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General Exception Clauses in International Investment Law

The Recalibration of Investment Agreements via WTO-Based Flexibilities
Autor:innen:
Verlag:
 2018

Zusammenfassung

Das Buch ist die erste umfassende Untersuchung allgemeiner Ausnahmetatbestände im internationalen Investitionsrecht. Die Aufnahme dieser Klauseln in Investitionsschutzabkommen ist eine Reaktion auf die Legitimitätskrise des internationalen Investitionsrechts. Sie verfolgen das Ziel, einen Ausgleich zwischen dem Investitionsschutz und nicht-wirtschaftlichen Rechtsgütern, wie dem Schutz der öffentlichen Gesundheit, zu ermöglichen.

Auf Basis einer empirischen Studie zur Verbreitung dieser Ausnahmetatbestände in der aktuellen Vertragspraxis wird zunächst ihre Herkunft aus dem Welthandelsrecht näher beleuchtet und dargelegt, weshalb sie erst relativ spät ihren Eingang in das Investitionsrecht gefunden haben. Nach einer Darstellung ihrer Vor- und Nachteile werden Hinweise zur Interpretation allgemeiner Ausnahmetatbestände gegeben. Schließlich wird ihr Zusammenspiel mit anderen Schutzstandards, wie dem Enteignungsverbot und dem Gebot der fairen und gerechten Behandlung, analysiert.

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Bibliographische Angaben

Auflage
1/2018
Copyrightjahr
2018
ISBN-Print
978-3-8487-4983-6
ISBN-Online
978-3-8452-9193-2
Verlag
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Reihe
Successful Dispute Resolution
Band
7
Sprache
Englisch
Seiten
434
Produkttyp
Monographie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

KapitelSeiten
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis Kein Zugriff 1 - 20
    1. A. Introduction to the Research Theme Kein Zugriff
      1. I. The Right to Regulate in the Public Interest Under General International Law Kein Zugriff
      2. II. The Right to Regulate and the Legitimacy Crisis of International Investment Law Kein Zugriff
      3. III. Case Study: Philip Morris Asia Ltd. v. The Commonwealth of Australia (“Plain Tobacco Packaging”) Kein Zugriff
        1. 1. General Exception Clauses Kein Zugriff
        2. 2. Security Exception Clauses Kein Zugriff
        3. 3. Obligation-Specific Exception Clauses Kein Zugriff
        4. 4. Interpretive Guidelines Kein Zugriff
        5. 5. Provisions on the Relaxation of Standards Kein Zugriff
        1. 1. Exception Clauses and Non-Precluded Measures Clauses Kein Zugriff
        2. 2. Exceptions and Reservations Kein Zugriff
    4. D. Structure and Research Methodology Kein Zugriff
      1. I. General Exception Clauses in Bilateral Investment Treaties Kein Zugriff
      2. II. General Exception Clauses in Preferential Trade and Investment Agreements Kein Zugriff
      3. III. General Exception Clauses in IIAs Kein Zugriff
          1. a. The Canadian FIPA Program Kein Zugriff
          2. b. Other IIAs with Article XX GATT-like General Exception Clauses Kein Zugriff
          1. a. Article XIV GATS-like General Exception Clauses Incorporating Elements of Article XX GATT Kein Zugriff
          2. b. General Exception Clauses Incorporating Article XIV GATS by Reference Kein Zugriff
        3. 3. General Exception Clauses Incorporating both Article XX GATT and Article XIV GATS Kein Zugriff
          1. a. The Mauritian BIT Program Kein Zugriff
          2. b. The Singaporean BIT Program Kein Zugriff
          3. c. The Japanese BIT Program Kein Zugriff
          4. d. The Indian BIT program Kein Zugriff
          5. e. The Turkish BIT Program Kein Zugriff
          6. f. Other Sui Generis General Exception Clauses in BITs Kein Zugriff
          1. a. The General Exception Clause in the Energy Charter Treaty Kein Zugriff
          2. b. The General Exception Clause in the Investment Agreement for the COMESA CIA Kein Zugriff
      3. III. Conclusion Kein Zugriff
      1. I. The Placement of General Exception Clauses in IIAs Kein Zugriff
          1. a. Protection of Human, Animal or Plant Life or Health and Other Health-related Objectives Kein Zugriff
          2. b. Compliance with Laws and Regulations not Inconsistent with the Agreement Kein Zugriff
          3. c. Conservation of Exhaustible Natural Resources Kein Zugriff
          4. d. Protection of Public Order Kein Zugriff
          5. e. Protection of Public Morals Kein Zugriff
          6. f. Protection of the Environment Kein Zugriff
          7. g. Protection of National Treasures of Artistic, Historic, or Archaeological Value Kein Zugriff
          1. a. Necessary Kein Zugriff
          2. b. Relating to / Related to Kein Zugriff
          3. c. Imposed for Kein Zugriff
          4. d. Designed and Applied to / for Kein Zugriff
          5. e. Directed to Kein Zugriff
          6. f. Which it Considers Necessary Kein Zugriff
          7. g. No Nexus Requirements Kein Zugriff
            1. aa. Arbitrary or Unjustifiable Discrimination Kein Zugriff
            2. bb. Disguised Restrictions on International Investment (or Trade) Kein Zugriff
          2. b. Other Good Faith and Non-Discrimination Requirements Kein Zugriff
          3. c. Notification Requirements Kein Zugriff
          4. d. No Safeguards against Abuses Kein Zugriff
      3. III. Conclusion Kein Zugriff
    4. D. The Relevance of this Chapter’s Conclusions for the Remaining Study Kein Zugriff
        1. 1. General Exception Clauses in Bilateral Commercial Treaties of the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Kein Zugriff
        2. 2. General Exception Clauses in the First Multilateral Trade Agreements of the 1920s Kein Zugriff
        3. 3. General Exception Clauses in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 Kein Zugriff
        4. 4. General Exception Clauses in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 and in the General Agreement on Trade in Services Kein Zugriff
        1. 1. Embedded Liberalism as the Prevailing Institutional Design of the Postwar International Trade Regime Kein Zugriff
        2. 2. The Presence of General Exception Clauses as Manifestation of Embedded Liberalism in the GATT/WTO Regime Kein Zugriff
        1. 1. Foreign Investment Protection under Customary International Law Prior to the Conclusion of the First IIAs Kein Zugriff
        2. 2. Impetus for the BIT Movement after World War II Kein Zugriff
        3. 3. The Emergence of the First IIAs Kein Zugriff
        4. 4. The Absence of General Exception Clauses in the First IIAs Kein Zugriff
        1. 1. The Proliferation of IIAs after the Cold War Kein Zugriff
        2. 2. The Ascendancy of Neoliberalism as the Prevailing Design of IIAs Concluded in the 1990s Kein Zugriff
        3. 3. The Absence of General Exception Clauses as Corollary of the Neoliberal Design of IIAs Kein Zugriff
        1. 1. The Gradual Retreat of Neoliberal Premises from IIA Drafting Practice Kein Zugriff
        2. 2. The Inclusion of General Exception Clauses and other Defenses to Responsibility Kein Zugriff
    1. A. The Role of General Exception Clauses in International Investment Agreements Kein Zugriff
      1. I. Stability of the International Investment Law Regime through Greater Regulatory Flexibility Kein Zugriff
      2. II. Increase in Predictability and Legitimacy of the System of Investment Treaty Adjudication Kein Zugriff
      1. I. General Exception Clauses are Inherently Prone to Bad Faith Invocations Kein Zugriff
      2. II. General Exception Clauses Only Codify the Regulatory Flexibility that Already Exists in Current IIA Jurisprudence Kein Zugriff
      3. III. General Exception Clauses Lead to Less Regulatory Flexibility than Exists in Current IIA Jurisprudence Kein Zugriff
      4. IV. General Exception Clauses are Superfluous since Negative Lists Already Provide for Sufficient Regulatory Flexibility Kein Zugriff
      5. V. General Exception Clauses Will Make the Outcome of International Investment Disputes More Unpredictable Kein Zugriff
      1. I. The Interpretive Approach to Investment Provisions in IIA Jurisprudence Kein Zugriff
          1. a. The Initial Interpretive Approach in CMS, Enron, and Sempra Kein Zugriff
          2. b. The Interpretive Approach in LG&E Kein Zugriff
          3. c. The Interpretive Approach in Continental Casualty Kein Zugriff
          4. d. Preliminary Conclusions Kein Zugriff
          1. a. United Parcel Service of America, Inc. v. Government of Canada Kein Zugriff
          2. b. Canfor and Terminal Forest v. United States of America Kein Zugriff
      3. IV. Digression: The Interpretative Approach to General Exception Clauses in GATT/WTO Jurisprudence Kein Zugriff
      4. V. Conclusion Kein Zugriff
        1. 1. The Use of WTO Jurisprudence in the Interpretation of the Investment National Treatment Standard Kein Zugriff
        2. 2. The Use of WTO Jurisprudence in the Interpretation of the Investment Most-Favored-Nation Treatment Standard Kein Zugriff
        3. 3. The Use of WTO Jurisprudence in the Interpretation of the Investment Security Exception Clauses Kein Zugriff
        4. 4. Other Applications of WTO Law in IIA Adjudication Kein Zugriff
        5. 5. Conclusion Kein Zugriff
        1. 1. Comparable Texts of IIA General Exception Clauses and Article XX GATT or Article XIV GATS Kein Zugriff
        2. 2. Comparable Purposes of IIAs and the GATT/GATS and of General Exception Clauses Contained Therein Kein Zugriff
          1. a. Multilateral System vs. Bilateral Treaty Network Kein Zugriff
          2. b. Inter-State vs. Investor-State Dispute Settlement Kein Zugriff
          3. c. Permanent Adjudicators and Institutions vs. ad hoc Arbitrations Kein Zugriff
          4. d. Appellate Review vs. Annulment Kein Zugriff
          5. e. Prospective Remedies vs. Retrospective Remedies Kein Zugriff
        4. 4. Appraisal Kein Zugriff
      3. III. The Possibility of Accounting for WTO Jurisprudence during Investment Treaty Interpretation Kein Zugriff
        1. 1. Protection of Human, Animal or Plant Life or Health and Other Health-Related Objectives Kein Zugriff
        2. 2. Securing Compliance with Laws and Regulations Kein Zugriff
        3. 3. Conservation of Living or Non-Living Exhaustible Natural Resources Kein Zugriff
        4. 4. Protection of Public Morals Kein Zugriff
        5. 5. Maintenance of Public Order Kein Zugriff
        6. 6. Protection of National Treasures of Artistic, Historic, or Archaeological Value Kein Zugriff
        7. 7. Protection of the Environment Kein Zugriff
        8. 8. Other Explicit Permissible Objectives Kein Zugriff
          1. a. The WTO Approach to Necessity Kein Zugriff
          2. b. The WTO Approach to Necessity in International Investment Law Kein Zugriff
        2. 2. Related to / Relating to Kein Zugriff
        3. 3. Imposed for Kein Zugriff
        4. 4. Designed and Applied to / for Kein Zugriff
        5. 5. Directed to Kein Zugriff
        6. 6. Which it Considers Necessary Kein Zugriff
        7. 7. No Nexus Requirement Kein Zugriff
        1. a. Application of the Measure Kein Zugriff
        2. b. Arbitrary or Unjustifiable Discrimination Kein Zugriff
        3. c. Between Investments or between Investors (Where Like Conditions Prevail) Kein Zugriff
          1. 3. The Relevance of the Chapeau to the Analysis of Nexus Requirements Kein Zugriff
      4. IV. Notification Requirements Kein Zugriff
      1. I. The Impact of the Inclusion or Omission of General Exception Clauses in a Treaty on the Interpretation of Other Investment Disciplines in the Same Treaty Kein Zugriff
      2. II. The Interpretive Impact of the Inclusion or Omission of General Exception Clauses Across Different Treaties in the Same Treaty Program Kein Zugriff
    5. E. Conclusion Kein Zugriff
      1. I. General Exception Clauses and the Obligation to Pay Compensation Kein Zugriff
      2. II. General Exception Clauses and Annexes on Indirect Expropriation Kein Zugriff
      1. I. General Exception Clauses and the International Minimum Standard of Treatment Kein Zugriff
      2. II. General Exception Clauses and the Protection of an Investor’s Legitimate Expectations Kein Zugriff
      1. I. Non-Discrimination Elements in General Exception Clauses and the National Treatment Standard Kein Zugriff
      2. II. General Exception Clauses and the Flexibility Provided under the Prevailing Interpretation of the National Treatment Standard Kein Zugriff
  8. Chapter Seven Conclusion Kein Zugriff 306 - 308
  9. ANNEX I: General Exception Clauses in Current IIAs Kein Zugriff 309 - 402
  10. ANNEX II: Zusammenfassung In Deutscher Sprache Kein Zugriff 403 - 410
  11. Table Of Cases Kein Zugriff 411 - 418
  12. Bibliography Kein Zugriff 419 - 434

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