Data Access and Portability

Dr. Yannic Duller LL.M.

doi:10.5771/9783748962533

Summary

The EU increasingly relies on data access and portability rights as key regulatory tools to address structural power imbalances in the digital economy. However, these rights are scattered across various legal instruments and differ significantly in their form and function, making the legal landscape difficult to navigate. This book offers a structured analysis of existing rights and proposes a three-part typology that highlights the underlying legal principles and market failures each category is designed to address. It provides readers with a clear and well-founded framework for understanding, interpreting, and further developing EU data law.

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2025
ISBN-Print: 978-3-7560-3319-5
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-6253-3
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Recht und Digitalisierung | Digitization and the Law
Volume: 23
Language: English
Pages: 378
Product type: Book Titles

1. Foreword No access
2. Abstract No access
1. 1.1 Trajectory and research questions No access
2. 1.2 Methodology No access
1. 1. 1. 2.1.1.1 Data as information No access
    2. 2.1.1.2 Data as patterns without meaning No access
    3. 2.1.1.3 Data as representation of information No access
  2. 2.1.2 Data in the digital economy No access
  3. 2.1.3 The concept of data used in the context of this analysis No access
2. 1. 2.2.1 Information as transfer of knowledge No access
  2. 2.2.2 Information as reduced uncertainty No access
  3. 2.2.3 Semiotics No access
  4. 1. 2.2.4.1 Syntactic layer No access
    2. 2.2.4.2 Semantic layer No access
    3. 2.2.4.3 Pragmatic layer No access
  5. 2.2.5 Physical manifestation of information No access
  6. 2.2.6 The concept of information used in the context of this analysis No access
3. 2.3 Reconciling the notion of data and information No access
4. 2.4 The informational purpose of data No access
5. 1. 1. 1. 2.5.1.1.1 ‘Any information’ may be personal data No access
      2. 2.5.1.1.2 The relationship between the information and a natural person No access
      3. 2.5.1.1.3 ‘Natural persons’ as data subjects No access
      4. 2.5.1.1.4 An ‘identified or identifiable’ data subject No access
    2. 2.5.1.2 Pseudonymised data No access
    3. 2.5.1.3 Sensitive data No access
    4. 2.5.1.4 Non-Personal Data No access
    5. 2.5.1.5 Mixed datasets No access
  2. 1. 1. 2.5.2.1.1 Provided data No access
      2. 2.5.2.1.2 Observed Data No access
    2. 2.5.2.2 Machine-generated data No access
    3. 2.5.2.3 Aggregated, derived and inferred data No access
  3. 2.5.3 Co-generated data No access
6. 1. 2.6.1 The non-rivalrous nature of data No access
  2. 2.6.2 (Non-)exclusivity of data No access
1. 1. 1. 3.1.1.1 Data leverage on vertically integrated platforms No access
    2. 3.1.1.2 Impediment of multi-homing No access
2. 1. 3.2.1 Inefficient use of data No access
  2. 3.2.2 Data as an essential resource No access
  3. 3.2.3 Unfair distribution of co-generated data No access
  4. 3.2.4 Lock-in effects No access
3. 3.3 From data ownership to data access No access
4. 1. 3.4.1 Mere information duties No access
  2. 3.4.2 Information duties facilitating data rights No access
1. 1. 4.1.1 Relation between Article 102 TFEU and national competition law No access
  2. 1. 4.1.2.1 Collective dominance No access
  3. 1. 4.1.3.1 Demand substitution No access
    2. 4.1.3.2 Supply substitution No access
  4. 4.1.4 Abuse No access
2. 1. 1. 4.2.1.1 Defining two relevant markets No access
    2. 4.2.1.2 Indispensability No access
    3. 4.2.1.3 Excluding competition in the secondary market No access
    4. 4.2.1.4 New product rule No access
    5. 4.2.1.5 No objective justification No access
  2. 4.2.2 Flexibility of the exceptional circumstances test No access
3. 1. 1. 4.3.1.1 Data as tradable commodity on the market No access
    2. 1. 4.3.1.2.1 Hypothetical single source data market No access
      2. 4.3.1.2.2 Hypothetical big data market No access
  2. 4.3.2 Dominance in the data market No access
  3. 1. 4.3.3.1 Data-dependent secondary market No access
    2. 4.3.3.2 Indispensability of single source data No access
    3. 4.3.3.3 Indispensability of big data No access
    4. 4.3.3.4 Effects of the right to data portability on the indispensability test No access
    5. 4.3.3.5 Constructive refusals to provide access No access
  4. 4.3.4 Excluding competition on the data-dependent secondary market No access
  5. 4.3.5 A new product required? No access
  6. 1. 4.3.6.1 Legal basis for transferring the data to the requested undertaking No access
    2. 4.3.6.2 Legal basis for the processing by the requesting undertaking (data recipient) No access
  7. 4.3.7 Compulsory access to essential data as an ex-post remedy No access
4. 4.4 Summary No access
1. 1. 5.1.1 Data processed by automated means No access
  2. 5.1.2 Data concerning the data subject No access
  3. 5.1.3 Data being processed based on consent or contract No access
  4. 5.1.4 Personal data ‘provided’ by the data subject No access
  5. 5.1.5 Not adversely affect the rights and freedoms of others No access
2. 5.2 Indirect portability: retrieve and transmit No access
3. 5.3 Direct portability (where technically feasible) No access
4. 5.4 Structured, commonly used and machine-readable format No access
5. 5.5 Relationship to Article 15(3) GDPR No access
6. 1. 5.6.1 One-time supply only No access
  2. 5.6.2 No duty to import No access
  3. 5.6.3 Benefiting large data holders No access
7. 5.7 Summary No access
1. 6.1 Asymmetric, entity regulation No access
2. 6.2 Gatekeepers and core platform services No access
3. 1. 6.3.1 Objectives No access
  2. 6.3.2 Rightsholders No access
  3. 6.3.3 Modalities No access
  4. 6.3.4 Data covered by Article 6(8) DMA No access
4. 1. 6.4.1 Objectives No access
  2. 6.4.2 Rightsholder and addressee No access
  3. 6.4.3 Modalities No access
  4. 1. 6.4.4.1 Personal and non-personal data No access
    2. 6.4.4.2 Observed, derived and inferred data No access
  5. 1. 6.4.5.1 A new data right No access
    2. 6.4.5.2 Practical implications? No access
5. 1. 6.5.1 Objectives No access
  2. 6.5.2 Rightsholder No access
  3. 6.5.3 Modalities No access
  4. 1. 6.5.4.1 Data provided or generated by the business user No access
    2. 6.5.4.2 Personal data of end users No access
  5. 6.5.5 Relation to the Platform2Business Regulation No access
6. 1. 6.6.1 Objective and rationale No access
  2. 6.6.2 Relation to competition law No access
  3. 6.6.3 Addressee: gatekeeper offering search engine services No access
  4. 6.6.4 Rightsholder No access
  5. 6.6.5 Data covered by Article 6(11) DMA No access
  6. 1. 6.6.6.1 The Huawei/ZTE judgment No access
    2. 6.6.6.2 Fair No access
    3. 6.6.6.3 Reasonable No access
    4. 6.6.6.4 Non-discriminatory No access
7. 6.7 Summary No access
1. 7.1 Product and related services No access
2. 7.2 User, data holder and data recipient No access
3. 1. 7.3.1 Access based on the concept of co-generated data No access
  2. 7.3.2 Recognising/strengthening the de facto control of manufacturers? No access
4. 7.4 Overview of the contractual aspects of the DA No access
5. 1. 1. 7.5.1.1 Exclusion of inferred and derived data No access
    2. 7.5.1.2 ‘Readily available data’ only No access
  2. 7.5.2 Data format and quality No access
  3. 7.5.3 Access conditions No access
  4. 7.5.4 In situ access or full control? No access
  5. 1. 7.5.5.1 Protection of trade secrets No access
    2. 7.5.5.2 Not develop competing products No access
  6. 1. 7.5.6.1 Contract for the use of non-personal data No access
    2. 7.5.6.2 Not make data available to third parties No access
6. 1. 7.6.1 Usage limitations of the third-party recipient No access
  2. 1. 7.6.2.1 The FRAND concept of the Data Act No access
    2. 7.6.2.2 Transfer without contract No access
7. 7.7 Waiving the access right No access
8. 7.8 The ‘Robin Hood approach’ No access
9. 1. 7.9.1 Scope of application No access
  2. 7.9.2 Rationale for the unfairness control No access
  3. 7.9.3 Relationship to the Unfair Terms Directive No access
  4. 7.9.4 Unilaterally imposed terms No access
  5. 7.9.5 General clause No access
  6. 7.9.6 Black and grey list No access
10. 7.10 Data protection of third parties No access
11. 1. 7.11.1 Relationship between Articles 3 and 4 DA No access
  2. 7.11.2 Relationship between Articles 4 and 5 DA No access
12. 7.12 Summary No access
1. 8.1 Scope of Application No access
2. 8.2 Objective: facilitating provider switching No access
3. 8.3 Legal nature: contractual right to port data No access
4. 1. 8.4.1 Covered data: exportable data and digital assets No access
  2. 8.4.2 Switching charges No access
  3. 8.4.3 One-off supply and ongoing data transfers No access
  4. 8.4.4 Technical feasibility No access
5. 8.5 Relationship to the DMA and Chapter II of the DA No access
6. 8.6 Summary No access
1. 1. 9.1.1 The XS2A rule No access
  2. 9.1.2 Regulatory objective: facilitating the uptake of payment services No access
  3. 9.1.3 The regulatory technical standards (RTS) for common and secure communication No access
  4. 9.1.4 Access based on non-discriminatory terms (and for remuneration?) No access
2. 1. 9.2.1 Regulatory objective: liberating the metering market No access
  2. 9.2.2 Customer access and portability No access
  3. 9.2.3 Charges for eligible third parties and access modalities No access
3. 1. 9.3.1 Regulatory objective: preventing market failure in the aftermarket No access
  2. 9.3.2 RAND-based fees for access No access
  3. 9.3.3 Time-based subscriptions for data access No access
4. 1. 9.4.1 Access to testing data No access
  2. 9.4.2 Dispute resolution mechanism No access
1. 1. 1. 10.1.1.1 Contribution to the generation of data No access
    2. 10.1.1.2 Two-person relationship No access
    3. 10.1.1.3 Justification: co-generation plus legitimate interest of the rightsholder No access
    4. 10.1.1.4 Modalities: free of charge and full control No access
  2. 1. 10.1.2.1 Justification: public interest No access
    2. 10.1.2.2 Two-person relationship No access
    3. 10.1.2.3 Modalities: access based on FRAND conditions No access
  3. 1. 10.1.3.1 Three-person relationship No access
    2. 10.1.3.2 Justification: individual interests of the rightsholder and public interests No access
    3. 10.1.3.3 Modalities: two types of legal relationships No access
2. 1. 10.2.1 First scenario: complementary products and services No access
  2. 10.2.2 Second scenario: changing provider No access
  3. 10.2.3 Third scenario: internal purposes of the co-generator No access
  4. 10.2.4 Fourth scenario: third party access No access
3. 1. 10.3.1 Regulatory silos No access
  2. 10.3.2 Pillars of EU data law No access
1. 11.1 The Essential Facility Doctrine No access
2. 11.2 The RtDP of data subjects (Article 20 GDPR) No access
3. 11.3 Access right of advertisers and publishers (Article 6(8) DMA) No access
4. 11.4 Portability right of end users of core platform services (Article 6(9) DMA) No access
5. 11.5 Access right of business users of core platform services (Article 6(10) DMA) No access
6. 11.6 Access right of search engine providers (Article 6(11) DMA) No access
7. 11.7 Access and portability rights of IoT product users (Articles 4 and 5 DA) No access
8. 11.8 Portability right of cloud customers (Article 25 DA) No access
9. 11.9 Categories of access and portability rights No access
List of References No access Pages 361 - 378