The Mixed Arbitral Tribunals, 1919–1939

Prof. Dr. Hélène Ruiz Fabri; Dr. Michel Erpelding

doi:10.5771/9783748939719

Summary

The creation of 39 Mixed Arbitral Tribunals (‘MATs’) was a major contribution of the post-World War I peace treaties to the development of international adjudication. With over 90 000 claims handled, the MATs were the busiest international courts of the interwar period. Moreover, in a departure from most other international courts and tribunals at that time, they allowed individuals to file claims against sovereign states before them. After 1945, they inspired the creators of the European Court of Justice before disappearing into quasi-oblivion. Relying on legal and historical research, including new archival findings, this volume is specifically dedicated to these pioneering institutions.

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2023
Publication date: 03.04.2023
ISBN-Print: 978-3-7560-0475-1
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-3971-9
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Studies of the Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for International, European and Regulatory Procedural Law
Volume: 25
Language: English
Pages: 581
Product type: Edited Book

Titelei/InhaltsverzeichnisPages 1 - 8 Download chapter (PDF)
Introduction: International Adjudication and the Legacy of the Mixed Arbitral TribunalsPages 9 - 26 Michel Erpelding, Hélène Ruiz Fabri Download chapter (PDF)
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1. 1. 1. Introduction
  2. 1. 2.1. International Law in the So-called ‘Civilised’ World
    2. 2.2. International Law in the So-called ‘Uncivilised’ World
  3. 3. The Establishment of the MATs: Grounded in History?
  4. 4. Developments in Parallel With and After the MATs
  5. 5. International Commercial Courts: Successors to All That Came Before?
  6. 6. Conclusion: There and Back Again?
2. 1. Introduction
  2. 1. 1. 1.1.1. The Phantom of the Capitulations
      2. 1.1.2. The Revival of the Capitulations at Sèvres
    2. 1. 1.2.1. The Ottoman Mixed Courts
      2. 1.2.2. The Similar Civilisational Narratives
      3. 1.2.3. Shifting the Balance of Power and the Historical Legacy at Lausanne
  3. 1. 1. 2.1.1. Territorial and Subject-matter Jurisdictions
      2. 2.1.2. Personal Jurisdiction
    2. 1. 2.2.1. General Provisions
      2. 2.2.2. Procedure
  4. 3. Conclusion
3. 1. 1. Introduction
  2. 2. Historical Background and Context of the MCCs
  3. 3. The Legitimacy of the MCCs and the Ex-gratia Clauses
  4. 4. Legal Position of Individual Claimants in the MCCs and MATs
  5. 1. 5.1 Procedural Legacy
    2. 5.2 Substantive Legacy
  6. 6. Conclusion
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1. 1. 1. Premises – War, Nationality, and Property, 1914–1918
  2. 2. Reversing and Justifying Colonisation Schemes, Sequestrations, and other War Measures. Making Claims While Setting the Stage for the Mixed Arbitral Tribunals
  3. 3. Who can Claim ‘réparations des intérêts privés’? Questions of Standing and Nationality before the Polish-German and Romano-Austrian Mixed Arbitral Tribunals
  4. 4. Reading the ‘Spirit of the Text’. Claiming and Disputing (‘Virtual’) Nationality before the Franco-German Mixed Arbitral Tribunal
  5. 5. Conclusion
2. 1. 1. MATs’ Case Law on the Nationality of Legal Persons in its Historical Context
  2. 1. 2.1. Domestic Legal Personality as a Necessary Condition for Nationality
    2. 2.2. Corporate Nationality and State Succession
  3. 1. 3.1. Methodological Ambiguity
    2. 3.2. Siège social and Incorporation
    3. 1. 3.3.1. Control of Companies in Domestic Law and Peace Treaties
      2. 3.3.2. The Theory of Control in the Case Law of the French-German MAT
      3. 3.3.3. The Rejection of Control as a General Criterion of Corporate Nationality
  4. 4. The Unstable Interplay between Corporate Nationality and Shareholders’ Rights
  5. 5. Taking Stock: The Legacy of MATs’ Case Law on the Nationality of Legal Persons
3. 1. 1. Whose ‘Grandmother is Dead’?
  2. 1. 2.1 General Observations
    2. 2.2 Nationality and Citizenship in the Partition of Upper Silesia
  3. 1. 3.1 The 1923 Acquisition of Polish Nationality Advisory Opinion
    2. 3.2 The 1924 Vienna Arbitral Award
  4. 1. 4.1 The Right to a Nationality
    2. 4.2 The Right of Residence and the Protection Against Expulsion
    3. 4.3 The Prohibition of Discrimination
    4. 4.4 The Protection of Dual-Nationals and Stateless Persons
    5. 4.5 The Indirect Relevance of Citizenship Through the Protection of Minorities
  5. 5. Conclusion
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1. 1. 1. Du goût de l’arbitrage : la tradition familiale
  2. 2. La construction d’une renommée professionnelle avant la Grande guerre
  3. 1. 3.1. Le Comité pour la sauvegarde du droit des gens
    2. 3.2. Paul Moriaud et la promotion de la Société des Nations
    3. 3.3. Les liens avec la Belgique et l’accès à la présidence du Tribunal mixte germano-belge
2. 1. 1. 1.1 The Critical Matter of Neutrality
    2. 1.2 The choice of places for MATs was another stumbling block
  2. 1. 2.1 Harmonising Rules and Case Law was Essential
    2. 2.2 Diplomatic Hurdles
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1. 1. 1. Introduction: ‘Un grand procès international’
  2. 2. The Facts and Background of the Case: the Belgian Deportations, 1916–18
  3. 3. The Written Phase: Reparation of Wartime Injuries as an Individual Right?
  4. 4. The Hearing: Addressing the ‘Conscience of Europe’
  5. 5. The Verdict: a German Victory?
  6. 6. Conclusion: Changes and Continuities
2. 1. 1. Introduction
  2. 1. 2.1. The Jurisdiction of Romanian-Hungarian MAT
    2. 2.2. The Role of the Council
  3. 3. Conclusions
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1. 1. 1. 1.1. The Form(s) of Conclusion of Treaties
    2. 1.2. The Obligation not to Defeat the Object and Purpose of a Treaty Prior to its Entry into Force
  2. 1. 1. 2.1.1. Internal Law and Observance of Treaties
      2. 2.1.2. Third States and Observance of Treaties
    2. 1. 2.2.1. The Spatial Dimension of the Scope of Treaties
      2. 2.2.2. The Temporal Dimension of the Scope of Treaties
    3. 1. 2.3.1. The Rules of Interpretation
      2. 2.3.2. Interpretation of Treaties Authenticated in a Plurality of Languages
  3. 3. The Demise of Treaties: Grounds for Termination and Consequences
  4. 4. Concluding Remarks
2. 1. 1. 2. Use of MAT Decisions in Existing Investment Treaty Cases
    2. 1. 2.1.1. Res Judicata
      2. 2.1.2. Lis Pendens
      3. 2.1.3. Provisional Measures
      4. 2.1.4. Jurisdiction by Estoppel
      5. 2.1.5. Continuous Nationality
    3. 1. 2.2.1. Dual Nationality
      2. 2.2.2. Jurisdiction by Estoppel
      3. 2.2.3. Treaty Interpretation
      4. 2.2.4. Revision of Judgments
      5. 2.2.5. Oral Agreements in International Law
      6. 2.2.6. Forum Selection Clauses
      7. 2.2.7. Temporal Jurisdiction
  2. 3. Constraints on Relevance of MAT Decisions for Investment Treaty Arbitration
  3. 1. 1. 4.1.1. Forum-Shopping by Corporate and Individual Claimants
      2. 4.1.2. Reflective Loss and Shareholder Claims
      3. 4.1.3. Revision of Judgments
      4. 4.1.4. Provisional Measures
      5. 4.1.5. Prescription of Claims
      6. 4.1.6. Burden of Proof
      7. 4.1.7. Fork-in-the-Road Clauses
      8. 4.1.8. Local Litigation Clauses
      9. 4.1.9. Statehood and Territory: Incidental Jurisdiction
      10. 4.1.10. Treaty Interpretation: Third-Party Treaties
    2. 1. 4.2.1. Full Protection and Security
      2. 4.2.2. Damages and Valuation
    3. 1. 4.3.1. Domestic Law in International Adjudication
      2. 4.3.2. Deference to Host States: ‘Essential Security’ and ‘General Interest’
      3. 4.3.3. Dissenting Opinions in International Adjudication
      4. 4.3.4. Individual Rights in International Law
  4. 5. Conclusion
3. 1. 1. Introduction
  2. 2. Background
  3. 3. The Elisabeth Schmidt Case
  4. 4. The 1930 Paris Agreements
  5. 5. The Pajzs, Csáky and Esterházy Cases Before the MAT
  6. 6. The Pajzs, Csáky and Esterházy Cases Before the PCIJ
  7. 7. The Nature of the Court’s Appeals Jurisdiction
  8. 8. Conclusion: Тhe Relevance of the Appeals Procedure Against the MAT Awards for the Current Debate on the Appeals Mechanism Against Investment Arbitration Awards
4. 1. 1. The Law of Air Warfare Before World War I
  2. 2. World War I and the Law of Air Warfare
  3. 3. Air Warfare and the Paris Peace Conference
  4. 1. Conclusion: Good Intentions but Bad Result?
Concluding RemarksPages 525 - 528 Burkard Hess Download chapter (PDF)
Michel Erpelding, Jakob Zollmann Download chapter (PDF)
1. 1. Avoiding Mixed Arbitral Tribunals Altogether, 1920/21
2. 2. Setting Deadlines for Making MAT-Claims
3. 3. Phasing Out the Mixed Arbitral Tribunals
4. 4. Advocating and Resisting the Establishment of Permanent MATs
5. 5. Liquidating the Last MATs
6. 6. Discarding the MATs
Michel Erpelding Download chapter (PDF)
1. 1. Anglo-Austrian MAT [1922–31]
2. 2. Anglo-Bulgarian MAT [1921–27]
3. 3. Anglo-German MAT [1920–32]
4. 4. Anglo-Hungarian MAT [1921–35]
5. 5. Anglo-Turkish MAT [1926–32]
6. 6. Belgian-Austrian MAT [1921–31]
7. 7. Belgian-Bulgarian MAT [1921–30]
8. 8. Belgian-German MAT [1920–32]
9. 9. Belgian-Hungarian MAT [1922–33]
10. 10. Belgian-Turkish MAT [1926–33]
11. 11. Czechoslovakian-German MAT [1921-?]
12. 12. Czechoslovakian-Hungarian MAT [1922–39/42]
13. 13. French-Austrian MAT [1921–24?]
14. 14. French-Bulgarian MAT [1920-?]
15. 15. French-German MAT [1920-37?]
16. 16. French-Hungarian MAT [1922-?]
17. 17. French-Turkish MAT [1925-38]
18. 18. Greek-Austrian MAT [1921-?]
19. 19. Greek-Bulgarian MAT
20. 20. Greek-German MAT [1920-?]
21. 21. Greek-Hungarian MAT [1922-?]
22. 22. Greek-Turkish MAT [1926-36]
23. 23. Italian-Austrian MAT [1922-32]
24. 24. Italian-Bulgarian MAT [1922-30?]
25. 25. Italian-German MAT [1921-30]
26. 26. Italian-Hungarian MAT [1924-?]
27. 27. Italian-Turkish MAT [1926–30]
28. 28. Japanese-Austrian MAT [1921-?]
29. 29. Japanese-German MAT [1920–25]
30. 30. Polish-German MAT [1921–32]
31. 31. Romanian-Austrian MAT [1924–1936]
32. 32. Romanian-German MAT [1922–32?]
33. 33. Romanian-Hungarian MAT [1922–39/46]
34. 34. Romanian-Turkish MAT [1926–29]
35. 35. Siamese-German MAT [1920–26]
36. 36. Yugoslavian-Austrian MAT [1921–38]
37. 37. Yugoslavian-Bulgarian MAT
38. 38. Yugoslavian-German MAT [1921–39]
39. 39. Yugoslav-Hungarian MAT [1924–39/46]

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