Open Justice: The Role of Courts in a Democratic Society

Burkhard Hess; Ana Koprivica Harvey

doi:10.5771/9783845297620

Summary

Das Open Justice-Konzept ist weithin als Bestandteil der Rechtsstaatlichkeit anerkannt und ist für das Funktionieren demokratischer Gesellschaften unerlässlich. Grundlegend für die Norm ist die Einbeziehung der Öffentlichkeit bei gerichtlichen Verfahren. Im Zeitalter der Informationstechnologie, digitaler Medien und der Transformation dessen, was als Öffentlichkeit definiert werden kann, stellt sich die Frage nach der Offenheit neu:

Welche Rolle spielen Gerichte angesichts der zunehmenden Privatisierung von Rechtsprechung? Wie ist das Spannungsverhältnis von Offenheit und populistischer Bewegungen zu bewerten, die die Unabhängigkeit der Justiz zu untergraben drohen? Die Autorinnen und Autoren bieten neue Ansätze für Open Justice in Zeiten des Wandels.

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Bibliographic data

Edition: 1/2019
Copyright Year: 2019
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-5585-1
ISBN-Online: 978-3-8452-9762-0
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Studies of the Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for International, European and Regulatory Procedural Law
Volume: 13
Language: English
Pages: 316
Product Type: Edited Book

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages 1 - 8
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1. 1. Introduction No access
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  1. 2.1. The Terminology No access
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  2. 2.2. Constitutional Guarantees No access
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  3. 2.3. Various Aspects of Open Justice No access
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  1. 3.1. Technological Developments No access
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    1. 3.2.1. ‘Internal’ Privatisation No access
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    2. 3.3.2. ‘External’ Privatisation No access
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    3. 3.2.3. A Two-Way Street: The ‘Public’ and the ‘Private’ Intertwined No access
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  3. 3.3. Political Challenges No access
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    1. 4.1.1. National Courts No access
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    2. 4.1.2. International Courts and Tribunals No access
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  2. 4.2. Digital Justice: Video-conferencing and ‘Online Courts’ No access
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  3. 4.3. Visibility of Courts: Communicating Justice to the Public No access
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5. 5. Concluding Remarks No access
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1. 1. Introduction No access
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2. 2. Background No access
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3. 3. Meaning and Scope of the Right to a Public Hearing No access
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4. 4. No Absolute Nature of the Right to a Public Hearing No access
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5. 5. TV in the Courtroom No access
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6. 6. Public Hearings before the Court of Justice No access
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7. 7. Concluding Remarks No access
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  1. 1.1 The Influence of the Principle of Public Access to Hearings No access
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  2. 1.2 The new Implications of the Principle of Public Access to Hearings in the Information Age No access
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  3. 1.3 Conflict between the Principle of Public Access to Hearings and other Fundamental Rights No access
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  4. 1.4 Acuteness of the Question No access
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  5. 1.5 Counterproductive Effects of Open Access No access
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  6. 1.6 Against an outdated Interpretation of Publicity No access
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  7. 1.7 Seeking a balanced Solution No access
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  8. 1.8 Plan No access
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  1. 2.1 The Use of Technology within Proceedings profoundly modifies them. No access
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  2. 2.2 Purely and simply dispensing with Hearings? No access
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  3. 2.3 A New Form of Hearing or the End of the Traditional Judicial Ritual? No access
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  4. 2.4 The Preservation of an Oral Hearing within a New Judicial Ritual No access
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  5. 2.5 Recording Hearings No access
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    1. 3.1.1 Aspects of the principle of publicity No access
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    2. 3.1.2 The renewed conception of the ‘public aspect’ of the principle of publicity No access
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    3. 3.1.3 Competing conceptions of publicity: from the principle of ‘physical courtroom’ public access to the principle of ‘electronic worldwide’ public access to hearings No access
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    4. 3.1.4 The modern courtroom, a new panopticon? No access
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    5. 3.1.5 Examples No access
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    1. 3.2.1 Questions raised by the figure of the panopticon No access
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    2. 3.2.2 Publicity as a threat No access
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    3. 3.2.3 Competing conceptions of privacy: modern redefinition of the right to privacy No access
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    4. 3.2.4 The new nuisance potential of the principle of open justice in the information technology age No access
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    5. 3.2.5 A risk of diverting the traditional functions of publicity No access
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      1. 4.1.1.1 The variety of approaches of the systems with a prohibition No access
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      2. 4.1.1.2 Exceptional authorisation for educational purposes No access
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      3. 4.1.1.3 Exceptional authorisation to film a case No access
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    2. 4.1.2 Systems with a principle of presumption of authorisation No access
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    1. 4.2.1 The necessity for a common framework where the recording is institutional No access
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    2. 4.2.2 Institutional duty to protect the parties' rights No access
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    3. 4.2.3 Guidelines for recording by media outlets or private individuals No access
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    4. 4.2.4 Example of the balance to be struck between trade secrets and open justice No access
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    5. 4.2.5 Proportionality test No access
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    6. 4.2.6 The requirement to give reasons No access
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5. 5. Conclusion: a Right in Light and Shade No access
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1. 1. Introduction No access
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  1. 2.1. Video Conferences and Video Interrogations of Witnesses and Experts No access
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  2. 2.2. Video and Audio Recordings of the Hearing for the Internal Use of the Parties and the Court No access
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  3. 2.3. The Use of Electronic Devices in the Audience No access
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  4. 2.4. Privileged Entrance for Members of the Media to the Courtroom No access
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  1. 3.1. Live Recordings of Public Hearings on Television or on the Internet No access
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  2. 3.2. Official Websites of the Judicial Branch in the Internet No access
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4. 4. Summary No access
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Public Hearings in Civil Proceedings: From the Perspective of a Luxembourgish Judge No access Pages 97 - 102
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1. 1. Introduction No access
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    1. 2.1.1. Contemporary stand on the spirit and purpose of the guarantee of the principle of publicity No access
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    2. 2.1.2. The open court principle in German legal philosophy of the Enlightenment No access
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    3. 2.1.3. Inherent limitations to the principle of publicity in light of the role of the media as a justice reporter No access
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  2. 2.2. Special Features in the Context of Criminal Proceedings No access
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3. 3. Violation of the Principle of Publicity by the Introduction of ‘Negotiated Agreement’ (‘Deal’) in Germany’s Criminal Procedural Act No access
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4. 4. Final Summary No access
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The Dilemma of Open Justice in the Present Political, Social and Cultural Climate No access Pages 117 - 124
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1. 1. Introduction No access
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2. 2. The Judiciary’s Duty to Secure Open Justice No access
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  1. 3.1. Governance No access
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  2. 3.2. Policy No access
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  3. 3.3. Reform No access
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4. 4. Conclusion No access
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1. 1. Constitutional Jurisdiction on the National, International and Supranational Levels – Overcoming the Counter-Majoritarian Difficulty No access
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  1. 2.1. Institutional and Operational Legitimacy: Synthesising Transparency and Effectiveness No access
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  2. 2.2. Democratic Legitimacy v Effectiveness (Independence, Impartiality and Professionalism) of Constitutional Courts No access
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  3. 2.3. Indirect Accountability of Constitutional Court Judges – The Role of Separate Opinions No access
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  4. 2.4. Contextual Question with Regard to Transparency of Selection of Judges No access
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    1. 3.1.1. Few Constitutional Precepts and Statutory Rules No access
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    2. 3.1.2. Life Tenure and Individualised Opinions No access
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    3. 3.1.3. Appointment Authority Shared by President and Senate – Informal Involvement of American Bar Association No access
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    4. 3.1.4. Simple or Qualified Majority in the Senate? No access
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    1. 3.2.1. Few Constitutional Precepts No access
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    2. 3.2.2. Detailed Provisions in the Federal Constitutional Court Act No access
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    3. 3.2.3. Election Process in the Federal Diet No access
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    4. 3.2.4. Effectiveness of the Appointment Process – Calls for More Transparency No access
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    1. 3.3.1. Criteria for Office and Functions of Judges and Advocates-General No access
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    2. 3.3.2. Appointment Procedure No access
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    3. 3.3.3. Involvement of Expert Panel since 2009 (Article 255 TFEU) No access
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    4. 3.3.4. Preselection Process in Germany: Finding Suitable Nominees No access
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    5. 3.3.5. Need for Reform of an Appointment Procedure Conflicting with Independence No access
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    6. 3.3.6. Reducing the Over-Federalisation and Increasing the Parliamentarisation of the Appointment Process No access
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    1. 3.4.1. Term of Office Made Non-Renewable Only in 2010 No access
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    2. 3.4.2. Election by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) No access
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    3. 3.4.3. Criteria for Office No access
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    4. 3.4.4. European Precepts for National Nomination Processes No access
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    5. 3.4.5. Newly Established Bodies: Committee on the Election of Judges and Advisory Panel of Experts No access
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    6. 3.4.6. Necessity to Increase Transparency Further No access
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  1. 4.1. Transparency in the Context of Democratic Legitimacy and Effectiveness (Meritocracy) No access
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  2. 4.2. Transparency in the Context of Effectiveness, Supermajority Requirements and Subsidiary Appointment Mechanisms No access
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  3. 4.3. Transparency in the Context of Terms of Office, Independence and Separate Opinions No access
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  4. 4.4. Answer to the Contextual Question with Regard to Transparency of Selection of Judges No access
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1. 1. Unpacking the Terms, Concepts, and Technologies No access
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2. 2. Repeat Players, Asymmetries, Aspirations for Publicity, and the Risks of a Predatory Public No access
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3. 3. The Demand Curve, Doctrinal Openness, Functional Privatization, and the Cost of Courts No access
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4. 4. Reconfiguring Processes – From ADR to ODR No access
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5. 5. Outsourcing No access
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6. 6. #MeToo, Aggregation, and the Pulls and Pushes of Publicity No access
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1. 1. Introduction No access
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2. 2. Court Funding No access
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3. 3. Privatising Legal Aid No access
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4. 4. The promotion of ADR No access
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5. 5. Conclusion – Drawing the Strands Together No access
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1. 1. Introduction No access
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  1. 2.1. Public Broadcasting No access
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  2. 2.2. Press Rooms No access
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  3. 2.3. Archiving No access
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3. 3. Conclusion No access
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1. 1. Yes, we can. But should we? No access
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2. 2. Web-stream, podcast, and broadcasting the courtroom on TV No access
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3. 3. Courts and the press (never the twain shall meet?) No access
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4. 4. Selection, interviews, and public hearings No access
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5. 5. Online justice, private justice, corporate justice No access
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6. 6. Data protection, anonymity, and open courts? No access
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About the Authors No access Pages 303 - 310
Index No access Pages 311 - 316