of discrimination based on sex and freedom of contract No access
      3. 1. Purpose No access
        2. Media No access
        3. Advertising No access
        4. Education No access
      4. IV. Employment, occupation, and self-employment No access
  4. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. a) Direct discrimination and less favourable treatment for reasons of pregnancy and maternity No access
        b) Access to goods and services, and less favourable treatment, and different marketing strategies No access
        c) Different hairdressing prices for different sexes No access
        d) Access to clubs and discos with lower prices for women No access
        2. Prohibition of indirect discrimination No access
      2. II. More favourable treatment for reasons of pregnancy and maternity No access
      3. III. Prohibition of harassment and sexual harassment No access
      4. IV. Instruction to discriminate No access
      5. 1. Legitimate aims No access
        2. Appropriate and necessary means No access
        3. Burden of proof No access
        4. Relation to positive actions (Art. 6 of the Gender Equality Directive) No access
  5. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Contracts concluded before 21 December 2007 No access
      2. II. Test-Achats and invalidation of Art. 5(2) of the Gender Equality Directive No access
      3. III. Costs related to pregnancy and maternity No access
  6. 1. A. The concept of positive actions in relation to access to goods and services and discrimination based on sex No access
    2. B. Specific measures preventing or compensating disadvantages No access
  7. Art. 7 Minimum requirements No access
  8. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Compensation or reparation for the loss and damage sustained No access
      2. II. Effectiveness, dissuasiveness, and proportionality of compensatory measures No access
      3. III. Liability rules and liable person No access
      4. IV. No upper limit No access
  9. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. 1. Burden of proof and direct discrimination No access
        2. Burden of proof and indirect discrimination No access
      2. II. Minimum harmonisation No access
      3. III. Criminal procedures No access
      4. IV. Application of the presumption in the procedures mentioned in Art. 8(3) of the Gender Equality Directive No access
      5. V. Exception for ex officio investigation No access
  10. Art. 10 Victimisation No access
  11. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  12. Art. 12 Bodies for the promotion of equal treatment No access
  13. Art. 13 Compliance No access
  14. Art. 14 Penalties No access
  15. Art. 15 Dissemination of information No access
  16. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. The content of the report No access
      2. II. Published report No access
  17. Art. 17 Transposition No access
  18. Art. 18 Entry into force No access
  19. Art. 19 Addressees No access
1. 1. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Evolution of EU law No access
    3. C. Looking ahead No access
  2. Art. 1 Subject matter No access
  3. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Dispute No access
      2. II. Initiated by a consumer against a consumer No access
      3. III. Contractual obligations stemming from sales contracts or service contracts No access
      4. IV. ADR procedure No access
      5. V. ADR entity No access
  4. 1. A. Mediation No access
    2. B. Provisions on consumer information No access
  5. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Consumer and trader No access
      2. II. Sales contract and services contract No access
      3. III. Domestic dispute and cross-border dispute No access
      4. IV. ADR procedure and ADR entity No access
      5. V. Competent authority No access
  6. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. 1. General rule No access
        2. Exceptions to the full coverage – Refusal to deal with disputes No access
        3. Requirements of the refusal to deal with disputes No access
      2. II. Facilitating access No access
  7. 1. 1. I. Purpose No access
      2. II. Relation to other European initiatives No access
    2. 1. I. Expertise No access
      2. II. Impartiality and independence No access
      3. III. Duty to disclose No access
      4. IV. Special requirements in case of entities funded by traders No access
  8. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Means of making publicly available No access
      2. II. Transparency regarding individual procedures No access
      3. III. Transparency regarding the general activity of the ADR entity No access
  9. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Effectiveness No access
      2. II. Accessibility (a) No access
      3. III. Representation by a lawyer (b) No access
      4. IV. Costs for consumers (c) No access
      5. V. Length of the procedure (d) and (e) No access
  10. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  11. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Mandatory ADR No access
      2. II. ADR procedures that impose a solution No access
  12. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Rome I Regulation No access
      2. II. Concept of habitual residence No access
  13. Art. 12 Effect of ADR procedures on limitation and prescription periods No access
  14. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Content of the information duty on ADR No access
      2. II. How the information should be communicated No access
      3. III. Looking ahead: the crisis of ADR in consumer disputes No access
  15. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Responsibility for the assistance No access
      2. II. Looking ahead: the consumer ADR contact points No access
  16. Art. 15 General information No access
  17. Art. 16 Cooperation and exchanges of experience between ADR entities No access
  18. Art. 17 Cooperation between ADR entities and national authorities enforcing Union legal acts on consumer protection Cooperation between ADR entities and national authorities No access
  19. Art. 18 Designation of competent authorities No access
  20. Art. 19 Information to be notified to competent authorities by dispute resolution entities Information to be notified to competent authorities No access
  21. Art. 20 Role of the competent authorities and of the Commission No access
  22. Art. 21 Penalties No access
  23. Art. 22 Amendment to Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 No access
  24. Art. 23 Amendment to Directive 2009/22/EC No access
  25. Art. 24 Communication No access
  26. Art. 25 Transposition No access
  27. 1. A. The 2019 implementation report No access
    2. 1. I. Discontinuation of the European ODR Platform No access
      2. II. Duties to inform and respond No access
      3. III. Extended scope of application No access
      4. IV. Bundling similar cases No access
      5. V. Prior contact with the ADR entity No access
      6. VI. Disputes with traders established outside the EU No access
      7. VII. Accessibility No access
      8. VIII. ADR contact point No access
  28. Art. 27 Entry into force No access
  29. Art. 28 Addressees No access
2. 1. Introduction No access
  2. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Policy goals and legal basis No access
      2. II. ‘Digital dimension’ of the internal market No access
      3. III. Quality requirements of ODR and relationship with the ADR Directive No access
  3. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Requirements No access
      2. II. Focus on C2B disputes and possible extension to B2C disputes No access
  4. Art. 3 Relationship with other Union legal acts No access
  5. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. ‘Online sales or service contract’ No access
      2. II. ‘Online marketplace’ No access
      3. III. ‘Personal data’ No access
  6. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Role of the Commission No access
      2. II. Platform accessibility No access
      3. III. Core functions of the ODR Platform No access
  7. Art. 6 Testing of the ODR platform No access
  8. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  9. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  10. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Processing of complaints and (in)completeness of the form No access
      2. II. Information provided to the respondent party No access
      3. III. Information provided to the complainant No access
      4. IV. Transmission or closure of the complaint No access
  11. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Effectiveness and time-limits No access
      2. II. Remote participation and in-person meetings No access
      3. III. Transparency No access
  12. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Data access and processing No access
      2. II. Data management, retention and deletion No access
      3. III. Data controllers No access
  13. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Traders’ obligations to provide information and publish links No access
      2. II. Member States’ obligation to ensure the publication of the link No access
      3. III. List of ADR entities No access
  14. Art. 21 Reports No access
3. 1. 1. A. History of the Directive No access
    2. B. General approach of the Directive No access
    3. C. EC-React No access
  2. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Access to Justice (para 1) No access
      2. 1. Loser pays principle with respect to litigation costs (Art. 12(1)) No access
        2. Dismissal of manifestly unfounded cases (Art. 7(7)) No access
      3. III. Minimum harmonisation (para 2) No access
  3. 1. 1. I. Scope of application: Consumer Law (para 1) No access
      2. II. Substantive rights of consumers (para 2) No access
    2. 1. I. Scope of application: representative actions in data protection law No access
      2. 1. International jurisdiction No access
        2. Applicable law No access
  4. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Consumers and traders (paras 1, 2) No access
      2. II. Collective interest of consumers (para 3) No access
      3. III. Domestic and cross-border representative actions No access
      4. IV. Redress measures No access
  5. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Requirements for cross-border representative actions (para 3) No access
      2. 1. Different treatment of ad hoc admitted or founded entities No access
        2. Practical importance of ad hoc founded constituencies No access
        3. Mistrust of ad hoc founded entities No access
  6. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  7. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Cross-border representative actions No access
      2. II. Para 1: Qualified entities designated in advance No access
  8. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. I. Information about the consumers concerned (para 2) No access
      2. 1. Admissibility of the representative action (para 3) No access
        2. Manifestly unfounded cases (para 7) No access
      3. III. Claimant party in representative actions (para 6) No access
  9. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. 1. Scope: Injunctive relief and declaration of an infringement (para 2) No access
        2. Publication No access
      2. II. No participation of consumers No access
      3. 1. Possible admissibility requirement No access
        2. Extension to actions for redress? No access
  10. 1. 1. I. Redress actions as the real novelty No access
      2. II. Framework for redress actions No access
    2. 1. 1. Opt-out: pros and cons No access
        2. Scope for decision-making in the Member States No access
      2. 1. Consumers’ right to chose No access
        2. Parallel representative actions by the same or different qualified entities No access
        3. Cross-border settings No access
  11. 1. A. General features No access
    2. 1. 1. Risk of early settlements No access
        2. Different treatment of claims in settlements No access
      2. 1. No competitor as a funder No access
        a) Disclosure of funding agreement? No access
        b) Denial of legal standing as a measure of last resort No access
  12. 1. 1. I. Mass settlements in general No access
      2. II. Necessary safeguards No access
    2. 1. 1. Standard for approval No access
        2. No contradiction to mandatory provisions of law No access
        3. Court proceedings to achieve approval and effects of denial No access
      2. II. Binding effect and opt-out of consumers No access
  13. 1. 1. I. Loser pays principle No access
      2. II. Protection of consumers No access
    2. 1. I. TPLF success fee as ‘costs’? No access
      2. II. Funder’s success fee to be paid by the defendant? No access
  14. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  15. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  16. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  17. Art. 17 Procedural expediency No access
  18. 1. A. General features No access
    2. B. Explanation No access
  19. Art. 19 Penalties No access
  20. 1. 1. I. Funding as central issue of collective redress No access
      2. II. Open questions No access
    2. 1. I. Cap on court and lawyers’ fees, legal aid No access
      2. II. Third-party litigation funding No access
      3. III. Crowdfunding No access
      4. IV. Facilitate cooperation of qualified entities No access
Index No access Pages 1491 - 1530