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General Exception Clauses in International Investment Law

The Recalibration of Investment Agreements via WTO-Based Flexibilities
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Publisher:
 06.08.2018

Summary

Das Buch ist die erste umfassende Untersuchung allgemeiner Ausnahmetatbestände im internationalen Investitionsrecht. Die Aufnahme dieser Klauseln in Investitionsschutzabkommen ist eine Reaktion auf die Legitimitätskrise des internationalen Investitionsrechts. Sie verfolgen das Ziel, einen Ausgleich zwischen dem Investitionsschutz und nicht-wirtschaftlichen Rechtsgütern, wie dem Schutz der öffentlichen Gesundheit, zu ermöglichen.

Auf Basis einer empirischen Studie zur Verbreitung dieser Ausnahmetatbestände in der aktuellen Vertragspraxis wird zunächst ihre Herkunft aus dem Welthandelsrecht näher beleuchtet und dargelegt, weshalb sie erst relativ spät ihren Eingang in das Investitionsrecht gefunden haben. Nach einer Darstellung ihrer Vor- und Nachteile werden Hinweise zur Interpretation allgemeiner Ausnahmetatbestände gegeben. Schließlich wird ihr Zusammenspiel mit anderen Schutzstandards, wie dem Enteignungsverbot und dem Gebot der fairen und gerechten Behandlung, analysiert.

Bibliographic data

Copyright year
2018
Publication date
06.08.2018
ISBN-Print
978-3-8487-4983-6
ISBN-Online
978-3-8452-9193-2
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series
Successful Dispute Resolution
Volume
7
Language
English
Pages
434
Product type
Book Titles

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access 1 - 20
    1. A. Introduction to the Research Theme No access
      1. I. The Right to Regulate in the Public Interest Under General International Law No access
      2. II. The Right to Regulate and the Legitimacy Crisis of International Investment Law No access
      3. III. Case Study: Philip Morris Asia Ltd. v. The Commonwealth of Australia (“Plain Tobacco Packaging”) No access
        1. 1. General Exception Clauses No access
        2. 2. Security Exception Clauses No access
        3. 3. Obligation-Specific Exception Clauses No access
        4. 4. Interpretive Guidelines No access
        5. 5. Provisions on the Relaxation of Standards No access
        1. 1. Exception Clauses and Non-Precluded Measures Clauses No access
        2. 2. Exceptions and Reservations No access
    4. D. Structure and Research Methodology No access
      1. I. General Exception Clauses in Bilateral Investment Treaties No access
      2. II. General Exception Clauses in Preferential Trade and Investment Agreements No access
      3. III. General Exception Clauses in IIAs No access
          1. a. The Canadian FIPA Program No access
          2. b. Other IIAs with Article XX GATT-like General Exception Clauses No access
          1. a. Article XIV GATS-like General Exception Clauses Incorporating Elements of Article XX GATT No access
          2. b. General Exception Clauses Incorporating Article XIV GATS by Reference No access
        3. 3. General Exception Clauses Incorporating both Article XX GATT and Article XIV GATS No access
          1. a. The Mauritian BIT Program No access
          2. b. The Singaporean BIT Program No access
          3. c. The Japanese BIT Program No access
          4. d. The Indian BIT program No access
          5. e. The Turkish BIT Program No access
          6. f. Other Sui Generis General Exception Clauses in BITs No access
          1. a. The General Exception Clause in the Energy Charter Treaty No access
          2. b. The General Exception Clause in the Investment Agreement for the COMESA CIA No access
      3. III. Conclusion No access
      1. I. The Placement of General Exception Clauses in IIAs No access
          1. a. Protection of Human, Animal or Plant Life or Health and Other Health-related Objectives No access
          2. b. Compliance with Laws and Regulations not Inconsistent with the Agreement No access
          3. c. Conservation of Exhaustible Natural Resources No access
          4. d. Protection of Public Order No access
          5. e. Protection of Public Morals No access
          6. f. Protection of the Environment No access
          7. g. Protection of National Treasures of Artistic, Historic, or Archaeological Value No access
          1. a. Necessary No access
          2. b. Relating to / Related to No access
          3. c. Imposed for No access
          4. d. Designed and Applied to / for No access
          5. e. Directed to No access
          6. f. Which it Considers Necessary No access
          7. g. No Nexus Requirements No access
            1. aa. Arbitrary or Unjustifiable Discrimination No access
            2. bb. Disguised Restrictions on International Investment (or Trade) No access
          2. b. Other Good Faith and Non-Discrimination Requirements No access
          3. c. Notification Requirements No access
          4. d. No Safeguards against Abuses No access
      3. III. Conclusion No access
    4. D. The Relevance of this Chapter’s Conclusions for the Remaining Study No access
        1. 1. General Exception Clauses in Bilateral Commercial Treaties of the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century No access
        2. 2. General Exception Clauses in the First Multilateral Trade Agreements of the 1920s No access
        3. 3. General Exception Clauses in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 No access
        4. 4. General Exception Clauses in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 and in the General Agreement on Trade in Services No access
        1. 1. Embedded Liberalism as the Prevailing Institutional Design of the Postwar International Trade Regime No access
        2. 2. The Presence of General Exception Clauses as Manifestation of Embedded Liberalism in the GATT/WTO Regime No access
        1. 1. Foreign Investment Protection under Customary International Law Prior to the Conclusion of the First IIAs No access
        2. 2. Impetus for the BIT Movement after World War II No access
        3. 3. The Emergence of the First IIAs No access
        4. 4. The Absence of General Exception Clauses in the First IIAs No access
        1. 1. The Proliferation of IIAs after the Cold War No access
        2. 2. The Ascendancy of Neoliberalism as the Prevailing Design of IIAs Concluded in the 1990s No access
        3. 3. The Absence of General Exception Clauses as Corollary of the Neoliberal Design of IIAs No access
        1. 1. The Gradual Retreat of Neoliberal Premises from IIA Drafting Practice No access
        2. 2. The Inclusion of General Exception Clauses and other Defenses to Responsibility No access
    1. A. The Role of General Exception Clauses in International Investment Agreements No access
      1. I. Stability of the International Investment Law Regime through Greater Regulatory Flexibility No access
      2. II. Increase in Predictability and Legitimacy of the System of Investment Treaty Adjudication No access
      1. I. General Exception Clauses are Inherently Prone to Bad Faith Invocations No access
      2. II. General Exception Clauses Only Codify the Regulatory Flexibility that Already Exists in Current IIA Jurisprudence No access
      3. III. General Exception Clauses Lead to Less Regulatory Flexibility than Exists in Current IIA Jurisprudence No access
      4. IV. General Exception Clauses are Superfluous since Negative Lists Already Provide for Sufficient Regulatory Flexibility No access
      5. V. General Exception Clauses Will Make the Outcome of International Investment Disputes More Unpredictable No access
      1. I. The Interpretive Approach to Investment Provisions in IIA Jurisprudence No access
          1. a. The Initial Interpretive Approach in CMS, Enron, and Sempra No access
          2. b. The Interpretive Approach in LG&E No access
          3. c. The Interpretive Approach in Continental Casualty No access
          4. d. Preliminary Conclusions No access
          1. a. United Parcel Service of America, Inc. v. Government of Canada No access
          2. b. Canfor and Terminal Forest v. United States of America No access
      3. IV. Digression: The Interpretative Approach to General Exception Clauses in GATT/WTO Jurisprudence No access
      4. V. Conclusion No access
        1. 1. The Use of WTO Jurisprudence in the Interpretation of the Investment National Treatment Standard No access
        2. 2. The Use of WTO Jurisprudence in the Interpretation of the Investment Most-Favored-Nation Treatment Standard No access
        3. 3. The Use of WTO Jurisprudence in the Interpretation of the Investment Security Exception Clauses No access
        4. 4. Other Applications of WTO Law in IIA Adjudication No access
        5. 5. Conclusion No access
        1. 1. Comparable Texts of IIA General Exception Clauses and Article XX GATT or Article XIV GATS No access
        2. 2. Comparable Purposes of IIAs and the GATT/GATS and of General Exception Clauses Contained Therein No access
          1. a. Multilateral System vs. Bilateral Treaty Network No access
          2. b. Inter-State vs. Investor-State Dispute Settlement No access
          3. c. Permanent Adjudicators and Institutions vs. ad hoc Arbitrations No access
          4. d. Appellate Review vs. Annulment No access
          5. e. Prospective Remedies vs. Retrospective Remedies No access
        4. 4. Appraisal No access
      3. III. The Possibility of Accounting for WTO Jurisprudence during Investment Treaty Interpretation No access
        1. 1. Protection of Human, Animal or Plant Life or Health and Other Health-Related Objectives No access
        2. 2. Securing Compliance with Laws and Regulations No access
        3. 3. Conservation of Living or Non-Living Exhaustible Natural Resources No access
        4. 4. Protection of Public Morals No access
        5. 5. Maintenance of Public Order No access
        6. 6. Protection of National Treasures of Artistic, Historic, or Archaeological Value No access
        7. 7. Protection of the Environment No access
        8. 8. Other Explicit Permissible Objectives No access
          1. a. The WTO Approach to Necessity No access
          2. b. The WTO Approach to Necessity in International Investment Law No access
        2. 2. Related to / Relating to No access
        3. 3. Imposed for No access
        4. 4. Designed and Applied to / for No access
        5. 5. Directed to No access
        6. 6. Which it Considers Necessary No access
        7. 7. No Nexus Requirement No access
        1. a. Application of the Measure No access
        2. b. Arbitrary or Unjustifiable Discrimination No access
        3. c. Between Investments or between Investors (Where Like Conditions Prevail) No access
          1. 3. The Relevance of the Chapeau to the Analysis of Nexus Requirements No access
      4. IV. Notification Requirements No access
      1. I. The Impact of the Inclusion or Omission of General Exception Clauses in a Treaty on the Interpretation of Other Investment Disciplines in the Same Treaty No access
      2. II. The Interpretive Impact of the Inclusion or Omission of General Exception Clauses Across Different Treaties in the Same Treaty Program No access
    5. E. Conclusion No access
      1. I. General Exception Clauses and the Obligation to Pay Compensation No access
      2. II. General Exception Clauses and Annexes on Indirect Expropriation No access
      1. I. General Exception Clauses and the International Minimum Standard of Treatment No access
      2. II. General Exception Clauses and the Protection of an Investor’s Legitimate Expectations No access
      1. I. Non-Discrimination Elements in General Exception Clauses and the National Treatment Standard No access
      2. II. General Exception Clauses and the Flexibility Provided under the Prevailing Interpretation of the National Treatment Standard No access
  8. Chapter Seven Conclusion No access 306 - 308
  9. ANNEX I: General Exception Clauses in Current IIAs No access 309 - 402
  10. ANNEX II: Zusammenfassung In Deutscher Sprache No access 403 - 410
  11. Table Of Cases No access 411 - 418
  12. Bibliography No access 419 - 434

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