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Interstate Assistance to the Use of Force
- Authors:
- Publisher:
- 16.11.2023
Summary
Whenever States use force in their international relations, interstate assistance is a vital component. The book clarifies the regulation of interstate assistance to a use of force under international law. It comprehensively reviews the relevant practice of States in United Nations resolutions, in international treaties and in more than 25 armed conflicts - from the Korean War to the current Ukraine war. It situates the regulation within the historic development of the ius contra bellum and contextualizes it with general rules of international law on complicity. Thereby, the book also sheds light on ambiguities of the regulation, thus providing the basis for more transparency and explicit discourse among both practitioners and scholars.
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Bibliographic data
- Publication year
- 2023
- Publication date
- 16.11.2023
- ISBN-Print
- 978-3-7560-0648-9
- ISBN-Online
- 978-3-7489-3982-5
- Publisher
- Nomos, Baden-Baden
- Series
- Kölner Schriften zum Friedenssicherungsrecht - Cologne Studies on International Peace and Security Law - Études colonaises sur le droit de la paix et de la sécurité internationale
- Volume
- 23
- Language
- English
- Pages
- 884
- Product type
- Book Titles
Table of contents
ChapterPages
- Titelei/InhaltsverzeichnisPages 1 - 28 Download chapter (PDF)
- I. The importance and relevance to assess interstate assistance to a use of force Download chapter (PDF)
- 1) Action and inaction capable of contributing Download chapter (PDF)
- 2) ‘Inter-State’ assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- 3) Assistance ‘short of armed force’ Download chapter (PDF)
- 4) Assistance to ‘another State’s use of force’ Download chapter (PDF)
- B. The normative focus: universal prohibition(s) to contribute to a use of force Download chapter (PDF)
- III. The outline of the book Download chapter (PDF)
- I. Assistance and the ius ad bellum Download chapter (PDF)
- a) The ideal concept of a collective security system Download chapter (PDF)
- b) The role of non-assistance in a collective security system Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Families of collective security systems Download chapter (PDF)
- 2) Assistance under the Covenant of the League of Nations Download chapter (PDF)
- 1) (Bilateral) treaties of non-aggression and assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- 2) The Kellogg-Briand Pact and assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- III. Assistance in a time of transition Download chapter (PDF)
- I. The ius contra bellum under the UN Charter and interstate assistance: an overview Download chapter (PDF)
- A. Sanctions as non-assistance obligations? The scope and content of sanctions Download chapter (PDF)
- B. The precondition for sanctions Download chapter (PDF)
- C. Non-automatic sanctions: the role of the Security Council Download chapter (PDF)
- D. UN sanctions as the exclusive regime governing assistance? Download chapter (PDF)
- A. The trigger: A general prohibition of interstate assistance? Download chapter (PDF)
- B. The scope: A prohibition of assistance to conduct obstructing UN action Download chapter (PDF)
- C. Is Article 2(5) alt 2 UN Charter exclusive? Download chapter (PDF)
- D. Article 2(5) UN Charter as embodiment of a general idea Download chapter (PDF)
- A. Is assistance permissible only to a use of force through the United Nations? Download chapter (PDF)
- B. Is assistance permissible in collective self-defense only? Download chapter (PDF)
- C. Some observations Download chapter (PDF)
- V. Obligatory solidarity under the UN Charter? Download chapter (PDF)
- 1) Dogmatic distinction between assisting and assisted conduct Download chapter (PDF)
- 2) The contribution of assistance to a use of force as ‘force’? Download chapter (PDF)
- 3) The risk created by assistance as ‘force’? Download chapter (PDF)
- 4) Terminological clarification Download chapter (PDF)
- B. A prohibition of assistance as necessary and logical complement to the agreement to refrain from a use force itself? Download chapter (PDF)
- a) ‘Indirect use’ – ‘use’ through interstate assistance? Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Proposals to define ‘indirect use of force’ Download chapter (PDF)
- a) An actual conduct that meets the threshold of use or threat of force Download chapter (PDF)
- b) The necessary degree of involvement Download chapter (PDF)
- D. Assistance as a ‘threat’ of force? Download chapter (PDF)
- 1) Can assistance bear on internal affairs of another State? Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Assistance as direct intervention Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Assistance as indirect intervention Download chapter (PDF)
- B. Assistance and the prohibition to infringe upon territorial sovereignty Download chapter (PDF)
- VIII. An unwritten prohibition of participation in a use of force? Download chapter (PDF)
- IX. The UN Charter – Not comprehensive, but guidance for international practice Download chapter (PDF)
- I. Methodological approach Download chapter (PDF)
- a) The nature of the Draft Declaration Download chapter (PDF)
- b) The Draft Declaration – an overview Download chapter (PDF)
- c) ‘Intervention’ and assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- (1) Article 19 Panama Draft Download chapter (PDF)
- (2) Discussions within the ILC Download chapter (PDF)
- (3) The status of Article 10 of the Draft Declaration Download chapter (PDF)
- (4) The scope of the prohibitions in Article 10 of the Draft Declaration Download chapter (PDF)
- e) The relevance of the Draft Declaration for assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Assistance in the framework of discussions Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Assistance and the negotiations Download chapter (PDF)
- (a) Application to States? Download chapter (PDF)
- (b) Structural elements of the prohibition of indirect use of force Download chapter (PDF)
- (2) Assistance as ‘force’ Download chapter (PDF)
- d) Assistance and intervention Download chapter (PDF)
- e) Assistance as a threat of force Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Nature and purpose of the Definition Download chapter (PDF)
- b) The Definition of Aggression and assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- (1) Debates when drafting the UN Charter Download chapter (PDF)
- (2) The UNGA debates in the First Committee Download chapter (PDF)
- (a) The report of the special rapporteur Download chapter (PDF)
- (b) The debate within the ILC Download chapter (PDF)
- (c) States’ reactions Download chapter (PDF)
- (4) The UN Secretary General report 1952 Download chapter (PDF)
- (a) The 1953 Committee Download chapter (PDF)
- (b) The 1956 Committee Download chapter (PDF)
- (c) The 1957 Committee Download chapter (PDF)
- (d) Some observations Download chapter (PDF)
- (a) 1967-1969 Download chapter (PDF)
- (b) 1969-1970 Download chapter (PDF)
- (c) 1971 Download chapter (PDF)
- (d) 1972 Download chapter (PDF)
- (i) Some observations Download chapter (PDF)
- (ii) States’ observations Download chapter (PDF)
- (i) The degree of involvement Download chapter (PDF)
- (ii) ‘Its territory’ Download chapter (PDF)
- e) The concept: Assistance as aggression Download chapter (PDF)
- a) A controversial and conservative resolution Download chapter (PDF)
- b) A relevant resolution – particularly for non-assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Assistance in the proposals Download chapter (PDF)
- (a) No broad understanding of ‘force’ Download chapter (PDF)
- (b) An assisted act that involves the threat or use of force as precondition Download chapter (PDF)
- (i) A prohibition of perpetration… Download chapter (PDF)
- (ii) … applicable in the interstate context… Download chapter (PDF)
- (iii) … but applied to non-State actors only Download chapter (PDF)
- (d) Conclusion Download chapter (PDF)
- (a) Uncontroversial… Download chapter (PDF)
- (b) … and not new… Download chapter (PDF)
- (c) … but still welcome Download chapter (PDF)
- (d) The substantiation of the prohibition Download chapter (PDF)
- (e) The relationship with other rules Download chapter (PDF)
- (f) A prohibition of participation Download chapter (PDF)
- e) Nothing new, but more clarity Download chapter (PDF)
- f) A duty to provide assistance to the victim? Download chapter (PDF)
- a) The evolution of Article 16 ARS as proof of a pre-existing special rule governing assistance in the ius contra bellum Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Article 16 ARS applied to the use of force Download chapter (PDF)
- a) The Tripartite Declaration Download chapter (PDF)
- b) USA Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Germany Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Assistance as prohibited ‘use of force’ or ‘aggression’ Download chapter (PDF)
- b) A separate prohibition: non-assistance to a use of force or aggression Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Treaties’ indication for the general framework of assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Treaties of solidarity Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Treaties of general military cooperation and security assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Treaties establishing military bases Download chapter (PDF)
- (1) Transit through water Download chapter (PDF)
- (2) Overflight Download chapter (PDF)
- (3) Territorial passage Download chapter (PDF)
- e) Preliminary observations Download chapter (PDF)
- 3) The Arms Trade Treaty Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Assistance to South Korea and the US-led military operation Download chapter (PDF)
- b) (Non-)Assistance to North Korea Download chapter (PDF)
- 2) The Suez crisis 1956 Download chapter (PDF)
- 3) American and British intervention in Lebanon and Jordan 1958 Download chapter (PDF)
- 4) The U2 incident 1960 Download chapter (PDF)
- 5) Stanleyville 1964 Download chapter (PDF)
- 6) US operations in Cambodia against North Vietnam 1970 Download chapter (PDF)
- 7) The rescue operation in Entebbe 1976 Download chapter (PDF)
- 8) The Osirak incident 1981 Download chapter (PDF)
- 9) The Falklands/Malvinas conflict 1982 Download chapter (PDF)
- 10) The Iraq-Iran conflict 1980-1988 Download chapter (PDF)
- 11) Operation El Dorado Canyon in Libya 1986 Download chapter (PDF)
- 12) The Chadian-Libyan conflict 1987 Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Iraq Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Assisting States Download chapter (PDF)
- 14) US strikes in Afghanistan 1998 Download chapter (PDF)
- a) The role of assistance in Iraq: the US ‘coalition’ narrative Download chapter (PDF)
- (1) States engaged in combat Download chapter (PDF)
- (2) States deploying troops to assist Download chapter (PDF)
- (3) States refraining from assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- (a) Declarations of non-assistance… Download chapter (PDF)
- (b) … not implemented in practice? Download chapter (PDF)
- (c) A special case: Kuwait Download chapter (PDF)
- (5) States providing assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- (6) Political assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- (1) Assistance in the preparation stage Download chapter (PDF)
- (2) Humanitarian assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- (3) Assistance to reconstruction – assistance to occupation? Download chapter (PDF)
- (4) NATO involvement: assistance to Turkey and Poland, but not more Download chapter (PDF)
- d) Protest against assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- e) Assistance to Iraq Download chapter (PDF)
- f) Some general observations Download chapter (PDF)
- 16) The Georgian-Russian war 2008 Download chapter (PDF)
- 17) The Abu Kamal raid 2008 Download chapter (PDF)
- a) States engaged in combat and providing assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- b) States providing assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Non-Supporting States Download chapter (PDF)
- d) Conclusion Download chapter (PDF)
- (1) The Coalition using force Download chapter (PDF)
- (a) United States Download chapter (PDF)
- (b) United Kingdom Download chapter (PDF)
- (c) African States Download chapter (PDF)
- (d) States licensing arms export Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Attacks directed against Saudi-Arabia Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Assistance to airstrikes in Iraq in the realm of the ‘Global Coalition’ Download chapter (PDF)
- (a) Australia Download chapter (PDF)
- (b) Regional (Arab) States Download chapter (PDF)
- (c) Canada Download chapter (PDF)
- (d) United Kingdom Download chapter (PDF)
- (e) France Download chapter (PDF)
- (f) Netherlands Download chapter (PDF)
- (g) Turkey Download chapter (PDF)
- (h) Denmark Download chapter (PDF)
- (a) Iraq Download chapter (PDF)
- (b) Germany Download chapter (PDF)
- (c) Italy Download chapter (PDF)
- (d) Poland Download chapter (PDF)
- (e) Spain Download chapter (PDF)
- (f) Greece Download chapter (PDF)
- (g) Sweden Download chapter (PDF)
- (h) European States “unburdening France” Download chapter (PDF)
- (i) Singapore Download chapter (PDF)
- (j) Coalition States without making contributions: the example of Panama Download chapter (PDF)
- (3) Protest against Assistance? Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Assisting assistance to Syrian opposition forces Download chapter (PDF)
- d) Assistance to Russia for its operations in Syria Download chapter (PDF)
- 21) Fighting ISIS in Libya 2015 and 2016 Download chapter (PDF)
- 22) Strikes in reaction to use of chemical weapons 2017 and 2018 Download chapter (PDF)
- 23) The Soleimani incident 2020 Download chapter (PDF)
- (1) Belarus Download chapter (PDF)
- (2) Syria Download chapter (PDF)
- (3) China Download chapter (PDF)
- (4) Iran Download chapter (PDF)
- (5) Western (non)-sanctions Download chapter (PDF)
- (1) Western States’ military assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- (2) Reactions to Western assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- 25) Israeli airstrikes in Syria against Iran Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Germany Download chapter (PDF)
- b) USA Download chapter (PDF)
- c) The Arab League Download chapter (PDF)
- a) United Kingdom’s contributions Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Djibouti and Camp Lemonnier and Chabelley Download chapter (PDF)
- c) The Netherlands and intelligence Download chapter (PDF)
- d) Italy and the base in Sigonella Download chapter (PDF)
- (1) German government’s position Download chapter (PDF)
- (2) German courts Download chapter (PDF)
- 1) The Corfu Channel Case Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Factual assumptions of the Court Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Overview of the Court’s legal framework on assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- (1) Direct use of force Download chapter (PDF)
- (a) The Court’s conceptualization of indirect use of force Download chapter (PDF)
- (b) Necessary involvement for indirect ‘use’ Download chapter (PDF)
- (c) Consequences – self-defense against assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- (3) Assistance as a threat of force Download chapter (PDF)
- d) Assistance and the principle of non-intervention Download chapter (PDF)
- e) Assistance, sovereignty and territorial inviolability Download chapter (PDF)
- 3) The Legality of the Use of Force Cases Download chapter (PDF)
- 4) The Oil Platforms Case Download chapter (PDF)
- (1) Sudanese involvement Download chapter (PDF)
- (2) Uganda and the Kitona attacks Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Assistance and self-defense Download chapter (PDF)
- 6) The Bosnia Genocide Case Download chapter (PDF)
- 1) ‘Assistance’ in Article 43 UN Charter Download chapter (PDF)
- 2) The Security Council’s understanding of assistance to an authorized force Download chapter (PDF)
- 3) Article 51 UN Charter – assistance in collective self-defense Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Authorization of a use of force – an implicit prohibition to provide assistance to the targeted State (when) using force? Download chapter (PDF)
- (1) Sanction against the assisting State: a prohibition of interstate assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- (2) Sanction against the assisted recipient State: prohibition of interstate assistance to a use of force Download chapter (PDF)
- (1) Practice of the Security Council Download chapter (PDF)
- (2) Practice of the General Assembly Download chapter (PDF)
- a) General observations: application if the UN takes action Download chapter (PDF)
- b) A duty to assist the UN Download chapter (PDF)
- (1) UN measures short of force Download chapter (PDF)
- (2) Measures involving the use of force Download chapter (PDF)
- d) Preliminary observations Download chapter (PDF)
- (1) Assistance – what is provided? The objective criteria Download chapter (PDF)
- (2) The implication of assistance in the use of force Download chapter (PDF)
- (3) The subjective attitude of the assisting State Download chapter (PDF)
- (a) Nature of the assisted actor: State or non-State Download chapter (PDF)
- (b) The role of the recipient within the assisted actor? Download chapter (PDF)
- (2) Assistance – a quid pro quo? Download chapter (PDF)
- 2) Relevance of other legal concepts? Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Direct use of (own) force Download chapter (PDF)
- (1) Assisted use of force by a State Download chapter (PDF)
- (2) The assisted use of force Download chapter (PDF)
- (3) The relationship between the act of assistance and the assisted use of force Download chapter (PDF)
- (4) Legal consequences Download chapter (PDF)
- c) A flexible interpretation within the UN Charter’s boundaries Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Existence of the prohibition of participation Download chapter (PDF)
- (1) Dependency on the occurrence of another State’s use of force Download chapter (PDF)
- (2) Qualification of the assisted use of force Download chapter (PDF)
- (a) Assistance through omissions Download chapter (PDF)
- (b) Objective factors Download chapter (PDF)
- (c) Subjective factors Download chapter (PDF)
- (d) Intention Download chapter (PDF)
- (i) Participation due to necessity? Download chapter (PDF)
- (ii) Participation as a countermeasure? Download chapter (PDF)
- (b) Self-defense and international criminal responsibility Download chapter (PDF)
- (c) Relationship with duties to cooperate and assist Download chapter (PDF)
- c) A ‘modifying’ change of the UN Charter’s paradigm? Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Prohibition of a threat of force Download chapter (PDF)
- b) The non-intervention rule and assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- c) The territorial inviolability and assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- d) A general duty to ensure respect for the prohibition to use force under the UN Charter? Download chapter (PDF)
- A. Sanctions prohibit assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- B. Interaction of the UN and general rules on assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- C. Article 2(5) UN Charter Download chapter (PDF)
- A. Assistance and Articles 4, 8, 11 ARS Download chapter (PDF)
- 1) Joint conduct as attribution of conduct? Download chapter (PDF)
- 2) Assistance as ‘joint conduct’? Download chapter (PDF)
- C. Special attribution grounds in ius contra bellum? Download chapter (PDF)
- 1) The legal result of assistance: “internationally responsible” Download chapter (PDF)
- a) The requirement of an unlawful assisted act Download chapter (PDF)
- b) The objective condition: ‘aid and assistance in the commission of an internationally wrongful act’ Download chapter (PDF)
- (1) Knowledge of the circumstances of the internationally wrongful act Download chapter (PDF)
- (2) Intention to facilitate? Download chapter (PDF)
- (3) Knowledge at what point in time? Download chapter (PDF)
- d) The opposability requirement: Article 16 (b) ARS Download chapter (PDF)
- e) A different threshold for assistance to serious breaches of peremptory norms? Download chapter (PDF)
- 3) Relationship to specific rules governing assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- B. Assistance as ‘direction and control’ or ‘coercion’ Download chapter (PDF)
- A. Due diligence obligations informing non-assistance provisions Download chapter (PDF)
- B. Due diligence obligations requiring non-assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- Chapter 7 The Regime Governing Interstate Assistance to the Use of Force – Quo Vadis?Pages 839 - 842 Download chapter (PDF)
- BibliographyPages 843 - 884 Download chapter (PDF)
