Multidimensional Discrimination in EU Law: Sex, Race and Ethnicity

Dr. Victoria Asaba Chege LL.M. Eur., LL.M.

doi:10.5771/9783845227825

Summary

Das Buch bietet eine kritische Analyse der Möglichkeiten, um im Rahmen des europäischen Gleichstellungsrechts einen effektiven Schutz gegen mehrdimensionale Diskriminierung zu gewährleisten. Die Wahl des Themas ist wohlüberlegt: Angeregt durch den anglo-amerikanischen Rechtsraum hat die Bekämpfung von mehrdimensionaler Diskriminierung im EU Recht in den letzten Jahren deutlich an Dynamik gewonnen. Jedoch bleibt die Frage des Interagierens von Rasse und Geschlecht im juristischen Diskurs wenig untersucht. Des Weiteren ergibt sich die Besonderheit des Buches aus seinem rechtsvergleichenden und interdisziplinären Ansatz. Das Werk wendet sich an Wissenschaftler aus verschiedenen Bereichen, an Institutionen der EU, an NGOs, an Experten im Gleichbehandlungs-, Arbeits- und Sozialrecht und an Studenten und Graduierte/Doktoranden mit diesem Forschungsschwerpunkt.

Victoria Chege ist wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin an der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg.

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2011
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8329-5830-5
ISBN-Online: 978-3-8452-2782-5
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Arbeits- und Sozialrecht
Volume: 118
Language: English
Pages: 416
Product type: Book Titles

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages 2 - 4
Acknowledgements No access Pages 5 - 6
Foreword No access Pages 7 - 8
Table of Contents No access Pages 9 - 16
List of acronyms and abbreviations No access Pages 17 - 22
1. Research question No access Pages 23 - 26
2. 1. Growth of grounds and multidimensionality No access Pages 26 - 28
  2. Multidimensionality and the principle of equality and non discrimination No access Pages 28 - 31
3. Research objective No access Pages 31 - 32
4. 1. Methodology No access Pages 32 - 34
  2. Methods No access Pages 34 - 36
5. Structure No access Pages 36 - 37
6. Shortcomings and limitations No access Pages 37 - 39
7. 1. Ethnic minority women No access Pages 39 - 41
  2. Equality and equal treatment No access Pages 41 - 42
  3. Multidimensionality, intersectionality and additivity No access Pages 42 - 42
1. 1. Background No access Pages 43 - 45
  2. Conceptual structure: Additive and intersectional discrimination No access Pages 45 - 51
  3. Assessment of conceptual structure No access Pages 51 - 53
  4. 1. A legal theoretical perspective No access
    2. The challenge of intersectionality beyond legal theory – an interdisciplinary convergence? No access
    3. Assessment and evaluation No access
2. 1. 1. Socio-economic status of women of colour No access
    2. Legal framework No access
    3. The approach of courts No access
    4. Legal theory and critique of USA equality law No access
    5. Interim results No access
  2. 1. Socio-economic status of ethnic minority women No access
    2. Legal framework No access
    3. The approach of Canadian courts and tribunals No access
    4. Legal theory and critique of Canadian equality law No access
    5. Interim results No access
3. Evaluation and conclusion No access Pages 85 - 88
1. 1. Germany No access Pages 89 - 91
  2. The United Kingdom (UK) No access Pages 91 - 94
2. 1. General background No access Pages 94 - 96
  2. 1. Immigrant demographics No access
    2. Education No access
    3. Labour market No access
    4. Summary of findings No access
    5. Correlation with sociological studies No access
  3. 1. Immigrant demographics No access
    2. Education No access
    3. Labour market No access
    4. Summary of findings No access
    5. Correlation with sociological studies No access
3. 1. Reasons associated with immigrants No access Pages 121 - 124
  2. 1. Discrimination as a factor No access
    2. Non discriminatory hindrances No access
4. 1. Preliminary remarks No access Pages 129 - 130
  2. Effects of gender and ethnicity No access Pages 130 - 130
  3. Intra-group differences No access Pages 130 - 130
  4. Need for a religious dimension? No access Pages 130 - 131
  5. Beyond race and sex – to ethnicity/nationality and sex? No access Pages 131 - 131
  6. Reasons for disadvantage: Beyond discrimination No access Pages 131 - 133
  7. Position of ethnic minority women beyond education and the labour market No access Pages 133 - 134
1. 1. Nationality provisions No access Pages 135 - 136
  2. 1. Binding measures No access
    2. Soft law measures No access
  3. 1. Binding measures No access
    2. Soft law measures No access
  4. 1. Binding measures No access
    2. Soft law measures No access
  5. Interim assessment No access Pages 155 - 156
2. 1. 1. Direct discrimination No access
    2. Indirect discrimination No access
    3. Harassment No access
    4. Sexual harassment No access
    5. Instruction to discriminate No access
    6. Reasonable accommodation No access
  2. Personal scope No access Pages 164 - 164
  3. Material scope No access Pages 164 - 166
  4. 1. Burden of proof No access
    2. Equal treatment bodies No access
    3. Remedies and sanctions No access
    4. Victimisation No access
    5. Defence of rights No access
  5. 1. Extension or consolidation of the sex approach to the new grounds No access
    2. Genuine service requirements – A reflection of the extended material scope No access
    3. Departure from the practice under sex equality No access
  6. Interim findings No access Pages 176 - 177
3. Assessment and challenges No access Pages 177 - 178
1. 1. Provisions on multidimensionality No access Pages 179 - 182
  2. 1. 1. Formal equality and substantive equality No access
      2. Conceptions of equality and multidimensionality No access
    2. 1. Direct discrimination and comparators No access
      2. Indirect discrimination No access
  3. 1. 1. Harassment No access
      2. Concept of goods and services No access
    2. Material scope No access
    3. 1. The personal scope No access
      2. Exceptions common to both grounds No access
      3. Ground specific exceptions - genuine service requirement No access
  4. 1. Equal treatment bodies No access
    2. Remedies and sanctions No access
  5. Peculiarities of EU equality law No access Pages 217 - 220
2. 1. 1. Nationality No access
    2. Sex No access
    3. Religion No access
  2. 1. Age No access
    2. Disability No access
    3. Sexual orientation No access
    4. Race and ethnicity No access
  3. Possible reasons for the lack of attention No access Pages 226 - 228
  4. 1. Segregation No access
    2. Structural intersectional No access
3. Final remarks No access Pages 229 - 230
1. 1. 1. Introduction No access
    2. Addressing multidimensionality No access
    3. 1. Transparency and coherency No access
      2. Inconsistencies and hierarchies No access
      3. Equality Act 2006 and positive duty No access
      4. Equality Act 2006 and single equality body No access
    4. Assessment No access
  2. Approach of UK Courts No access Pages 250 - 256
2. 1. 1. Introduction No access
    2. Addressing multidimensionality No access
    3. Equal treatment body No access
    4. Remedies and sanctions No access
    5. 1. Transparency No access
      2. Inconsistencies and hierarchies No access
    6. Interim assessment No access
  2. German courts No access Pages 270 - 276
3. 1. Legislative framework No access Pages 276 - 279
  2. Approach of courts No access Pages 279 - 279
  3. Reasons for restricted approach No access Pages 279 - 291
  4. Conclusion No access Pages 291 - 292
1. 1. 1. 1. Non-exhaustive list with no prohibition on multidimensionality No access
      2. Non-exhaustive list with an explicit provision on multidimensionality – A South African perspective No access
      3. Implications to the EU equality law No access
      4. Feasibility No access
      5. Concluding remarks No access
    2. 1. Feasibility No access
      2. Restricting intersections? No access
  2. 1. 1. Harassment No access
      2. Concept of goods and services No access
    2. Material scope No access
    3. 1. Genuine occupational requirement No access
      2. Genuine service requirement No access
      3. The personal scope No access
      4. Positive action No access
    4. 1. The equal treatment bodies No access
      2. Sanctions No access
  3. 1. Conceptions of equality No access
    2. 1. The single comparator test No access
      2. Multiple comparators No access
      3. Comparator free approach No access
      4. Hypothetical comparators No access
      5. Indirect discrimination No access
2. 1. Identifying the socio-context No access Pages 333 - 335
  2. 1. Indirect discrimination No access
    2. Positive action No access
    3. Reasonable accommodation No access
    4. Borrowing from other equality approaches No access
    5. Conclusion No access
  3. 1. Any impact? No access
    2. Evidence of an integrated approach No access
    3. Construing the EES to address intersectionality No access
    4. Limitations? No access
  4. Concluding remarks No access Pages 347 - 348
Conclusion and final theses No access Pages 349 - 376
Table of cases No access Pages 377 - 377
Literature No access Pages 377 - 412
Annex No access Pages 413 - 416