Commercial Law: Article-by-Article Commentary

Prof. Dr. Peter Mankowski †; Prof. Dr. Gilles Cuniberti; Prof. Dr. Matthias Lehmann D.E.A., LL.M.

doi:10.5771/9783748915164

Summary

The highly acclaimed commentary established by Peter Mankowski makes the cross-border dimension of trade and change manageable for those in legal practice. With its genuinely international perspective, it provides easy access to the mechanisms of economic interconnections.
Main topics – with
article-by-article commentary:

United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)

UNIDROIT Principles

CMR

CIV/CIM

Montreal Convention

Budapest Convention (CMNI)

Commercial Agents Directive

Late Payment Directive

Cape Town Convention

UCP/ERA 600

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Bibliographic data

Edition: 2/2026
Copyright Year: 2026
ISBN-Print: 978-3-7560-0107-1
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-1516-4
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Language: English
Pages: 1802
Product Type: Comment

1. Foreword (second edition) No access
2. Foreword (first edition) No access
3. Summary of contents No access
4. Contents No access
5. List of authors No access
6. Abbreviations No access
1. Introduction No access
2. 1. 1. Art. 1 CISG No access
    2. Art. 2 CISG No access
    3. Art. 3 CISG No access
    4. Art. 4 CISG No access
    5. Art. 5 CISG No access
    6. Art. 6 CISG No access
  2. 1. Art. 7 CISG No access
    2. Art. 8 CISG No access
    3. Art. 9 CISG No access
    4. Art. 10 CISG No access
    5. Art. 11 CISG No access
    6. Art. 12 CISG No access
    7. Art. 13 CISG No access
3. 1. Introduction to Art. 14–24 CISG No access
  2. Art. 14 CISG No access
  3. Art. 15 CISG No access
  4. Art. 16 CISG No access
  5. Art. 17 CISG No access
  6. Art. 18 CISG No access
  7. Art. 19 CISG No access
  8. Art. 20 CISG No access
  9. Art. 21 CISG No access
  10. Art. 22 CISG No access
  11. Art. 23 CISG No access
  12. Art. 24 CISG No access
4. 1. 1. Art. 25 CISG No access
    2. Art. 26 CISG No access
    3. Art. 27 CISG No access
    4. Art. 28 CISG No access
    5. Art. 29 CISG No access
  2. 1. Art. 30 CISG No access
    2. 1. Art. 31 CISG No access
      2. Art. 32 CISG No access
      3. Art. 33 CISG No access
      4. Art. 34 CISG No access
    3. 1. Art. 35 CISG No access
      2. Art. 36 CISG No access
      3. Art. 37 CISG No access
      4. Art. 38 CISG No access
      5. Art. 39 CISG No access
      6. Art. 40 CISG No access
      7. Art. 41 CISG No access
      8. Art. 42 CISG No access
      9. Art. 43 CISG No access
      10. Art. 44 CISG No access
    4. 1. Introduction to Art. 45–65 CISG No access
      2. Art. 45 CISG No access
      3. Art. 46 CISG No access
      4. Art. 47 CISG No access
      5. Art. 48 CISG No access
      6. Art. 49 CISG No access
      7. Art. 50 CISG No access
      8. Art. 51 CISG No access
      9. Art. 52 CISG No access
  3. 1. Foreword: the buyer’ duties No access
    2. Art. 53 CISG No access
    3. 1. Art. 54 CISG No access
      2. Art. 55 CISG No access
      3. Art. 56 CISG No access
      4. Art. 57 CISG No access
      5. Art. 58 CISG No access
      6. Art. 59 CISG No access
    4. Section II Taking delivery No access
    5. Art. 60 CISG No access
    6. 1. Art. 61 CISG No access
      2. Art. 62 CISG No access
      3. Art. 63 CISG No access
      4. Art. 64 CISG No access
      5. Art. 65 CISG No access
  4. 1. Art. 66 CISG No access
    2. Art. 67 CISG No access
    3. Art. 68 CISG No access
    4. Art. 69 CISG No access
    5. Art. 70 CISG No access
  5. 1. 1. Art. 71 CISG No access
      2. Art. 72 CISG No access
      3. Art. 73 CISG No access
    2. 1. Art. 74 CISG No access
      2. Art. 75 CISG No access
      3. Art. 76 CISG No access
      4. Art. 77 CISG No access
    3. 1. Art. 78 CISG No access
    4. 1. Art. 79 CISG No access
      2. Art. 80 CISG No access
    5. 1. Art. 81 CISG No access
      2. Art. 82 CISG No access
      3. Art. 83 CISG No access
      4. Art. 84 CISG No access
    6. 1. Art. 85 CISG No access
      2. Art. 86 CISG No access
      3. Art. 87 CISG No access
      4. Art. 88 CISG No access
5. 1. Art. 89 CISG No access
  2. Art. 90 CISG No access
  3. Art. 91 CISG No access
  4. Art. 92 CISG No access
  5. Art. 93 CISG No access
  6. Art. 94 CISG No access
  7. Art. 95 CISG No access
  8. Art. 96 CISG No access
  9. Art. 97 CISG No access
  10. Art. 98 CISG No access
  11. Art. 99 CISG No access
  12. Art. 100 CISG No access
  13. Art. 101 CISG No access
1. Introduction No access
2. PREAMBLE No access
3. 1. 1. Art. 1 No access
    2. Art. 2 No access
    3. Art. 3 No access
    4. Art. 4 No access
    5. Art. 5 No access
    6. Art. 6 No access
    7. Art. 7 No access
  2. 1. Art. 8 No access
    2. Art. 9 No access
    3. Art. 10 No access
    4. Art. 11 No access
    5. Art. 12 No access
  3. 1. Art. 13 No access
    2. Art. 14 No access
    3. Art. 15 No access
    4. Art. 16 No access
    5. Art. 17 No access
    6. Art. 18 No access
    7. Art. 19 No access
    8. Art. 20 No access
    9. Art. 21 No access
  4. 1. Art. 22 No access
  5. 1. Art. 23 No access
  6. 1. Art. 24 No access
    2. Art. 25 No access
    3. Art. 26 No access
    4. Art. 27 No access
  7. 1. Art. 28 No access
    2. Art. 29 No access
  8. 1. Art. 30 No access
4. 1. Art. 31 No access
  2. Art. 33 No access
5. 1. Art. 34 No access
  2. Art. 35 No access
  3. Art. 36 No access
  4. Art. 36bis (Art. XII of the Protocol) No access
  5. Art. 37 No access
  6. Art. 38 No access
  7. Article 39 No access
  8. Art. 40 No access
6. 1. Art. 41 No access
  2. Art. 42 No access
  3. Art. 43 No access
  4. Art. 43bis (Art. X of the Protocol) No access
  5. Art. 43ter (Art. VIII (2) of the Protocol) No access
  6. Art. 44 No access
  7. Art. 44bis (Art. XI of the Protocol) No access
  8. Art. 45 No access
  9. Art. 45bis (Art. XIII (3) of the Protocol) No access
  10. Art. 46 No access
1. Relevant Supplementary Soft Law & Documents No access
2. Bibliography No access
3. Preamble (Purpose of the Principles) No access
4. 1. Art. 1.1 (Freedom of contract) No access
  2. Art. 1.2 (No form required) No access
  3. Art. 1.3 (Binding character of contract) No access
  4. Art. 1.4 (Mandatory rules) No access
  5. Art. 1.5 (Exclusion or modification by the parties) No access
  6. Art. 1.6 (Interpretation and supplementation of the Principles) No access
  7. Art. 1.7 (Good faith and fair dealing) No access
  8. Art. 1.8 (Inconsistent behaviour) No access
  9. Art. 1.9 (Usages and practices) No access
  10. Art. 1.10 (Notice) No access
  11. Art. 1.11 (Definitions) No access
  12. Art. 1.12 (Computation of time set by parties) No access
5. 1. 1. Art. 2.1.1 (Manner of formation) No access
    2. Art. 2.1.2 (Definition of offer) No access
    3. Art. 2.1.3 (Withdrawal of offer) No access
    4. Art. 2.1.4 (Revocation of offer) No access
    5. Art. 2.1.5 (Rejection of offer) No access
    6. Art. 2.1.6 (Mode of acceptance) No access
    7. Art. 2.1.7 (Time of acceptance) No access
    8. Art. 2.1.8 (Acceptance within a fixed period of time) No access
    9. Art. 2.1.9 (Late acceptance. Delay in transmission) No access
    10. Art. 2.1.10 (Withdrawal of acceptance) No access
    11. Art. 2.1.11 (Modified acceptance) No access
    12. Art. 2.1.12 (Writings in confirmation) No access
    13. Art. 2.1.13 (Conclusion of contract dependent on agreement on specific matters or in a particular form) No access
    14. Art. 2.1.14 (Contract with terms deliberately left open) No access
    15. Art. 2.1.15 (Negotiations in bad faith) No access
    16. Art. 2.1.16 (Duty of confidentiality) No access
    17. Art. 2.1.17 (Merger clauses) No access
    18. Art. 2.1.18 (Modification in a particular form) No access
    19. Art. 2.1.19 (Contracting under standard terms) No access
    20. Art. 2.1.20 (Surprising terms) No access
    21. Art. 2.1.21 (Conflict between standard terms and non-standard terms) No access
    22. Art. 2.1.22 (Battle of forms) No access
  2. 1. Art. 2.2.1 (Scope of the Section) No access
    2. Art. 2.2.2 (Establishment and scope of the authority of the agent) No access
    3. Art. 2.2.3 (Agency disclosed) No access
    4. Art. 2.2.4 (Agency undisclosed) No access
    5. Art. 2.2.5 (Agent acting without or exceeding its authority) No access
    6. Art. 2.2.6 (Liability of agent acting without or exceeding its authority) No access
    7. Art. 2.2.7 (Conflict of interests)(1) If a contract concluded by an agent involves the agent in No access
    8. Art. 2.2.8 (Sub-agency) No access
    9. Art. 2.2.9 (Ratification) No access
    10. Art. 2.2.10 (Termination of authority) No access
6. 1. 1. Art. 3.1.1 (Matters not covered) No access
    2. Art. 3.1.2 (Validity of mere agreement) No access
    3. Art. 3.1.3 (Initial impossibility) No access
    4. Art. 3.1.4 (Mandatory character of the provisions) No access
  2. 1. Art. 3.2.1 (Definition of mistake) No access
    2. Art. 3.2.2 (Relevant mistake) No access
    3. Art. 3.2.3 (Error in expression or transmission) No access
    4. Art. 3.2.4 (Remedies for non-performance) No access
    5. Art. 3.2.5 (Fraud) No access
    6. Art. 3.2.6 (Threat) No access
    7. Art. 3.2.7 (Gross disparity) No access
    8. Art. 3.2.8 (Third persons) No access
    9. Art. 3.2.9 (Confirmation) No access
    10. Art. 3.2.10 (Loss of right to avoid) No access
    11. Art. 3.2.11 (Notice of avoidance) No access
    12. Art. 3.2.12 (Time limits) No access
    13. Art. 3.2.13 (Partial avoidance) No access
    14. Art. 3.2.14 (Retroactive effect of avoidance) No access
    15. Art. 3.2.15 (Restitution) No access
    16. Art. 3.2.16 (Damages) No access
    17. Art. 3.2.17(Unilateral declarations) No access
  3. 1. Art. 3.3.1 (Contracts infringing mandatory rules) No access
    2. Art. 3.3.2 (Restitution) No access
7. 1. Introduction to Chapter 4 No access
  2. Art. 4.1 (Intention of the parties) No access
  3. Art. 4.2 (Interpretation of statements and other conduct) No access
  4. Art. 4.3 (Relevant circumstances) No access
  5. Art. 4.4 (Reference to contract or statement as a whole) No access
  6. Art. 4.5 (All terms to be given effect) No access
  7. Art. 4.6 (Contra proferentem rule) No access
  8. Art. 4.7 (Linguistic discrepancies) No access
  9. Art. 4.8 (Supplying an omitted term) No access
8. 1. 1. Art. 5.1.1 (Express and implied obligations) No access
    2. Art. 5.1.2 (Implied obligations) No access
    3. Art. 5.1.3 (Co-operation between the parties) No access
    4. Art. 5.1.4 (Duty to achieve a specific result. Duty of best efforts) No access
    5. Art. 5.1.5 (Determination of kind of duty involved) No access
    6. Art. 5.1.6 (Determination of quality of performance) No access
    7. Art. 5.1.7 (Price determination) No access
    8. Art. 5.1.8 (Termination of a contract for an indefinite period) No access
    9. Art. 5.1.9 (Release by agreement) No access
  2. 1. Introduction No access
    2. Art. 5.2.1 (Contracts in favour of third parties) No access
    3. Art. 5.2.2 (Third party identifiable) No access
    4. Art. 5.2.3 (Exclusion and limitation clauses) No access
    5. Art. 5.2.4 (Defences) No access
    6. Art. 5.2.5 (Revocation) No access
    7. Art. 5.2.6 (Renunciation) No access
  3. 1. Art. 5.3.1 (Types of condition) No access
    2. Art. 5.3.2 (Effect of conditions) No access
    3. Art. 5.3.3 (Interference with conditions) No access
    4. Art. 5.3.4 (Duty to preserve rights) No access
    5. Art. 5.3.5 (Restitution in case of fulfilment of a resolutive condition) No access
9. 1. 1. Introduction to Section 6.1 No access
    2. Art. 6.1.1 (Time of performance) No access
    3. Art. 6.1.2 (Performance at one time or in instalments) No access
    4. Art. 6.1.3 (Partial performance) No access
    5. Art. 6.1.4 (Order of performance) No access
    6. Art. 6.1.5 (Earlier performance) No access
    7. Art. 6.1.6 (Place of performance) No access
    8. Art. 6.1.7 (Payment by cheque or other instrument) No access
    9. Art. 6.1.8 (Payment by funds transfer) No access
    10. Art. 6.1.9 (Currency of payment) No access
    11. Art. 6.1.10 (Currency not expressed) No access
    12. Art. 6.1.11 (Costs of performance) No access
    13. Art. 6.1.12 (Imputation of payments) No access
    14. Art. 6.1.13 (Imputation of non-monetary obligations) No access
    15. Art. 6.1.14 (Application for public permission) No access
    16. Art. 6.1.15 (Procedure in applying for permission) No access
    17. Art. 6.1.16 (Permission neither granted nor refused) No access
    18. Art. 6.1.17 (Permission refused) No access
  2. 1. Introduction to Hardship No access
    2. Art. 6.2.1 (Contract to be observed) No access
    3. Art. 6.2.2 (Definition of hardship) No access
    4. Art. 6.2.3 (Effects of hardship) No access
10. 1. Introduction No access
  2. 1. Art. 7.1.1 (Non-performance defined) No access
    2. Art. 7.1.2 (Interference by the other party) No access
    3. Art. 7.1.3 (Withholding performance) No access
    4. Art. 7.1.4 (Cure by non-performing party) No access
    5. Art. 7.1.5 (Additional period for performance) No access
    6. Art. 7.1.6 (Exemption clauses) No access
    7. Art. 7.1.7 (Force majeure) No access
  3. 1. Art. 7.2.1 (Performance of monetary obligation) No access
    2. Art. 7.2.2 (Performance of non-monetary obligation) No access
    3. Art. 7.2.3 (Repair and replacement of defective performance) No access
    4. Art. 7.2.4 (Judicial penalty) No access
    5. Art. 7.2.5 (Change of remedy) No access
  4. 1. Overview No access
    2. Art. 7.3.1 (Right to terminate the contract) No access
    3. Art. 7.3.2 (Notice of termination) No access
    4. Art. 7.3.3 (Anticipatory non-performance) No access
    5. Art. 7.3.4 (Adequate assurance of due performance) No access
    6. Art. 7.3.5 (Effects of termination in general) No access
    7. Art. 7.3.6 (Restitution with respect to contracts to be performed at one time) No access
    8. Art. 7.3.7 (Restitution with respect to long-term contracts) No access
  5. 1. Introductory Remarks No access
    2. Art. 7.4.1 (Right to damages) No access
    3. Art. 7.4.2 (Full compensation) No access
    4. Art. 7.4.3 (Certainty of harm) No access
    5. Art. 7.4.4 (Foreseeability of harm) No access
    6. Art. 7.4.5 (Proof of harm in case of replacement transaction) No access
    7. Art. 7.4.6 (Proof of harm by current price) No access
    8. Art. 7.4.7 (Harm due in part to aggrieved party) No access
    9. Art. 7.4.8 (Mitigation of harm) No access
    10. Art. 7.4.9 (Interest for failure to pay money) No access
    11. Art. 7.4.10 (Interest on damages) No access
    12. Art. 7.4.11 (Manner of monetary redress) No access
    13. Art. 7.4.12 (Currency in which to assess damages) No access
    14. Art. 7.4.13 (Agreed payment for non-performance) No access
11. 1. Introduction No access
  2. Art. 8.1 (Conditions of set-off) No access
  3. Art. 8.2 (Foreign currency set-off) No access
  4. Art. 8.3 (Set-off by notice) No access
  5. Art. 8.4 (Content of notice) No access
  6. Art. 8.5 (Effect of set-off) No access
12. 1. Introduction No access
  2. 1. Art. 9.1.1 (Definitions) No access
    2. Art. 9.1.2 (Exclusions) No access
    3. Art. 9.1.3 (Assignability of non-monetary rights) No access
    4. Art. 9.1.4 (Partial assignment) No access
    5. Art. 9.1.5 (Future rights) No access
    6. Art. 9.1.6 (Rights assigned without individual specification) No access
    7. Art. 9.1.7 (Agreement between assignor and assignee sufficient) No access
    8. Art. 9.1.8 (Obligor’s additional costs) No access
    9. Art. 9.1.9 (Non-assignment clauses) No access
    10. Art. 9.1.10 (Notice to the obligor) No access
    11. Art. 9.1.11 (Successive assignments) No access
    12. Art. 9.1.12 (Adequate proof of assignment) No access
    13. Art. 9.1.13 (Defences and rights of set-off) No access
    14. Art. 9.1.14 (Rights related to the right assigned) No access
    15. Art. 9.1.15 (Undertakings of the assignor) No access
  3. 1. Art. 9.2.1 (Modes of transfer) No access
    2. Art. 9.2.2 (Exclusion) No access
    3. Art. 9.2.3 (Requirement of obligee’s consent to transfer) No access
    4. Art. 9.2.4 (Advance consent of obligee) No access
    5. Art. 9.2.5 (Discharge of original obligor) No access
    6. Art. 9.2.6 (Third party performance) No access
    7. Art. 9.2.7 (Defences and rights of set-off) No access
    8. Art. 9.2.8 (Rights related to the obligation transferred) No access
  4. 1. Art. 9.3.1 (Definitions) No access
    2. Art. 9.3.2 (Exclusion) No access
    3. Art. 9.3.3 (Requirement of consent of the other party) No access
    4. Art. 9.3.4 (Advance consent of the other party) No access
    5. Art. 9.3.5 (Discharge of the assignor) No access
    6. Art. 9.3.6 (Defences and rights of set-off) No access
    7. Art. 9.3.7 (Rights transferred with the contract) No access
13. 1. Introduction No access
  2. Art. 10.1 (Scope of the Chapter) No access
  3. Art. 10.2 (Limitation periods) No access
  4. Art. 10.3 (Modification of limitation periods by the parties) No access
  5. Art. 10.4 (New limitation period by acknowledgement) No access
  6. Art. 10.5 (Suspension by judicial proceedings) No access
  7. Art. 10.6 (Suspension by arbitral proceedings) No access
  8. Art. 10.7 (Alternative dispute resolution) No access
  9. Art. 10.8 (Suspension in case of force majeure, death or incapacity) No access
  10. Art. 10.9 (Effects of expiration of limitation period) No access
  11. Art. 10.10 (Right of set-off) No access
  12. Art. 10.11 (Restitution) No access
14. 1. Introduction No access
  2. 1. Art. 11.1.1 (Definitions) No access
    2. Art. 11.1.2 (Presumption of joint and several obligations) No access
    3. Art. 11.1.3 (Obligee’s rights against joint and several obligors) No access
    4. Art. 11.1.4 (Availability of defences and rights of set-off) No access
    5. Art. 11.1.5 (Effect of performance or set-off) No access
    6. Art. 11.1.6 (Effect of release or settlement) No access
    7. Art. 11.1.7 (Effect of expiration or suspension of limitation period) No access
    8. Art. 11.1.8 (Effect of judgment) No access
    9. Art. 11.1.9 (Apportionment among joint and several obligors) No access
    10. Art. 11.1.10 (Extent of contributory claim) No access
    11. Art. 11.1.11 (Rights of the obligee) No access
    12. Art. 11.1.12 (Defences in contributory claims) No access
    13. Art. 11.1.13 (Inability to recover) No access
  3. 1. Art. 11.2.1 (Definitions) No access
    2. Art. 11.2.2 (Effects of joint and several claims) No access
    3. Art. 11.2.3 (Availability of defences against joint and several obligees) No access
    4. Art. 11.2.4 (Allocation between joint and several obligees) No access
1. A. Introduction No access
2. B. The individual Incoterms-rules No access
1. Introduction No access
2. 1. Art. 1 No access
  2. Art. 2 No access
3. 1. Art. 3 No access
4. 1. Art. 4 No access
  2. Art. 5 No access
  3. Art. 6 No access
  4. Art. 7 No access
  5. Art. 8 No access
  6. Art. 9 No access
  7. Art. 10 No access
  8. Art. 11 No access
  9. Art. 12 No access
  10. Art. 13 No access
  11. Art. 14 No access
  12. Art. 15 No access
  13. Art. 16 No access
5. 1. Art. 17 No access
  2. Art. 18 No access
  3. Art. 19 No access
  4. Art. 20 No access
  5. Art. 21 No access
  6. Art. 22 No access
  7. Art. 23 No access
  8. Art. 24 No access
  9. Art. 25 No access
  10. Art. 26 No access
  11. Art. 27 No access
  12. Art. 28 No access
  13. Art. 29 No access
6. 1. Art. 30 No access
  2. Art. 31 No access
  3. Art. 32 No access
  4. Art. 33 No access
7. 1. Art. 34 No access
  2. Art. 35 No access
  3. Art. 36 No access
  4. Art. 37 No access
  5. Art. 38 No access
  6. Art. 39 No access
  7. Art. 40 No access
8. 1. Art. 41 No access
9. 1. Art. 42 No access
  2. Art. 43 No access
  3. Art. 44 No access
  4. Art. 45 No access
  5. Art. 46 No access
  6. Art. 47 No access
  7. Art. 48 No access
  8. Art. 49 No access
  9. Art. 50 No access
  10. Art. 51 No access
1. Introduction No access
2. 1. Art. 1 Definitions No access
  2. Art. 2 Scope of application No access
3. 1. Art. 3 Taking over, carriage and delivery of the goods No access
  2. Art. 4 Actual carrier No access
  3. Art. 5 Delivery time No access
  4. Art. 6 Obligations of the shipper No access
  5. Art. 7 Dangerous and polluting goods No access
  6. Art. 8 Liability of the shipper No access
  7. Art. 9 Termination of the contract of carriage by the carrier No access
  8. Art. 10 Delivery of the goods No access
4. 1. Art. 11 Nature and content No access
  2. Art. 12 Reservations in transport documents No access
  3. Art. 13 Bill of lading No access
5. 1. Art. 14 Holder of the right of disposal No access
  2. Art. 15 Conditions for the exercise of the right of disposal No access
6. 1. Art. 16 Liability for loss No access
  2. Art. 17 Servants and agents No access
  3. Art. 18 Special exonerations from liability No access
  4. Art. 19 Calculation of compensation No access
  5. Art. 20 Maximum limits of liability No access
  6. Art. 21 Loss of right to limit liability No access
  7. Art. 22 Application of the exonerations and limits of liability No access
7. 1. Art. 23 Notice of damage No access
  2. Art. 24 Limitation of actions No access
8. 1. Art. 25 Nullity of contractual stipulations No access
9. 1. Art. 26 General average No access
  2. Art. 27 Other applicable provisions and nuclear damage No access
  3. Art. 28 Unit of account No access
  4. Art. 29 Additional national provisions No access
10. 1. Art. 30 Carriage by way of specific inland waterways No access
  2. Art. 31 National transport or transport free of charge No access
  3. Art. 32 Regional provisions concerning liability No access
11. 1. Art. 33 Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval, accession No access
  2. Art. 34 Entry into force No access
  3. Art. 35 Denunciation No access
  4. Art. 36 Review and amendment No access
  5. Art. 37 Revision of the amounts for limitation of liability and unit of account No access
  6. Art. 38 Depositary No access
1. Introduction No access
1. 1. Art. 1 Scope No access
  2. Art. 2 Declaration concerning liability in case of death of, or personal injury to, passengers No access
  3. Art. 3 Definitions No access
  4. Art. 4 Derogations No access
  5. Art. 5 Mandatory law No access
2. 1. Art. 6 Contract of carriage No access
  2. Art. 7 Ticket No access
  3. Art. 8 Payment and refund of the carriage charge No access
  4. Art. 9 Right to be carried. Exclusion from carriage No access
  5. Art. 10 Completion of administrative formalities No access
  6. Art. 11 Cancellation and late running of trains. Missed connections No access
3. 1. 1. Art. 12 Acceptable articles and animals No access
    2. Art. 13 Examination No access
    3. Art. 14 Completion of administrative formalities No access
  2. 1. Art. 15 Supervision No access
  3. 1. Art. 16 Consignment of registered luggage No access
    2. Art. 17 Luggage registration voucher No access
    3. Art. 18 Registration and carriage No access
    4. Art. 19 Payment of charges for the carriage of registered luggage No access
    5. Art. 20 Marking of registered luggage No access
    6. Art. 21 Right to dispose of registered luggage No access
    7. Art. 22 Delivery No access
  4. 1. Art. 23 Conditions of carriage No access
    2. Art. 24 Carriage voucher No access
    3. Art. 25 Applicable law No access
4. 1. 1. Art. 26 Basis of liability No access
    2. Art. 27 Damages in case of death No access
    3. Art. 28 Damages in case of personal injury No access
    4. Art. 29 Compensation for other bodily harm No access
    5. Art. 30 Form and amount of damages in case of death and personal injury No access
    6. Art. 31 Other modes of transport No access
  2. 1. Art. 32 Liability in case of cancellation, late running of trains or missed connections No access
  3. 1. 1. Art. 33 Liability No access
      2. Art. 34 Limit of damages in case of loss of or damage to articles No access
      3. Art. 35 Exclusion of liability No access
    2. 1. Art. 36 Basis of liability No access
      2. Art. 37 Burden of proof No access
      3. Art. 38 Successive carriers No access
      4. Art. 39 Substitute carrier No access
      5. Art. 40 Presumption of loss No access
      6. Art. 41 Compensation for loss No access
      7. Art. 42 Compensation for damage No access
      8. Art. 43 Compensation for delay in delivery No access
    3. 1. Art. 44 Compensation for delay No access
      2. Art. 45 Compensation for loss No access
      3. Art. 46 Liability in respect of other articles No access
      4. Art. 47 Applicable law No access
  4. 1. Art. 48 Loss of right to invoke the limits of liability No access
    2. Art. 49 Conversion and interest No access
    3. Art. 50 Liability in case of nuclear incidents No access
    4. Art. 51 Persons for whom the carrier is liable No access
    5. Art. 52 Other actions No access
5. 1. Art. 53 Special principles of liability No access
6. 1. Art. 54 Ascertainment of partial loss or damage No access
  2. Art. 55 Claims No access
  3. Art. 56 Carriers against whom an action may be brought No access
  4. Art. 57 Forum No access
  5. Art. 58 Extinction of right of action in case of death or personal injury No access
  6. Art. 59 Extinction of right of action arising from carriage of luggage No access
  7. Art. 60 Limitation of actions No access
7. 1. Art. 61 Apportionment of the carriage charge No access
  2. Art. 62 Right of recourse No access
  3. Art. 63 Procedure for recourse No access
  4. Art. 64 Agreements concerning recourse No access
1. 1. Art. 1 Scope No access
  2. Art. 2 Prescriptions of public law No access
  3. Art. 3 Definitions No access
  4. Art. 4 Derogations No access
  5. Art. 5 Mandatory law No access
2. 1. Art. 6 Contract of carriage No access
  2. Art. 7 Wording of the consignment note No access
  3. Art. 8 Responsibility for particulars entered on the consignment note No access
  4. Art. 9 Dangerous goods No access
  5. Art. 10 Payment of costs No access
  6. Art. 11 Examination No access
  7. Art. 12 Evidential value of the consignment note No access
  8. Art. 13 Loading and unloading of the goods No access
  9. Art. 14 Packing No access
  10. Art. 15 Completion of administrative formalities No access
  11. Art. 16 Transit periods No access
  12. Art. 17 Delivery No access
  13. Art. 18 Right to dispose of the goods No access
  14. Art. 19 Exercise of the right to dispose of the goods No access
  15. Art. 20 Circumstances preventing carriage No access
  16. Art. 21 Circumstances preventing delivery No access
  17. Art. 22 Consequences of circumstances preventing carriage and delivery No access
3. 1. Art. 23 Basis of liability No access
  2. Art. 24 Liability in case of carriage of railway vehicles as goods No access
  3. Art. 25 Burden of proof No access
  4. Art. 26 Successive carriers No access
  5. Art. 27 Substitute carrier No access
  6. Art. 28 Presumption of loss or damage in case of reconsignment No access
  7. Art. 29 Presumption of loss of the goods No access
  8. Art. 30 Compensation for loss No access
  9. Art. 31 Liability for wastage in transit No access
  10. Art. 32 Compensation for damage No access
  11. Art. 33 Compensation for exceeding the transit period No access
  12. Art. 34 Compensation in case of declaration of value No access
  13. Art. 35 Compensation in case of interest in delivery No access
  14. Art. 36 Loss of right to invoke the limits of liability No access
  15. Art. 37 Conversion and interest No access
  16. Art. 38 Liability in respect of rail-sea traffic No access
  17. Art. 39 Liability in case of nuclear incidents No access
  18. Art. 40 Persons for whom the carrier is liable No access
  19. Art. 41 Other actions No access
4. 1. Art. 42 Ascertainment of partial loss or damage No access
  2. Art. 43 Claims No access
  3. Art. 44 Persons who may bring an action against the carrier No access
  4. Art. 45 Carriers against whom an action may be brought No access
  5. Art. 46 Forum No access
  6. Art. 47 Extinction of right of action No access
  7. Art. 48 Limitation of actions No access
5. 1. Art. 49 Settlement of accounts No access
  2. Art. 50 Right of recourse No access
  3. Art. 51 Procedure for recourse No access
  4. Art. 52 Agreements concerning recourse No access
1. Introduction No access
2. 1. Art. 1 Scope of Application No access
  2. Art. 2 Carriage Performed by State and Carriage of Postal Items No access
3. 1. Art. 3 Passengers and Baggage No access
  2. Art. 4 Cargo No access
  3. Art. 5 Contents of Air Waybill or Cargo Receipt No access
  4. Art. 6 Document Relating to the Nature of the Cargo No access
  5. Art. 7 Description of Air Waybill No access
  6. Art. 8 Documentation for Multiple Packages No access
  7. Art. 9 Non-compliance with Documentary Requirements No access
  8. Art. 10 Responsibility for Particulars of Documentation No access
  9. Art. 11 Evidentiary Value of Documentation No access
  10. Art. 12 Right of Disposition of Cargo No access
  11. Art. 13 Delivery of Cargo No access
  12. Art. 14 Enforcement of the Rights of Consignor and Consignee No access
  13. Art. 15 Relations of Consignor and Consignee or Mutual Relations of Third Parties No access
  14. Art. 16 Formalities of Customs, Police or Other Public Authorities No access
4. 1. Art. 17 Death and Injury of Passengers – Damage to Baggage No access
  2. Art. 18 Damage to Cargo No access
  3. Art. 19 Delay No access
  4. Art. 20 Exoneration No access
  5. Art. 21 Compensation in Case of Death or Injury of Passengers No access
  6. Art. 22 Limits of Liability in Relation to Delay, Baggage and Cargo No access
  7. Art. 23 Conversion of Monetary Units No access
  8. Art. 24 Review of Limits No access
  9. Art. 25 Stipulation on Limits No access
  10. Art. 26 Invalidity of Contractual Provisions No access
  11. Art. 27 Freedom to Contract No access
  12. Art. 28 Advance Payments No access
  13. Art. 29 Basis of Claims No access
  14. Art. 30 Servants, Agents – Aggregation of Claims No access
  15. Art. 31 Timely Notice of Complaints No access
  16. Art. 32 Death of Person Liable No access
  17. Art. 33 Jurisdiction No access
  18. Art. 34 Arbitration No access
  19. Art. 35 Limitation of Actions No access
  20. Art. 36 Successive Carriage No access
  21. Art. 37 Right of Recourse against Third Parties No access
5. 1. Art. 38 Combined Carriage No access
6. 1. Art. 39 Contracting Carrier – Actual Carrier No access
  2. Art. 40 Respective Liability of Contracting and Actual Carriers No access
  3. Art. 41 Mutual Liability No access
  4. Art. 42 Addressee of Complaints and Instructions No access
  5. Art. 43 Servants and Agents No access
  6. Art. 44 Aggregation of Damages No access
  7. Art. 45 Addressee of Claims No access
  8. Art. 46 Additional Jurisdiction No access
  9. Art. 47 Invalidity of Contractual Provisions No access
  10. Art. 48 Mutual Relations of Contracting and Actual Carriers No access
7. 1. Art. 49 Mandatory Application No access
  2. Art. 50 Insurance No access
  3. Art. 51 Carriage Performed in Extraordinary Circumstances No access
  4. Art. 52 Definition of Days No access
8. 1. Art. 53 Signature, Ratification and Entry into Force No access
  2. Art. 54 Denunciation No access
  3. Art. 55 Relationship with Other Warsaw Convention Instruments No access
  4. Art. 56 States with More than One System of Law No access
  5. Art. 57 Reservations No access
  6. Final clause No access
1. Introduction No access
2. 1. Art. 1 No access
  2. Art. 2 No access
3. 1. Art. 3 No access
  2. Art. 4 No access
  3. Art. 5 No access
4. 1. Art. 6 para. 1 No access
  2. Art. 6 para. 2 No access
  3. Art. 6 para. 3 No access
  4. Art. 7 para. 1 No access
  5. Art. 7 para. 2 No access
  6. Art. 8 No access
  7. Art. 9 No access
  8. Art. 10 No access
  9. Art. 11 No access
  10. Art. 12 No access
5. 1. Art. 13 No access
  2. Art. 14 No access
  3. Art. 15 No access
  4. Art. 16 No access
  5. Art. 17 No access
  6. Art. 17 para 1 No access
  7. Art. 17 para 2 No access
  8. Art. 17 para 3 No access
  9. Art. 17 para 4 No access
  10. Art. 18 No access
  11. Art. 19 No access
  12. Art. 20 No access
6. 1. Art. 21 No access
  2. Art. 22 No access
  3. Art. 23 No access
1. Introduction No access
2. Art. 1 Subject matter and scope No access
3. Art. 2 Definitions No access
4. Art. 3 Transactions between undertakings No access
5. Art. 4 Transactions between undertakings and public authorities No access
6. Art. 5 Payment schedules No access
7. Art. 6 Compensation for recovery costs No access
8. Art. 7 Unfair contractual terms and practices No access
9. Art. 8 Transparency and awareness raising No access
10. Art. 9 Retention of title No access
11. Art. 10 Recovery procedures for unchallenged claims No access
12. Art. 11 Report No access
13. Art. 12 Transposition No access
14. Art. 13 Repeal No access
15. Art. 14 Entry into force No access
16. Art. 15 Addressees No access
1. Introduction No access
2. 1. Art. 1 Definitions No access
  2. Art. 2 The international interest No access
  3. Art. 3 Sphere of application No access
  4. Art. 4 Where debtor is situated No access
  5. Art. 5 Interpretation and applicable law No access
  6. Art. 6 Relationship between the Convention and the Protocol No access
3. 1. Art. 7 Formal requirements No access
4. 1. Art. 8 Remedies of chargee No access
  2. Art. 9 Vesting of object in satisfaction; redemption No access
  3. Art. 10 Remedies of conditional seller or lessor No access
  4. Art. 11 Meaning of default No access
  5. Art. 12 Additional remedies No access
  6. Art. 13 Relief pending final determination No access
  7. Art. 14 Procedural requirements No access
  8. Art. 15 Derogation No access
5. 1. Art. 16 The International Registry No access
  2. Art. 17 The Supervisory Authority and the Registrar No access
6. 1. Art. 18 Registration requirements No access
  2. Art. 19 Validity and time of registration No access
  3. Art. 20 Consent to registration No access
  4. Art. 21 Duration of registration No access
  5. Art. 22 Searches No access
  6. Art. 23 List of declarations and declared non-consensual rights or interests No access
  7. Art. 24 Evidentiary value of certificates No access
  8. Art. 25 Discharge of registration No access
  9. Art. 26 Access to the international registration facilities No access
7. 1. Art. 27 Legal personality; immunity No access
8. 1. Art. 28 Liability and financial assurances No access
9. 1. Art. 29 Priority of competing interests No access
  2. Art. 30 Effects of insolvency No access
10. 1. Art. 31 Effects of assignment No access
  2. Art. 32 Formal requirements of assignment No access
  3. Art. 33 Debtor’s duty to assignee No access
  4. Art. 34 Default remedies in respect of assignment by way of security No access
  5. Art. 35 Priority of competing assignments No access
  6. Art. 36 Assignee’s priority with respect to associated rights No access
  7. Art. 37 Effects of assignor’s insolvency No access
  8. Art. 38 Subrogation No access
11. 1. Art. 39 Rights having priority without registration No access
  2. Art. 40 Registrable non-consensual rights or interests No access
12. 1. Art. 41 Sale and prospective sale No access
13. 1. Art. 42 Choice of forum No access
  2. Art. 43 Jurisdiction under Article 13 No access
  3. Art. 44 Jurisdiction to make orders against the Registrar No access
  4. Art. 45 Jurisdiction in respect of insolvency proceedings No access
14. 1. Article 45bis Relationship with the United Nations Convention on the Assignment of Receivables in International Trade No access
  2. Art. 46 Relationship with the Unidroit Convention on International Financial Leasing No access
15. 1. Art. 47 Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession No access
  2. Art. 48 Regional Economic Integration Organisations No access
  3. Art. 49 Entry into force No access
  4. Art. 50 Internal transactions No access
  5. Art. 51 Future Protocols No access
  6. Art. 52 Territorial units No access
  7. Art. 53 Determination of courts No access
  8. Art. 54 Declarations regarding remedies No access
  9. Art. 55 Declarations regarding relief pending final determination No access
  10. Art. 56 Reservations and declarations No access
  11. Art. 57 Subsequent declarations No access
  12. Art. 58 Withdrawal of declarations No access
  13. Art. 59 Denunciations No access
  14. Art. 60 Transitional provisions No access
  15. Art. 61 Review Conferences, amendments and related matters No access
  16. Art. 62 Depositary and its functions No access
1. Introduction No access
2. Art. 1 Application of UCP No access
3. Art. 2 Definitions No access
4. Art. 3 Interpretations No access
5. Art. 4 Credits v. Contracts No access
6. Art. 5 Documents v. Goods, Services or Performance No access
7. Art. 6 Availability, Expiry Date and Place for Presentation No access
8. Art. 7 Issuing Bank Undertaking No access
9. Art. 8 Confirming Bank Undertaking No access
10. Art. 9 Advising of Credits and Amendments No access
11. Art. 10 Amendments No access
12. Art. 11 Teletransmitted and Pre-Advised Credits and Amendments No access
13. Art. 12 Nomination No access
14. Art. 13 Bank-to-Bank Reimbursement Arrangements No access
15. Art. 14 Standard for Examination of Documents No access
16. Art. 15 Complying Presentation No access
17. Art. 16 Discrepant Documents, Waiver and Notice No access
18. Art. 17 Original Documents and Copies No access
19. Art. 18 Commercial Invoice No access
20. Art. 19 Transport Document Covering at Least Two Different Modes of Transport No access
21. Art. 20 Bill of Lading No access
22. Art. 21 Non-Negotiable Sea Waybill No access
23. Art. 22 Charter Party Bill of Lading No access
24. Art. 23 Air Transport Document No access
25. Art. 24 Road, Rail or Inland Waterway Transport Documents No access
26. Art. 25 Courier Receipt, Post Receipt or Certificate of Posting No access
27. Art. 26 On Deck, Shipper's Load and Count, Said by Shipper to Contain and Charges Additional to Freight No access
28. Art. 27 Clean Transport Document No access
29. Art. 28 Insurance Document and Coverage No access
30. Art. 29 Expiry Date No access
31. Art. 30 Tolerance in Credit Amount, Quantity and Unit Prices No access
32. Art. 31 Partial Drawings or Shipments No access
33. Art. 32 Instalment Drawings or Shipments No access
34. Art. 33 Hours of Presentation No access
35. Art. 34 Disclaimer on Effectiveness of Documents No access
36. Art. 35 Disclaimer on Transmission and Translation No access
37. Art. 36 Force Majeure No access
38. Art. 37 Disclaimer for Acts of an Instructed Party No access
39. Art. 38 Transferable Credits No access
40. Art. 39 Assignment of Proceeds No access
Index No access Pages 1773 - 1802