Interstate Assistance to the Use of Force

RA Dr. Benjamin K. Nußberger

doi:10.5771/9783748939825

Zusammenfassung

Unterstützung ist eine entscheidende Komponente zwischenstaatlicher Gewaltanwendung. Das Buch konturiert die völkerrechtliche Regulierung zwischenstaatlicher Unterstützungsleistungen zu internationaler Gewaltanwendung. Es zeichnet die einschlägige Praxis der Staaten in Resolutionen der Vereinten Nationen, in zwischenstaatlichen Verträgen und in mehr als 25 kriegerischen Konflikten – vom Korea-Krieg bis zum aktuellen Ukraine-Krieg – nach, ordnet sie historisch in die Entwicklung des Friedenssicherungsrechts ein, und setzt sie ins Verhältnis mit allgemeinen völkerrechtlichen Regelungen zur Beihilfe. Zugleich beleuchtet das Buch Unschärfen der bestehenden Regulierung und schafft so die Grundlagen für mehr Transparenz und expliziten Diskurs.

Schlagworte

Publikation durchsuchen

Bibliographische Angaben

Copyrightjahr: 2023
ISBN-Print: 978-3-7560-0648-9
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-3982-5
Verlag: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Reihe: Kölner Schriften zum Friedenssicherungsrecht - Cologne Studies on International Peace and Security Law - Études colonaises sur le droit de la paix et de la sécurité internationale
Band: 23
Sprache: Englisch
Seiten: 884
Produkttyp: Monographie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

KapitelSeiten

Titelei/InhaltsverzeichnisSeiten 1 - 28 Download Kapitel (PDF)
Download Kapitel (PDF)
1. I. The importance and relevance to assess interstate assistance to a use of force
2. 1. 1. 1) Action and inaction capable of contributing
    2. 2) ‘Inter-State’ assistance
    3. 3) Assistance ‘short of armed force’
    4. 4) Assistance to ‘another State’s use of force’
  2. B. The normative focus: universal prohibition(s) to contribute to a use of force
3. III. The outline of the book
Download Kapitel (PDF)
1. I. Assistance and the ius ad bellum
2. 1. 1. 1. a) The ideal concept of a collective security system
      2. b) The role of non-assistance in a collective security system
      3. c) Families of collective security systems
    2. 2) Assistance under the Covenant of the League of Nations
  2. 1. 1) (Bilateral) treaties of non-aggression and assistance
    2. 2) The Kellogg-Briand Pact and assistance
3. III. Assistance in a time of transition
Download Kapitel (PDF)
1. I. The ius contra bellum under the UN Charter and interstate assistance: an overview
2. 1. A. Sanctions as non-assistance obligations? The scope and content of sanctions
  2. B. The precondition for sanctions
  3. C. Non-automatic sanctions: the role of the Security Council
  4. D. UN sanctions as the exclusive regime governing assistance?
3. 1. A. The trigger: A general prohibition of interstate assistance?
  2. B. The scope: A prohibition of assistance to conduct obstructing UN action
  3. C. Is Article 2(5) alt 2 UN Charter exclusive?
  4. D. Article 2(5) UN Charter as embodiment of a general idea
4. 1. A. Is assistance permissible only to a use of force through the United Nations?
  2. B. Is assistance permissible in collective self-defense only?
  3. C. Some observations
5. V. Obligatory solidarity under the UN Charter?
6. 1. 1. 1) Dogmatic distinction between assisting and assisted conduct
    2. 2) The contribution of assistance to a use of force as ‘force’?
    3. 3) The risk created by assistance as ‘force’?
    4. 4) Terminological clarification
  2. B. A prohibition of assistance as necessary and logical complement to the agreement to refrain from a use force itself?
  3. 1. 1. a) ‘Indirect use’ – ‘use’ through interstate assistance?
      2. b) Proposals to define ‘indirect use of force’
    2. 1. a) An actual conduct that meets the threshold of use or threat of force
      2. b) The necessary degree of involvement
  4. D. Assistance as a ‘threat’ of force?
7. 1. 1. 1) Can assistance bear on internal affairs of another State?
    2. 1. a) Assistance as direct intervention
      2. b) Assistance as indirect intervention
  2. B. Assistance and the prohibition to infringe upon territorial sovereignty
8. VIII. An unwritten prohibition of participation in a use of force?
9. IX. The UN Charter – Not comprehensive, but guidance for international practice
Download Kapitel (PDF)
1. I. Methodological approach
2. 1. 1. 1. a) The nature of the Draft Declaration
      2. b) The Draft Declaration – an overview
      3. c) ‘Intervention’ and assistance
      4. (1) Article 19 Panama Draft
        (2) Discussions within the ILC
        (3) The status of Article 10 of the Draft Declaration
        (4) The scope of the prohibitions in Article 10 of the Draft Declaration
      5. e) The relevance of the Draft Declaration for assistance
    2. 1. a) Assistance in the framework of discussions
      2. b) Assistance and the negotiations
      3. (a) Application to States?
        (b) Structural elements of the prohibition of indirect use of force
        (2) Assistance as ‘force’
      4. d) Assistance and intervention
      5. e) Assistance as a threat of force
    3. 1. a) Nature and purpose of the Definition
      2. b) The Definition of Aggression and assistance
      3. (1) Debates when drafting the UN Charter
        (2) The UNGA debates in the First Committee
        (a) The report of the special rapporteur
        (b) The debate within the ILC
        (c) States’ reactions
        (4) The UN Secretary General report 1952
      4. (a) The 1953 Committee
        (b) The 1956 Committee
        (c) The 1957 Committee
        (d) Some observations
        (a) 1967-1969
        (b) 1969-1970
        (c) 1971
        (d) 1972
        (i) Some observations
        (ii) States’ observations
        (i) The degree of involvement
        (ii) ‘Its territory’
      5. e) The concept: Assistance as aggression
    4. 1. a) A controversial and conservative resolution
      2. b) A relevant resolution – particularly for non-assistance
      3. c) Assistance in the proposals
      4. (a) No broad understanding of ‘force’
        (b) An assisted act that involves the threat or use of force as precondition
        (i) A prohibition of perpetration…
        (ii) … applicable in the interstate context…
        (iii) … but applied to non-State actors only
        (d) Conclusion
        (a) Uncontroversial…
        (b) … and not new…
        (c) … but still welcome
        (d) The substantiation of the prohibition
        (e) The relationship with other rules
        (f) A prohibition of participation
      5. e) Nothing new, but more clarity
      6. f) A duty to provide assistance to the victim?
    5. 1. a) The evolution of Article 16 ARS as proof of a pre-existing special rule governing assistance in the ius contra bellum
      2. b) Article 16 ARS applied to the use of force
    6. 1. a) The Tripartite Declaration
      2. b) USA
      3. c) Germany
  2. 1. 1. a) Assistance as prohibited ‘use of force’ or ‘aggression’
      2. b) A separate prohibition: non-assistance to a use of force or aggression
      3. c) Treaties’ indication for the general framework of assistance
    2. 1. a) Treaties of solidarity
      2. b) Treaties of general military cooperation and security assistance
      3. c) Treaties establishing military bases
      4. (1) Transit through water
        (2) Overflight
        (3) Territorial passage
      5. e) Preliminary observations
    3. 3) The Arms Trade Treaty
  3. 1. 1. a) Assistance to South Korea and the US-led military operation
      2. b) (Non-)Assistance to North Korea
    2. 2) The Suez crisis 1956
    3. 3) American and British intervention in Lebanon and Jordan 1958
    4. 4) The U2 incident 1960
    5. 5) Stanleyville 1964
    6. 6) US operations in Cambodia against North Vietnam 1970
    7. 7) The rescue operation in Entebbe 1976
    8. 8) The Osirak incident 1981
    9. 9) The Falklands/Malvinas conflict 1982
    10. 10) The Iraq-Iran conflict 1980-1988
    11. 11) Operation El Dorado Canyon in Libya 1986
    12. 12) The Chadian-Libyan conflict 1987
    13. 1. a) Iraq
      2. b) Assisting States
    14. 14) US strikes in Afghanistan 1998
    15. 1. a) The role of assistance in Iraq: the US ‘coalition’ narrative
      2. (1) States engaged in combat
        (2) States deploying troops to assist
        (3) States refraining from assistance
        (a) Declarations of non-assistance…
        (b) … not implemented in practice?
        (c) A special case: Kuwait
        (5) States providing assistance
        (6) Political assistance
      3. (1) Assistance in the preparation stage
        (2) Humanitarian assistance
        (3) Assistance to reconstruction – assistance to occupation?
        (4) NATO involvement: assistance to Turkey and Poland, but not more
      4. d) Protest against assistance
      5. e) Assistance to Iraq
      6. f) Some general observations
    16. 16) The Georgian-Russian war 2008
    17. 17) The Abu Kamal raid 2008
    18. 1. a) States engaged in combat and providing assistance
      2. b) States providing assistance
      3. c) Non-Supporting States
      4. d) Conclusion
    19. 1. (1) The Coalition using force
        (a) United States
        (b) United Kingdom
        (c) African States
        (d) States licensing arms export
      2. b) Attacks directed against Saudi-Arabia
    20. 1. a) Assistance to airstrikes in Iraq in the realm of the ‘Global Coalition’
      2. (a) Australia
        (b) Regional (Arab) States
        (c) Canada
        (d) United Kingdom
        (e) France
        (f) Netherlands
        (g) Turkey
        (h) Denmark
        (a) Iraq
        (b) Germany
        (c) Italy
        (d) Poland
        (e) Spain
        (f) Greece
        (g) Sweden
        (h) European States “unburdening France”
        (i) Singapore
        (j) Coalition States without making contributions: the example of Panama
        (3) Protest against Assistance?
      3. c) Assisting assistance to Syrian opposition forces
      4. d) Assistance to Russia for its operations in Syria
    21. 21) Fighting ISIS in Libya 2015 and 2016
    22. 22) Strikes in reaction to use of chemical weapons 2017 and 2018
    23. 23) The Soleimani incident 2020
    24. 1. (1) Belarus
        (2) Syria
        (3) China
        (4) Iran
        (5) Western (non)-sanctions
      2. (1) Western States’ military assistance
        (2) Reactions to Western assistance
    25. 25) Israeli airstrikes in Syria against Iran
    26. 1. a) Germany
      2. b) USA
      3. c) The Arab League
    27. 1. a) United Kingdom’s contributions
      2. b) Djibouti and Camp Lemonnier and Chabelley
      3. c) The Netherlands and intelligence
      4. d) Italy and the base in Sigonella
      5. (1) German government’s position
        (2) German courts
  4. 1. 1) The Corfu Channel Case
    2. 1. a) Factual assumptions of the Court
      2. b) Overview of the Court’s legal framework on assistance
      3. (1) Direct use of force
        (a) The Court’s conceptualization of indirect use of force
        (b) Necessary involvement for indirect ‘use’
        (c) Consequences – self-defense against assistance
        (3) Assistance as a threat of force
      4. d) Assistance and the principle of non-intervention
      5. e) Assistance, sovereignty and territorial inviolability
    3. 3) The Legality of the Use of Force Cases
    4. 4) The Oil Platforms Case
    5. 1. (1) Sudanese involvement
        (2) Uganda and the Kitona attacks
      2. b) Assistance and self-defense
    6. 6) The Bosnia Genocide Case
  5. 1. 1) ‘Assistance’ in Article 43 UN Charter
    2. 2) The Security Council’s understanding of assistance to an authorized force
    3. 3) Article 51 UN Charter – assistance in collective self-defense
  6. 1. 1. a) Authorization of a use of force – an implicit prohibition to provide assistance to the targeted State (when) using force?
      2. (1) Sanction against the assisting State: a prohibition of interstate assistance
        (2) Sanction against the assisted recipient State: prohibition of interstate assistance to a use of force
      3. (1) Practice of the Security Council
        (2) Practice of the General Assembly
    2. 1. a) General observations: application if the UN takes action
      2. b) A duty to assist the UN
      3. (1) UN measures short of force
        (2) Measures involving the use of force
      4. d) Preliminary observations
Download Kapitel (PDF)
1. 1. 1. 1. (1) Assistance – what is provided? The objective criteria
        (2) The implication of assistance in the use of force
        (3) The subjective attitude of the assisting State
      2. (a) Nature of the assisted actor: State or non-State
        (b) The role of the recipient within the assisted actor?
        (2) Assistance – a quid pro quo?
    2. 2) Relevance of other legal concepts?
  2. 1. 1. a) Direct use of (own) force
      2. (1) Assisted use of force by a State
        (2) The assisted use of force
        (3) The relationship between the act of assistance and the assisted use of force
        (4) Legal consequences
      3. c) A flexible interpretation within the UN Charter’s boundaries
    2. 1. a) Existence of the prohibition of participation
      2. (1) Dependency on the occurrence of another State’s use of force
        (2) Qualification of the assisted use of force
        (a) Assistance through omissions
        (b) Objective factors
        (c) Subjective factors
        (d) Intention
        (i) Participation due to necessity?
        (ii) Participation as a countermeasure?
        (b) Self-defense and international criminal responsibility
        (c) Relationship with duties to cooperate and assist
      3. c) A ‘modifying’ change of the UN Charter’s paradigm?
    3. 1. a) Prohibition of a threat of force
      2. b) The non-intervention rule and assistance
      3. c) The territorial inviolability and assistance
      4. d) A general duty to ensure respect for the prohibition to use force under the UN Charter?
2. 1. A. Sanctions prohibit assistance
  2. B. Interaction of the UN and general rules on assistance
  3. C. Article 2(5) UN Charter
Download Kapitel (PDF)
1. 1. A. Assistance and Articles 4, 8, 11 ARS
  2. 1. 1) Joint conduct as attribution of conduct?
    2. 2) Assistance as ‘joint conduct’?
  3. C. Special attribution grounds in ius contra bellum?
2. 1. 1. 1) The legal result of assistance: “internationally responsible”
    2. 1. a) The requirement of an unlawful assisted act
      2. b) The objective condition: ‘aid and assistance in the commission of an internationally wrongful act’
      3. (1) Knowledge of the circumstances of the internationally wrongful act
        (2) Intention to facilitate?
        (3) Knowledge at what point in time?
      4. d) The opposability requirement: Article 16 (b) ARS
      5. e) A different threshold for assistance to serious breaches of peremptory norms?
    3. 3) Relationship to specific rules governing assistance
  2. B. Assistance as ‘direction and control’ or ‘coercion’
3. 1. A. Due diligence obligations informing non-assistance provisions
  2. B. Due diligence obligations requiring non-assistance
Chapter 7 The Regime Governing Interstate Assistance to the Use of Force – Quo Vadis?Seiten 839 - 842 Download Kapitel (PDF)
BibliographySeiten 843 - 884 Download Kapitel (PDF)