UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts

RA Prof. Dr. Eckart J. Brödermann LL.M. (Harvard)

doi:10.5771/9783748937708

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Copyright year: 2023
ISBN-Print: 978-3-7560-0243-6
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-3770-8
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Language: English
Pages: 676
Product type: Book Titles

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages V - CLIV
1. A. A Wake-Up Call No access
2. B. Conception No access
3. C. A Practitioner’s Perspective No access
4. D. Wording of the Choice of the Unidroit Principles Clause No access
5. E. Cross-Cultural Background No access
6. F. Twelve and more Languages No access
7. G. Structure No access
8. H. Interpretation and Case Law No access
9. I. Limits of the Unidroit Principles No access
10. J. A General Note of Caution on Contract Perception No access
11. 1. 1. Background No access
  2. 2. Goals No access
  3. 3. Language No access
  4. 4. Method and Materials No access
12. L. Burden of Proof No access
13. M. A Recommendation and an Invitation No access
1. 1. 1. Para. 1: General rules for international commercial contracts No access
  2. 2. Para. 2: Choice of Unidroit Principles as governing contractual regime No access
  3. 3. Para. 3: Application of Unidroit Principles to supplement a more general choice of the parties No access
  4. 4. Para. 4: Application of Unidroit Principles in the absence of any choice of law No access
  5. 5. Para. 5: Use of Unidroit Principles to interpret or supplement international uniform law instruments No access
  6. 6. Para. 6: Use of Unidroit Principles to interpret or supplement domestic law No access
  7. 7. Para. 7: The Unidroit Principles as a model for legislators No access
2. 1. 1. Incorporation No access
  2. 2. A Tool for Contract Drafting No access
  3. 3. A Contribution to Harmonisation of Private Contract Law No access
1. A. Introduction No access
2. B. Wording and Purpose of the Preamble No access
3. C. Universally Compatible Contents No access
4. D. A History of Comparative Legal Research and Compromise No access
5. 1. 1. 1. Arbitral Awards Using the Unidroit Principles as an Expression of General Principles of Contract Law No access
    2. 2. An Arbitral Award Using the Unidroit Principles as Anglo-Saxon Principles of Law No access
    3. 3. Arbitral Awards using the Unidroit Principles as a Tool to Supplement the Application of International Uniform Law Instruments No access
    4. 4. Arbitral Awards using the Unidroit Principles as a Tool to Confirm or Supplement the Interpretation or Application of a National Law No access
    5. 5. Arbitral Awards Using Unidroit Principles as an Expression of Customs or Usages of International Trade or lex mercatoria No access
    6. 6. Arbitral Awards Applying the Unidroit Principles by Party Agreement No access
  2. 1. 1. The Unidroit Principles as General Principles of Law before National Courts No access
    2. 2. National Courts using the Unidroit Principles to Supplement International Instruments No access
    3. 3. National Courts using the Unidroit Principles as a Tool to Confirm or Supplement the Interpretation or Application of a National Law No access
6. 1. I. UNCITRAL Resolutions No access
  2. II. Endorsements by International Lawyers’ Organisations No access
  3. III. Academic Writing No access
7. G. Assessment No access
8. 1. I. International Arbitration No access
  2. II. International Litigation No access
  3. III. International Contracting: Use of a Descriptive Choice of the Unidroit Principles Clause Emphasising their Character as General Principles of Law No access
1. 1. A. The First of a Series of Fundamental Principles No access
  2. B. Freedom of Contract No access
  3. C. Limits No access
2. 1. A. Principle of Informality No access
  2. B. Limits No access
  3. C. Options No access
3. 1. A. Pacta sunt servanda No access
  2. B. Limits No access
  3. C. Options No access
4. 1. A. Priority of Private International Law with Respect to Mandatory Law No access
  2. 1. 1. Restriction of the Scope of Mandatory Laws in Case of Combination of the Unidroit Principles with an Arbitration Clause No access
    2. 2. More Mandatory Law in Case of Combination of the Unidroit Principles with a Choice of Court Clause No access
  3. C. Effects No access
5. 1. A. Party Autonomy Emphasised No access
  2. B. Limits of Mandatory Principles No access
6. 1. 1. 1. A Global Approach to Interpretation No access
    2. 2. On Interpretation No access
  2. 1. 1. On Supplementation No access
    2. 2. The Underlying General Principles No access
7. 1. A. Good Faith and Fair Dealing as a Mandatory Core of the Unidroit Principles pursuant to Art. 1.5 and 1.6 (2) No access
  2. B. Standard and Options No access
  3. C. Limited Practical Relevance No access
8. 1. A. Part of the Mandatory Core of the Unidroit Principles Pursuant to Art. 1.5 No access
  2. B. Priority of More Detailed Principles No access
  3. C. Examples No access
  4. D. Remedies: Art. 1.8 as a Sword No access
  5. E. Options No access
9. 1. A. Two Kinds of Usages and a Limit No access
  2. B. Hierarchy No access
  3. C. Proof and Options No access
10. 1. A. Risk Allocation to the Sender No access
  2. B. Abusive Prevention of Giving Notice No access
  3. C. Withdrawal of a Notice No access
11. 1. A. A Few Key Definitions No access
  2. B. Further Definitions in the Unidroit Principles No access
12. 1. A. Impact of Holidays etc. No access
  2. B. Relevant Time Zone No access
  3. C. Options and Interpretation No access
1. 1. 1. 1. 1. The Classical Offer-and-Acceptance Test No access
      2. 2. Conduct Sufficient to Show Agreement No access
    2. B. A ‘Relaxed’ Approach towards Contract Negotiation No access
    3. C. Options: Form No access
    4. D. ‘Sham’ or ‘Simulation’ No access
  2. 1. A. Sufficient ‘Definiteness’ plus ‘Intention’ No access
    2. B. Interrelationship of the Two Criteria No access
  3. 1. A. Para. 1 is Declaratory No access
    2. B. Any Withdrawal Must be Clear No access
  4. 1. A. An International Middle Ground No access
    2. B. A Self-Explanatory Principle with two exceptions No access
  5. 1. A. Interpretation of Possibly Implicit Rejections No access
    2. B. Termination of an Offer by Other Means No access
  6. 1. A. Function and Systematic Place of the Principle No access
    2. 1. 1. The Basic Principle in Para. 1 Sentence 1 No access
      2. 2. Conduct without Notice (Para. 3) No access
      3. 3. Possible Impact of Silence (Para. 1 Sentence 2) No access
    3. C. When Does the Offeree’s Expression of Assent Become Effective to Establish a Binding Contract? No access
    4. D. Options No access
  7. 1. A. Impact of Time No access
    2. B. ‘Oral’ Offer No access
    3. C. Risk Allocation No access
  8. 1. A. Calculation of Relative Time Periods No access
    2. B. Uncertainty of Time of Dispatch No access
  9. 1. A. Principle (Para. 1) No access
    2. B. Exception (Para. 2) No access
  10. 1. A Self-Explanatory Addendum to 2.1.6(2) No access
  11. 1. A. AModifications in the Acceptance Notice Generate a Counter-Offer No access
    2. B. But Non-Material Alterations Generate a Duty on the Offeror to Speak Up No access
    3. C. Options for the Offeror No access
    4. D. Special Rule for Standard Terms No access
  12. 1. A. Exception: Changes Contained in Written ‘Confirmations of the Contract’ Might Alter a Contract No access
    2. B. Burden of Proof and Test No access
    3. C. An International Compromise No access
    4. D. Options No access
  13. 1. A. Freedom to Insist on Substantive or Formal Specifics No access
    2. B. Waiver No access
  14. 1. A. Possible Contract Conclusion Despite a Term Deliberately Left Open No access
    2. B. Three Requirements for Contract Conclusion No access
    3. C. Three Contractual Options (Para. 1) No access
    4. 1. 1. Alternative Means contained in the Unidroit Principles No access
      2. 2. Special Circumstances (Long-term Contracts) No access
      3. 3. Contractual Options No access
      4. 4. Arbitration No access
  15. 1. A. Avoiding a Cultural Clash, Functions of Art. 2.1.15 No access
    2. B. Bad Faith Examples No access
    3. C. Damage Calculation, Burden of Proof No access
    4. D. Options No access
  16. 1. A. Implied or Express Duty of Confidentiality (Sentence 1) No access
    2. B. Remedies (Sentence 2) No access
  17. 1. A. Another Contribution to Cross Cultural Understanding No access
    2. B. Limits No access
  18. 1. A. ‘No Oral Modifications’ Clauses No access
    2. B. Limits No access
    3. C. Options No access
  19. 1. A. A Straightforward Regime on Standard Terms in Four Articles No access
    2. B. Definition (Para. 2) No access
    3. C. Incorporation (Para. 1) No access
  20. 1. A. Safeguard of Basic Fairness No access
    2. B. Test No access
  21. 1. Priority of the Individual Term No access
  22. 1. A. A Favor Contractus Approach to Competing Standard Terms No access
    2. B. Limits No access
    3. C. Filling the Gaps No access
    4. D. Options in View of Paramount Practical Importance of the Issue No access
2. 1. 1. A. Only Agency in the Contract Formation Process No access
    2. B. Large Concept of Agency No access
  2. 1. A. Authority Granted by the Principal (Para. 1) No access
    2. B. Incidental Authority (Para. 2) No access
  3. 1. A. ‘Actual Disclosed Agency’ No access
    2. B. ‘Classical’ Consequences No access
    3. C. ‘Indirect’ or ‘Commission Agency’ No access
  4. 1. A. Another Compromise No access
    2. B. Only a Relation with the ‘Agent’ No access
    3. C. One Narrow Exception (Para. 2) No access
    4. D. Option for the Principal No access
  5. 1. A. Principle: No Direct Legal Consequence for the Principal (Para. 1) No access
    2. B. Exception by the Principal’s Own Action (Para. 2) No access
    3. C. Options No access
    4. D. Cherry Picking under Overriding Mandatory Non-Contractual Law No access
  6. 1. A. Strict Liability (Para. 1) No access
    2. B. Defences (incl. Para. 2) No access
  7. 1. A. Coping with a Range of Conflicts (Para. 1 sentence 1) No access
    2. B. Distinction to Excess of Authority Cases No access
    3. C. Legal Consequences and Options: Avoidance or Confirmation No access
    4. D. Avoidance Excluded (Para. 2) No access
    5. E. Applicability beyond Contract Conclusion No access
  8. 1. A. Sub-Agency When ‘Reasonable’ No access
    2. B. Details and Legal Consequences No access
  9. 1. A. Ratification With Retroactive Effect (Para. 1) No access
    2. B. Timing; a First Option for Third Party (Para. 2) No access
    3. C. A Second Option: Escape Clause for the Third Party (Para. 3) No access
  10. 1. A. A Clarification No access
    2. B. Some Subsisting Actual Authority No access
1. 1. 1. A. A Self-Explanatory Distinction No access
    2. B. Practical Consequences No access
  2. 1. A. Merely Consensual Contracts No access
    2. B. Limits No access
  3. 1. A. A Compromise following the CISG No access
    2. B. Legal Consequences: Claim for Damages No access
  4. 1. A. Part of the Mandatory Core of Unidroit Principles pursuant to Art. 1.5 No access
    2. 1. 1. By Contract No access
      2. 2. By Law No access
2. 1. 1. A. A Broad Concept of Mistake … No access
    2. B. … With Numerous Boundaries (Test Scheme) No access
    3. C. Legal Consequences and Options No access
  2. 1. A. Two-Prong ‘Reasonableness-Test’ (Para. 1) No access
    2. B. Exception for Gross Negligence and Assumed or Allocated Risks (Para. 2) No access
    3. C. Legal Consequences No access
  3. 1. A. Errors in Expression or Transmission as Mistakes No access
    2. B. Legal Consequences No access
  4. 1. A. Remedies for Non-Performance Trump Avoidance No access
    2. B. Legal Consequences No access
  5. 1. A. Intended Leading Into Error and Thereby Gaining an Advantage No access
    2. B. Legal Consequences and Option No access
  6. 1. A. Two Kinds of Unjustified Threats No access
    2. B. Legal Consequences No access
  7. 1. A. Avoidance in Case of Excessive Advantage No access
    2. 1. 1. The ‘Triplet’ of Consequences (Avoidance, Restitution and Reliance Damages) No access
      2. 2. Alternative Option of Adaptation No access
    3. C. Liquidated Damages and Penalty Clauses No access
  8. 1. A. Third Party from the Sphere of a Contracting Party No access
    2. B. Avoidance Even Without ‘Responsibility’ if the Other Party Needs No Protection No access
    3. C. Legal Consequences No access
  9. 1. A. A Logical Consequence of Freedom of Contract (and of the Good Faith Principle) No access
    2. B. Confirmation Requires … No access
  10. 1. A. Function: Part of the Regime for Mistakes No access
    2. B. Right of the Other Party to Uphold the Contract in an Amended Version No access
    3. C. Requirements No access
  11. 1. A. Avoiding a Cultural Clash No access
    2. B. Requirement No access
  12. 1. A. A ‘Reasonable’ Time Limit No access
    2. B. A Special Rule for Avoidance of Individual Terms No access
  13. Article 3.2.13 (Partial avoidance) No access
  14. 1. A. Retroactivity No access
    2. B. Limits No access
  15. 1. A. Principle of Concurrent Restitution in Kind (Para. 1) No access
    2. 1. 1. First Step: Determination of ‘Impossible’ or ‘Inappropriate’ Restitution in Kind No access
      2. 2. Second Step: Determination of an Allowance in Money ‘Whenever Reasonable’ No access
    3. C. Compensation for Expenses (Para. 4) No access
    4. D. Application of General Rules No access
    5. E. Contractual Options No access
    6. F. Limits of the Restitution Regime No access
  16. 1. A. Compensation of the ‘Reliance Interest’ No access
    2. B. Supplemental Application of General Rules on Damages No access
  17. Article 3.2.17 (Unilateral declarations) No access
3. 1. 1. A. The Second Leg to Art. 1.4 No access
    2. 1. 1. Kinds of Infringement No access
      2. 2. Consequences Provided for in the Applicable Mandatory Rules No access
    3. C. The Supplementary Regime of Para. 2–3 No access
  2. 1. A. Art. 3.3.1 (1) trumps Art. 3.3.2 No access
    2. B. A Reasonableness Test for Restitution No access
    3. C. Application of Art. 3.2.15 No access
1. 1. A. Chapter 4: One of the Most Important Chapters of the Unidroit Principles No access
  2. B. Overcoming National Distinctions No access
  3. C. Structure No access
  4. D. An Important Template No access
2. 1. A. Step 1: Determination of a Joint Intention, if Possible (Para. 1) No access
  2. B. Step 2 in Case of Default: Interpretation under an Individualised and Contextualised ‘Reasonable Person’ Test (Para. 2) No access
3. 1. A. A Rule Which is Often Incorporated Implicitly No access
  2. B. Again a Two Step Approach to Interpretation No access
4. 1. A. Two Groups of Criteria No access
  2. B. … Which are Non-Exhaustive No access
  3. C. Long-term Contracts No access
  4. D. Options No access
5. 1. A. A Supplement to Art. 4.3: Reference to the (Contractual) Context of the Term to be Interpreted No access
  2. B. The Role of Art. 4.3 in Applying Art. 4.4 No access
6. 1. A. Avoiding to Deprive Any Clause of An Effect No access
  2. B. Standard Terms (Art. 2.1.19 (2)) No access
7. 1. Interpretation Against the Supplier, as a Rule of Last Resort No access
8. 1. A. A Default Rule to a Missing or to an Extreme Equal Language Clause No access
  2. B. Options No access
9. 1. A. At the Edge of ‘Interpretation’ No access
  2. B. Relationship to ‘Interpretation’ No access
  3. C. Relationship to Art. 5.1.1-5.1.2 No access
1. 1. 1. A. A Cultural Bridge to Common Law No access
    2. B. The Arbitrator’s Perspective No access
  2. 1. List of Criteria No access
  3. 1. A. Consequence of a ’Common Project’ No access
    2. B. Limits No access
    3. C. Legal Consequence of a Violation No access
    4. D. Contractual Options No access
  4. 1. A. A Cultural Bridge to the French Law Family No access
    2. B. Legal Consequences No access
    3. C. Limitation of Liability (contractual option) No access
  5. 1. Assistance in the Classification of an Obligation No access
  6. 1. A. A System of Default Rules No access
    2. B. An Autonomous Standard Characterised by ‘Reasonableness’ No access
    3. C. Limits No access
    4. D. Options No access
  7. 1. A. Part of a System of Default Rules No access
    2. B. General Default Rule (Para. 1), Contractual Option No access
    3. 1. 1. Paragraph 3 (Non Performance of a Price Determination) No access
      2. 2. Paragraph 4 (Non Existing Factors) No access
    4. 1. 1. The Rule No access
      2. 2. Contractual Options No access
    5. E. Unreasonable Price Determination by a Third Party (Para. 3), Contractual Option No access
  8. 1. A. Contracts for an Indefinite Period of Time No access
    2. B. Function of Art. 5.1.8 No access
    3. C. Reasonable Time in Advance No access
    4. D. Legal Consequences No access
    5. E. Contractual Options No access
  9. 1. A. A Clarification to Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding No access
    2. B. Action Required; Silence can Constitute Consent No access
    3. C. Distinction No access
  10. 1. A. Party Autonomy No access
    2. B. Contracts of Sale (Checklist) No access
    3. C. Service Contracts (Checklist) No access
    4. D. Construction Contracts No access
2. 1. Introduction to Section 5.2 No access
  2. 1. A. Concentration on Contracts in Favour of Third Parties (para. 1) No access
    2. B. Shaping the Content (para. 2) No access
  3. 1. A. Invalidity in case of Impossibility of Identification No access
    2. B. Future Beneficiaries No access
  4. 1. A. Function of Art. 5.2.3-5.2.5 No access
    2. B. A ‘Shield’ to the Beneficiary No access
  5. 1. A ‘Shield’ to the Promisor No access
  6. 1. A. Modification or Revocation No access
    2. B. Limits No access
    3. C. Options No access
  7. 1. Right of Refusal No access
3. 1. 1. A. Function No access
    2. B. Types No access
    3. C. Distinctions No access
    4. D. Option No access
  2. 1. A. A System of Default Rules No access
    2. B. Suspensive Condition (lit. a): Special Characteristics No access
    3. C. Resolutive Condition (lit. b): Special Characteristics No access
    4. D. Joint Features No access
    5. E. Options No access
  3. 1. A. The Watch-Dog for the Condition No access
    2. B. The Devil lies in the Detail No access
  4. 1. A. The Watch-Dog for the Conditioned Right No access
    2. B. Options No access
  5. 1. A. Details on the Effects of Resolutive Conditions No access
    2. B. Optional: A Rule of Relevance if Parties Chose Retroactivity No access
1. 1. Introduction to Section 6.1 No access
  2. 1. A. Notion of and Restrictions on Performance No access
    2. B. A ‘Fixed’ Time or Period of Time No access
    3. C. A Reasonableness-Test as Default Rule No access
    4. D. Option: Special Exemption Clause for Delay No access
  3. 1. Partial Performance is Principally Non-performance No access
  4. 1. A. Protection of the Obligee against Imposed Partial Performance of the Obligor No access
    2. B. Limits No access
    3. C. Further Options for the Obligee If Partial Performance Amounts to Non-Performance No access
  5. 1. A. Principle of Simultaneous Performance No access
    2. B. Limits No access
  6. 1. A. Protection of the Obligee against Earlier Performance No access
    2. B. The Good Faith Exception; Additional Costs No access
    3. C. Other Remedies No access
  7. 1. A. Expectation Management No access
    2. B. Default Rule Favouring the Obligor … No access
    3. C. … Except for Monetary Obligations No access
    4. D. Change of Place of Business No access
  8. 1. A. Core Principles on Payment No access
    2. B. A Choice of the Obligor No access
    3. C. Protection of the Obligee in Case of ‘Pull-Orders’ No access
  9. 1. A. A Regime for Push-Orders No access
    2. B. Options of the Obligor as Controlled by the Obligee No access
    3. C. Moment of Discharge of the Obligor No access
  10. 1. A. Two Articles on Currency Issues No access
    2. B. Importance of the Place of Payment No access
    3. C. Some Protection of the Obligee Against Currency Fluctuation No access
  11. 1. A. Currency of Place of Payment as a Default Rule No access
    2. B. Limits No access
  12. 1. Each Party Bears its Own Costs as a Default Rule No access
  13. 1. A. A Balanced International Compromise No access
    2. 1. 1. Layer 1: Decision of the Obligor (Para. 1) No access
      2. 2. Layer 2: Decision of the Obligee (Para. 2) No access
      3. 3. Layer 3: Default system of Para. 3 No access
    3. C. Limits No access
  14. 1. Extension to Non-Monetary Obligations No access
  15. 1. A. A Default System to Cope with Public Permission No access
    2. B. Determination of the ‘Who’ No access
  16. 1. A. Regulating the ‘How’ No access
    2. B. Information of the Other Party No access
  17. 1. A. Right and Effect of Termination in Case of a ‘Stuck Process’ No access
    2. B. Exception: Only Part of the Contract is Affected No access
  18. 1. 1. 1. A Refusal Affecting the Validity of the Contract No access
      2. 2. A Refusal Which Merely Renders the Performance Impossible No access
      3. 3. Usually No Damages No access
    2. B. Permission with Extremely Burdensome Conditions No access
2. 1. Introduction to Hardship No access
  2. 1. A. Inspired by International Contract Practice No access
    2. B. A Reminder to Pacta Sunt Servanda as a ‘Mission Statement’ No access
    3. C. Option in Case of a Deteriorating Financial Ability of the Obligee No access
  3. 1. A. A Fundamental Alteration for the Equilibrium of the Contract No access
    2. 1. 1. Knowledge After Contract Conclusion (lit. a) No access
      2. 2. Anticipation Reasonably Impossible (lit. b) No access
      3. 3. Beyond Control (lit. c) No access
      4. 4. No Risk Allocation to the Disadvantaged Party (lit. d) No access
    3. C. Contractual Options (Corona Clause) No access
  4. 1. A. Renegotiation No access
    2. B. Continued Performance of the Contract No access
    3. C. Application by the Court No access
    4. D. Contractual Options (Corona Clause) No access
1. 1. A. Overview No access
  2. B. A Concept based on ‘Spheres’, not on Fault No access
  3. C. Six Kinds of Rights and Remedies in Four Sections, with Limitations and Exclusions No access
  4. D. Often a Choice between Several Options No access
  5. E. Options at the Contract Drafting Stage No access
  6. F. A Note on Comparative Law No access
2. 1. 1. A. A Unitary Concept … No access
    2. B. … Based on ‘Spheres’ as Defined in the Contract, Not on Fault No access
    3. C. Impact on Contract Drafting No access
  2. 1. A. A Shield for the Obligor No access
    2. B. Partial Relevance of the Interference No access
    3. C. Most Relevant for Duties to Achieve a Specific Result No access
  3. 1. A. A Shield for Both Parties Based on Timing No access
    2. 1. 1. Non-performance of the Other Party of an Obligation with Sufficient Connection to the Duty Underlying the Withheld Performance No access
      2. 2. Anticipatory Suspension No access
      3. 3. ‘Clean Hands’ No access
      4. 4. Procedural Consideration No access
    3. C. Options No access
  4. 1. A. A Right to Cure for the Obligor No access
    2. B. Parallel Options for the Obligee (Subject to Meeting the Individual Requirements of the Other Provisions) No access
  5. 1. A. A Proactive Way for the Obligee to Cope with Non-Performance No access
    2. B. A Privileged Way to Termination in Case of Delay (Para. 3) No access
    3. C. Parallel Options for the Obligee (Para. 2) No access
  6. 1. A. The Importance in Practice No access
    2. B. A Basic Assumption that Exemption Clauses are Valid No access
    3. C. A Prohibition to Rely on Grossly Unfair Exemption Clauses is Part of the Mandatory Core of Unidroit Principles No access
    4. D. A Test of Severity No access
    5. E. Limits and Contractual Options No access
  7. 1. A. A Shield for the Obligor No access
    2. B. Conditions No access
    3. C. Management of Force Majeure by the Obligor No access
    4. D. Options and Obligations for the Obligee, including Termination No access
    5. 1. 1. General Function (Drafting) No access
      2. 2. Long-term Contracts, Combination with Hardship No access
      3. 3. Impact of Practice and Usages No access
3. 1. An Introductory Comparative Remark on Section 2: Right to Performance No access
  2. 1. A. Action for an Agreed Sum as ‘Specific Performance’ No access
    2. B. Parallel Options for the Obligee (Subject to Meeting the Individual Requirements of the Other Provisions) No access
  3. 1. A. A Pragmatic Compromise between Civil and Common Law No access
    2. B. The Exceptions (for the Benefit of the Obligor) No access
    3. C. Further Options for the Obligor No access
    4. D. Parallel Options for the Obligee No access
  4. 1. A. A Reminder No access
    2. B. Restitution No access
    3. C. Parallel Options No access
  5. 1. A. A Contribution to the French Legal Family (para. 1) No access
    2. B. Tactical Considerations (Para. 2 Sentence 1) No access
    3. C. Refusal to Obey No access
    4. D. Parallel Options (Para. 2 Sentence 2) No access
  6. Article 7.2.5 (Change of remedy) No access
  7. Limited Freedom to Change the Mind No access
4. 1. Overview No access
  2. 1. A. Termination as a Last Resort (Para. 1) No access
    2. 1. 1. Factors Focussing on the Contract from the Perspective of the Obligee (lit. a-b) No access
      2. 2. Factors Focussing on the Action of the Obligor (lit. c-d) No access
      3. 3. One Factor Focussing on the Economic Impact to the Obligor (lit. e) No access
    3. C. Nachfrist-Procedure as an Alternative in Case of Delay (Para. 3) No access
    4. D. Partial termination No access
    5. E. Parallel Options for Obligees and Obligors No access
    6. F. Legal Consequences No access
  3. 1. A. A Concept of Clarity by Notice (Para. 1) No access
    2. B. Balanced by a ‘Reasonable Time’ – Constraint (Para. 2) No access
    3. C. Options No access
  4. 1. A. ‘Clear’ Cases of Anticipatory Non-Performance No access
    2. B. Notice No access
    3. C. Effects No access
    4. D. Alternative Options No access
  5. 1. A. Avoiding a ‘Dilemma’ for the Obligee No access
    2. 1. 1. Tool 1: Request for Adequate Assurance of Due Performance No access
      2. 2. Tool 2: A Withholding Right No access
      3. 3. Tool 3 (which may follow the use of tool 1 or 2): An Extraordinary Right to Termination No access
    3. C. Possible Alternative Options No access
  6. 1. A. A Compromise Between Different Approaches No access
    2. B. Limitation of the Effect of Termination to the Future No access
    3. 1. 1. In Case of a Lawful Contract Termination No access
      2. 2. In Case of an Unfounded Contract Termination (Unlawful Termination) No access
  7. 1. A. Principle of Concurrent Restitution in Kind (Para. 1) No access
    2. B. ‘Impossible’ or ‘Inappropriate’ Restitution in Kind (Para. 2) No access
    3. C. Risk Allocation, Options No access
    4. D. Compensation for Expenses (Para. 4) and Other Options No access
    5. E. General Rules Governing the Obligations under Art. 7.3.6 No access
    6. F. Impact of Art. 7.3.6: A Quasi-Unified Approach to Restitution No access
  8. 1. A. Limitation of Restitution Rights No access
    2. 1. 1. Principle Rule No access
      2. 2. Exception No access
    3. C. Reference to Art. 7.3.6 No access
    4. D. Other Options No access
5. 1. Introductory Remarks No access
  2. 1. A. Damages for Non-Performance unless Excused No access
    2. B. Application in Addition to Parallel Options No access
    3. C. Analogical Application, Special Rules with Priority No access
  3. 1. A. Principle of Full Compensation No access
    2. B. Adaptation in Cases of Analogical Application No access
  4. 1. 1. 1. Harms Established by a Reasonable Degree of Certainty (Para. 1) No access
      2. 2. Loss of a Chance Depending on Probability of its Occurrence (Para. 2) No access
      3. 3. Assessment at the Discretion of the Court (Para. 3) No access
    2. B. Contractual Options No access
  5. 1. A. An International Standard Meeting Comparative Legal Benchmarks No access
    2. B. Specifics of the Unidroit Principles’ Foreseeability Test No access
    3. C. Impact on Risk Management at the Contract Drafting Stage No access
  6. 1. A. Function of Art. 7.4.5 No access
    2. B. Four Requirements No access
    3. C. Legal Consequences No access
    4. D. Options No access
  7. 1. A. Function of Art. 7.4.6 No access
    2. B. Three Requirements No access
    3. C. Legal Consequences No access
    4. D. Options No access
  8. 1. A. Function of the Concept of Contributory Causation No access
    2. B. Requirements No access
    3. C. Legal Consequences No access
    4. D. Options No access
  9. 1. A. Function of Mitigation No access
    2. 1. 1. A Partial Shield for the Obligor No access
      2. 2. A Basis for A Claim by the Aggrieved Party No access
    3. C. Options No access
  10. 1. A. Function and Practical Importance, Relation to the CISG No access
    2. B. Two Requirements and One Clarification No access
    3. C. Interest Rate No access
    4. D. Additional Damages, Compound interest No access
    5. E. Options No access
  11. 1. A. Scope of Application and Function No access
    2. B. Application No access
    3. C. Avoidance of Double Compensation No access
  12. 1. A. Flexibility to the Court No access
    2. B. Indexation No access
  13. 1. A. An Option for the Aggrieved Party No access
    2. B. Alternative and Distinction No access
  14. 1. A. Function No access
    2. B. Freedom to Negotiate an Agreed Payment for Non-Performance No access
    3. C. Judicial Control of Grossly Excessive Clauses as Part of the Mandatory Core of Unidroit Principles No access
    4. D. Contractual Option No access
1. 1. A. Definition and Relevance No access
  2. B. A Neutral Compromise on Set-Off No access
  3. C. A Liberal Approach No access
2. 1. 1. 1. Relation to Art. 8.2-8.5 No access
    2. 2. Special Rules with Priority No access
  2. 1. 1. Mutuality (or Reciprocity) No access
    2. 2. ‘Money or Other Performance of the Same Kind’ No access
    3. 3. Principle Claim: Entitlement to Performance by the First Party ((1) lit. a) No access
    4. 4. Cross-Claim: An ‘Ascertained’ and ‘Due’ Obligation of the Other Party ((1) lit. b) No access
    5. 5. Exception to the ‘Ascertainability’ Requirement No access
  3. C. Legal Consequences and Terminology No access
  4. 1. 1. Contractual Options and/or Restrictions No access
    2. 2. Other Restrictions No access
3. 1. A. Function and Principle No access
  2. 1. 1. Currency No access
    2. 2. Exchange rate No access
  3. 1. 1. No ‘freely convertible currencies’ No access
    2. 2. Currency Imposed by Agreement No access
  4. D. Contractual Options No access
4. 1. A. A Straightforward Instruction to the First Party No access
  2. B. Form No access
  3. C. Limits No access
  4. D. Options No access
5. 1. 1. 1. The Basic Rule of Para. 1 No access
    2. 2. Further Contents of the Notice No access
  2. 1. 1. The Default Rule for Missing Specifications in Case of Multiple Obligations of the Other Party No access
    2. 2. Missing Specifications in Case of Multiple Obligations of the First Party No access
    3. 3. Multiple Obligations on Both Sides No access
6. 1. 1. 1. Substantive Effect of Set-Off (Para. 1) No access
    2. 2. Different Amounts (Para. 2) No access
    3. 3. Prospective Effect (Para. 3) No access
    4. 4. Limits No access
  2. B. Practical Consequences, Options No access
1. Introduction No access
2. 1. 1. A. Perspective and Scope No access
    2. B. Beyond ‘Definitions’: Mere Agreement, No Consent for Assignments of Monetary Rights No access
    3. C. Limits No access
  2. 1. A. A Reminder of Priority of Certain Laws No access
    2. B. Lit. a No access
    3. C. Lit. b No access
  3. 1. A. Purpose No access
    2. B. Requirements for an Effective Assignment of Non-Monetary Obligations No access
    3. C. Effects No access
    4. D. Options No access
  4. 1. A. Principle No access
    2. 1. 1. Rights to the Payment of a Monetary Sum (Para. 1) No access
      2. 2. Rights to Other Performance than the Payment of a Monetary Sum (Para. 2) No access
    3. C. Options No access
  5. 1. A. Principle No access
    2. B. Identification as Requirement No access
    3. C. Effect No access
    4. D. Options No access
  6. 1. A. Assignment of a Bundle of Rights No access
    2. 1. 1. Identifiability at the Relevant Time No access
      2. 2. Partial Validity No access
  7. 1. 1. 1. Assignment of Rights to Receive Payment of a Sum of Money No access
      2. 2. Assignment of Rights to Non-Monetary Performance No access
    2. B. Options No access
    3. C. Limits No access
  8. 1. A. An Innovative Concept No access
    2. B. Requirements No access
    3. C. Legal Consequence: Joint and Several Liability No access
    4. D. Options No access
  9. 1. A. A Balance Between Conflicting Interests No access
    2. B. The System No access
    3. C. Options No access
  10. 1. 1. 1. Until Receipt of Notice No access
      2. 2. After Receipt of Notice No access
    2. 1. 1. Silent Assignments No access
      2. 2. Requirements If Notice is Given No access
      3. 3. Revocation of Notice No access
    3. C. Limited Options No access
  11. 1. A. Rare Relevance No access
    2. B. Purpose and Functioning of the Rule No access
    3. C. Open Issues No access
    4. D. Options No access
  12. 1. A. Protection of the Obligor No access
    2. 1. 1. Request for Proof No access
      2. 2. Risk Allocation No access
      3. 3. Consequences of Insufficient Proof and Withholding Right No access
    3. C. Options No access
  13. 1. A. Scope of Application No access
    2. 1. 1. Principle No access
      2. 2. Examples for Available Defences No access
      3. 3. Rights of the Assignee Confronted with such an Objection No access
    3. 1. 1. Principle (Until Receipt of a Notice of Assignment) No access
      2. 2. Restrictions No access
    4. D. Options No access
  14. 1. A. Scope of Application No access
    2. B. Another Useful Compromise Between Civil and Common Law No access
    3. C. Limits No access
    4. D. Options No access
  15. 1. A. Self-explanatory Undertakings No access
    2. B. Effect No access
    3. C. Limits and Options No access
3. 1. 1. A. One Option for Each Contract Partner No access
    2. 1. 1. Agreement between the Original Obligor and the New Obligor No access
      2. 2. Legal Consequence No access
    3. C. Agreement between the Obligee and the New Obligor (lit. b) No access
    4. D. Limits No access
    5. E. Options No access
  2. 1. A. Principle No access
    2. B. Exception No access
  3. 1. A. A Supplement to Art. 9.2.1 (a) No access
    2. 1. 1. Contents No access
      2. 2. Communication No access
  4. 1. A. A Useful Tool in Practice No access
    2. B. Application of the Rule No access
    3. C. Options No access
  5. 1. A. Options for the Affected Third Party No access
    2. B. Options for the Obligee under Para. 1 and 2 No access
    3. C. Default Rule in Para. 3 No access
    4. D. Additional Option by the Obligee No access
    5. E. Option for the Original Obligor No access
  6. 1. A. Freedom for the Obligor as a Rule No access
    2. B. Extensive Interpretation No access
    3. C. Limits No access
  7. 1. A. Scope of Application No access
    2. B. No Cut Off of Obligor’s Defences Through the Transfer (Para. 1) No access
    3. 1. 1. No Transfer of Set-Off Rights No access
      2. 2. Limits No access
  8. 1. A. Scope of Application No access
    2. B. Rights to Performance No access
    3. 1. 1. Securities given by the original obligor No access
      2. 2. Securities given by a third party No access
      3. 3. Securities given by the new obligor No access
    4. D. Limits No access
4. 1. 1. A. A Useful Tool No access
    2. B. Definitions No access
    3. C. Overview No access
    4. D. Options No access
  2. 1. Limitation of the Scope of Application No access
  3. 1. A. Coping with a Need for Consent No access
    2. B. Modalities of Consent No access
    3. C. Options No access
  4. 1. A. A Useful Tool in Practice No access
    2. B. Advance Consent No access
    3. C. Effect Upon the Transfer of Contract No access
    4. D. Option No access
  5. 1. A. Three Options for the Other Party No access
    2. B. Modalities of Execution No access
    3. C. Advance Discharge No access
  6. 1. A. Overview No access
    2. 1. 1. Defences No access
      2. 2. Set-Off No access
    3. 1. 1. Defences No access
      2. 2. Set-Off No access
    4. D. Referral No access
  7. 1. A. Overview and Distinction to Rights of Performance No access
    2. B. Rights Related to the Rights Assigned in the Context of Assignment of Contract No access
    3. 1. 1. Security Rights Regarding a Transferred Obligation Given by the Original Obligor No access
      2. 2. Securities given by a Third Party No access
      3. 3. Securities Given by the New Obligor No access
    4. D. Referral No access
1. 1. A. A Balance Between Competing Interests of the Parties No access
  2. B. Issues No access
2. 1. A. A Useful Compromise between Different Systems No access
  2. 1. 1. Examples of Applicability No access
    2. 2. Counter-Examples to Which Limitation Periods under Chapter 10 Do Not Apply No access
    3. 3. An Observation on the Application of Chapter 10 from a Private International Law Perspective No access
    4. 4. Options No access
3. 1. 1. 1. A Two-Tier System No access
    2. 2. Starting Point on ‘The Day After’ No access
    3. 3. Gregorian Calendar No access
    4. 4. Official holidays or non-business days No access
  2. 1. 1. General Limitation Period (3 years) No access
    2. 2. Maximum Limitation Period (10 Years) No access
  3. C. Options No access
4. 1. A. Principle of Party Autonomy as a Starting Point No access
  2. B. Modalities No access
  3. 1. 1. Limits for the General Limitation Period No access
    2. 2. Limits for the Maximum Limitation Period No access
    3. 3. Violations No access
  4. 1. 1. Principle: No Deviation No access
    2. 2. Exception by Dépeçage No access
    3. 3. Arbitration Clauses No access
5. 1. A. Principle, Timing and Effect No access
  2. B. Form of Acknowledgement No access
6. 1. A. A Concept of Suspension No access
  2. 1. 1. Reference to the Law of the Court for the Beginning of Suspension No access
    2. 2. End of Suspension No access
  3. C. Contractual Options: Suspension by Negotiation No access
  4. D. Effect of the Judicial Proceedings on Joint and Several Obligors No access
7. 1. A. Adaptation of the Concept of Suspension to Arbitration No access
  2. 1. 1. Beginning of Suspension No access
    2. 2. End of Suspension No access
  3. C. Effect of the Arbitral Proceedings on Joint and Several Obligors No access
8. 1. A. Formal Mediation and Conciliation as Suspending Event No access
  2. 1. 1. Commencement of Suspension No access
    2. 2. End of Suspension No access
  3. C. Effect of the Alternative Dispute Resolution on Joint and Several Obligors No access
  4. D. Option: Third Party Involvement to Determine Contractual Terms No access
9. 1. A. Force Majeure as an Excuse for the Obligee with Regard to the General Limitation Period No access
  2. 1. 1. Definition of Force Majeure No access
    2. 2. Effects of force majeure No access
    3. 3. Death and Incapacity No access
10. 1. A. The First of Three Articles on the Effects of the Expiration of the Limitation Period No access
  2. 1. 1. Introduction No access
    2. 2. A Requirement to Actually Assert the Right No access
    3. 3. A Remaining Right to Defend No access
  3. C. No Effect on Collaterals No access
  4. D. Options No access
11. 1. A. Supplement to Art. 10.9 No access
  2. B. Supplement to Art. 8.1 et seq. No access
  3. C. Contractual Options No access
12. 1. A. Time-Barred Claims as a Valid Basis for Performance No access
  2. B. Restitution Based on Other Grounds No access
1. 1. A. Overview No access
  2. B. Language No access
  3. C. Scope No access
2. 1. 1. A. Two Kinds of Obligations No access
    2. B. Joint and Several Obligations (lit. a) No access
    3. C. Separate Obligations (lit. b) No access
    4. D. Options No access
  2. 1. A. A Default Rule No access
    2. B. Contractual Interpretation No access
    3. C. Options No access
  3. 1. A. A Choice of the Obligee No access
    2. B. Non-Performance No access
    3. C. Contractual Option No access
  4. 1. A. A Clear Distinction Between Common and Personal Defences No access
    2. 1. 1. The Principle and Examples No access
      2. 2. Assertion No access
    3. 1. 1. The Principle No access
      2. 2. Legal Impact on Contributory Action No access
    4. D. Set-Off No access
    5. E. Communication No access
    6. F. Contractual Options No access
  5. 1. A. A Generally Accepted Rule on Discharge by Performance or Performance Substitute No access
    2. B. Merger No access
    3. C. Contractual Option No access
  6. 1. A. Principle of Partial Discharge of Remaining Obligors No access
    2. 1. 1. General Impact No access
      2. 2. Increase of Contributory Shares Subsequent to the Release No access
    3. C. Contractual Options No access
  7. 1. A. Individual Effect of an Expiration of a Limitation Period No access
    2. 1. 1. The Effect of Para. 2 No access
      2. 2. Limits No access
    3. 1. 1. Regarding the Contract between Obligee and Obligors No access
      2. 2. Regarding the Relationship between Co-Obligors No access
  8. 1. 1. 1. No Binding Effect on Co-Obligors No access
      2. 2. Freedom of the Obligee No access
    2. B. Exception in case of Personal Defences No access
  9. 1. A. The Foundation for Contributory Claims and Subrogation No access
    2. B. A Default Rule No access
  10. 1. A. Contributory Claim of an Obligor No access
    2. 1. 1. Qualification of Contributory Claims as Separate No access
      2. 2. Extent of the Contributory Claim – Calculation Example No access
      3. 3. Cost and Interest No access
      4. 4. Contribution in Money No access
      5. 5. Prescription No access
    3. C. Contractual Options No access
  11. 1. 1. 1. Conditions No access
      2. 2. Legal Consequences No access
    2. B. Priority for the Obligee No access
  12. 1. A. A Straightforward Rule No access
    2. 1. 1. Common Defences No access
      2. 2. Personal Defences in General No access
      3. 3. Special Personal Defences No access
      4. 4. Set-Off No access
    3. C. Options No access
  13. 1. A. A Possible Change of the Apportionment No access
    2. B. Conditions No access
    3. C. Calculation No access
3. 1. 1. A. Three Kinds of Obligations Offered by the Unidroit Principles, No Presumption No access
    2. 1. 1. Principle No access
      2. 2. Selected Advantages or Disadvantages No access
      3. 3. Contractual Options Within This Kind of Obligation No access
    3. 1. 1. Principle No access
      2. 2. Selected Advantages or Disadvantages No access
      3. 3. Contractual Options Within This Kind of Obligation No access
    4. 1. 1. Principle No access
      2. 2. Selected Advantages or Disadvantages No access
      3. 3. Contractual Options within this Kind of Obligation No access
    5. E. Absence of an Explicit Choice No access
    6. F. Options to Agree on Other Concepts No access
  2. 1. A. A Supplement to Art. 11.2.1 lit. b No access
    2. 1. 1. Formal Procedures with One Obligee No access
      2. 2. Performance in Circumstances Governed by Chapter 7 No access
      3. 3. Merger No access
    3. C. Contractual Options No access
  3. 1. A. Function and Principle No access
    2. 1. 1. Defences which are Common to the Obligor’s Relationship with All Obligees No access
      2. 2. Defences Which are Personal to the Obligor’s Relationship with One Obligee No access
      3. 3. Contractual Options No access
      4. 4. Set-Off No access
    3. 1. 1. Performance and Rights of Set-Off No access
      2. 2. Effect of Release and Settlement No access
      3. 3. Effect of Expiration and Suspension of Limitation Period No access
      4. 4. Special Rules on Effect of Judgement No access
  4. 1. A. Purpose No access
    2. B. Apportionment No access
    3. 1. 1. Obligation to Transfer the Excess No access
      2. 2. Set-Off with Expenses No access
      3. 3. Contractual Options No access
    4. D. Merger of the Obligor with One Obligee No access
INDEX No access Pages 647 - 676