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Crimes of Business in International Law

Concepts of Individual and Corporate Responsibility for the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
Authors:
Publisher:
 2015

Summary

Preventing contributions to serious human rights violations in the course of business activity is a matter of prime importance to the international community. With a view to business actors providing infrastructure, funding or other means for the commission of crimes, this study presents concepts for assessing their individual responsibility under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. To this end, the author expands upon foundational German scholarship and scrutinizes the Court’s jurisprudence on commission and civilian superior responsibility, in particular its recourse to the control over the crime theory. The book examines the necessity to exempt socially valuable business activity from such responsibility from a human rights perspective. An interdisciplinary approach to the proposal to extend the Court’s jurisdiction to corporate actors identifies as a major obstacle to statutory reform the unresolved conflict between diverging views on the reality of organizations.

Bibliographic data

Copyright year
2015
ISBN-Print
978-3-8487-2544-1
ISBN-Online
978-3-8452-7157-6
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series
Schriften zum Internationalen und Europäischen Strafrecht
Volume
24
Language
English
Pages
400
Product type
Book Titles

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access 1 - 24
    1. 1.1. Motives No access
    2. 1.2. An inter-disciplinary and multi-language approach No access
    3. 1.3. The Corrie case example No access
    4. 1.4. References No access
    1. 2.1. Preliminary remarks: Interpreting the Rome Statute No access 34 - 40
          1. 2.2.1.1.1. The Majority’s decision by Trial Chamber I: Differentiation, a hierarchy, and collective control in co-perpetration No access
          2. 2.2.1.1.2. Judge Fulford: Opposition by way of a plain(er) reading No access
          1. 2.2.1.2.1. The Majorities’ decisions of Pre-Trial Chamber I and Trial Chamber II: Control by means of a power apparatus in indirect perpetration No access
          2. 2.2.1.2.2. Judge van den Wyngaert: Opposition in another plain reading No access
        1. 2.2.2.1. Article 25 (3) RS constitutes a hierarchical ordering of degrees of responsibility; (principal) perpetrators are in control over the crime, (secondary) accomplices aren’t No access
        2. 2.2.2.2. All participants are equal under Article 25 (3) RS; distinctions are made at the sentencing stage No access
      3. 2.2.3. Results and outlook: Implications for the scope of individual business actors’ responsibility under the Rome Statute No access
        1. 2.3.1.1. Textual perspectives in ICC jurisprudence No access
        2. 2.3.1.2. Textual perspectives in scholarship No access
        3. 2.3.1.3. Results: The Statute’s ambivalence from a textual perspective No access
      2. 2.3.2. The legal certainty perspective: More ambivalence No access
      3. 2.3.3. The punishment perspective: A superior expressive capacity of modes of participation as degrees of responsibility? No access
          1. 2.3.4.1.1. Attribution of physical acts and (derivation) of criminality No access
          2. 2.3.4.1.2. Implications for the sentencing stage No access
        2. 2.3.4.2. Representativeness and consistency No access
        3. 2.3.4.3. Results No access
      5. 2.3.5. Results and outlook: Towards overcoming ambivalence No access
        1. 2.4.1.1. Roxin’s Zentralgestalt: Indirect perpetration and the openness of control No access
          1. 2.4.1.2.1. Offense descriptions and the reality structure relevant to the protection of legal interests No access
          2. 2.4.1.2.2. The «base type» of perpetration No access
          3. 2.4.1.2.3. Perpetration and attribution No access
          4. 2.4.1.2.4. Perpetration and criminality No access
        3. 2.4.1.3. The law’s subject matter and the ICC: A region-specific account of the power apparatus in Katanga No access
        4. 2.4.1.4. Results and outlook: A normative-empirical perspective on commission under the Rome Statute No access
            1. 2.4.2.1.1.1. Crimes against humanity No access
            2. 2.4.2.1.1.2. Genocide No access
            3. 2.4.2.1.1.3. War crimes No access
            4. 2.4.2.1.1.4. Results and outlook: The reality of offenses under the Rome Statute as an organized effort No access
          2. 2.4.2.1.2. An anatomy of human interaction and involvement in genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes No access
          3. 2.4.2.1.3. Results and outlook: Designers and implementers of organized action as key figures No access
        2. 2.4.2.2. The Statute’s fundamental means-end-relation and its reality structure No access
          1. 2.4.2.3.1. The resource dimension of commission No access
              1. 2.4.2.3.2.1.1. Kelman and Hamilton on crimes of obedience No access
              2. 2.4.2.3.2.1.2. Total institutional power relations No access
              3. 2.4.2.3.2.1.3. Critical voices No access
            2. 2.4.2.3.2.2. Fungibility re-visited: On the empirical substrate of the (corporate) power apparatus No access
          3. 2.4.2.3.3. The commission type and prerequisite degrees of dimensional expression No access
        4. 2.4.2.4. Results and outlook: The commission type and individual criminal responsibility No access
        1. 2.4.3.1. ICC: A dysfunctional control approach to indirect co-perpetration No access
        2. 2.4.3.2. Ambos and Vest: Multi-staged control No access
          1. 2.4.3.3.1. Cooperative conduct, shared creatorship of the result and individual quotas of criminality No access
          2. 2.4.3.3.2. Sentencing and degrees of criminal responsibility as labels No access
        4. 2.4.3.4. Results and outlook No access
        1. 2.4.4.1. Commission as an individual? No access
          1. 2.4.4.2.1. The regardless- and commission-clauses No access
          2. 2.4.4.2.2. (Additional) Intent prerequisites in sub-sections (c) and (d)? No access
        3. 2.4.4.3. Results No access
          1. 2.4.5.1.1. Central issues No access
          2. 2.4.5.1.2. … and responses No access
        2. 2.4.5.2. JCE, the genesis of Article 25 (3) (d) RS, and collective responsibility No access
      6. 2.4.6. Results and outlook: Business actors’ individual criminal responsibility for commission No access
      1. 2.5.1. The notions of proximity and remoteness No access
          1. 2.5.2.1.1. Methodological objection: Re-reading the MPC’s drafting history No access
          2. 2.5.2.1.2. Substantive objection: The purpose prerequisite’s deep roots in common law No access
          1. 2.5.2.2.1. Two scenarios No access
          2. 2.5.2.2.2. The issue of normalcy No access
          1. 2.5.2.3.1. Vest: The context of Article 25 (3) (c) RS No access
            1. 2.5.2.3.2.1. Dictionary approach No access
              1. 2.5.2.3.2.2.1. Purpose as direct but not oblique intent No access
              2. 2.5.2.3.2.2.2. En vue de as dol spécial No access
              3. 2.5.2.3.2.2.3. Con el propósito No access
              4. 2.5.2.3.2.2.4. Result: Difference of meaning No access
            3. 2.5.2.3.2.3. Resolution pursuant to Article 33 VCLT No access
        1. 2.5.3.1. Essential transactions No access
        2. 2.5.3.2. «Substantial» assistance, «significant» contributions, and overbreadth in Prosecutor v. Mbarushimana No access
        3. 2.5.3.3. Ambos and Vest: Limiting (secondary) participation to socially undesirable acts by recourse to a risk standard No access
          1. 2.5.3.4.1. A utilitarian premise No access
          2. 2.5.3.4.2. … and its implementation in a risk permission No access
        5. 2.5.3.5. Results and outlook No access
          1. 2.5.4.1.1. Balancing interests and protecting trust No access
            1. 2.5.4.1.2.1. Balancing as a method No access
            2. 2.5.4.1.2.2. Criminal law and constitutional law No access
            1. 2.5.4.2.1.1. Global constitutionalism and international law as a coherent system No access
              1. 2.5.4.2.1.2.1. Principles as optimization requirements: The constitutional domestic perspective No access
              2. 2.5.4.2.1.2.2. Principles as optimization requirements in the public law paradigm: The international constitutional perspective No access
              3. 2.5.4.2.1.2.3. Human rights as principles in international law No access
            3. 2.5.4.2.1.3. Results: Constitutionalization of international law, Article 21 (3) RS and risk permissions No access
            1. 2.5.4.2.2.1. Honest unevenness in a «contextual» approach to «internationally recognized»? No access
              1. 2.5.4.2.2.2.1. Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the ECHR: Protecting solidified interests in economic and professional liberty as a human right No access
              2. 2.5.4.2.2.2.2. Interference by criminalization of acts of business exchange No access
              3. 2.5.4.2.2.2.3. Uneven protection of human rights in a «contextual approach» before the ICC No access
              1. 2.5.4.2.2.3.1. Rawls on domestic social justice No access
              2. 2.5.4.2.2.3.2. Rawls on international justice No access
              3. 2.5.4.2.2.3.3. Global cosmopolitan justice No access
              4. 2.5.4.2.2.3.4. International justice and the ICC No access
              5. 2.5.4.2.2.3.5. Global justice and the ICC as a just global institution No access
          3. 2.5.4.2.3. Results and outlook: Re-visiting contextual vs. minimalist readings of «internationally recognized» and implications for acts of business exchange No access
          1. 2.5.4.3.1. The protective principle: Individual and collective? No access
              1. 2.5.4.3.2.1.1. Intensity of non-satisfaction of the principle of possession No access
              2. 2.5.4.3.2.1.2. Importance of satisfying the protective principle No access
              3. 2.5.4.3.2.1.3. Realization to the factually greatest extent No access
              4. 2.5.4.3.2.1.4. Abstract weight of the protective principle and of the principle of possession No access
              5. 2.5.4.3.2.1.5. Application to case example No access
            2. 2.5.4.3.2.2. The principle of adequate living conditions through work No access
        4. 2.5.4.4. Results: Implementation of an individual risk permission is generally not required No access
          1. 2.5.4.5.1. Wresting the singularity of life from the calculus of social interests: The criteria of securing one’s livelihood and of organizational competence No access
          2. 2.5.4.5.2. The criterion of risk specificity No access
          3. 2.5.4.5.3. Neutralization and perpetration No access
      5. 2.5.5. Results No access
      6. 2.5.6. Excursus: A customary law perspective on risk permissions? Business activity post-Nuremberg under Article 21 (1) (b) RS No access
    6. 2.6. Conclusion No access 299 - 300
    7. 2.7. References No access 300 - 326
      1. 3.1.1. Scholarly views on business actors as civilian superiors No access
        1. 3.1.2.1. Ad hoc jurisprudence on civilian «effective control» as the ability to report No access
        2. 3.1.2.2. Musema before the ICTR: «Legal and financial control» as business actors’ «effective control»? No access
        3. 3.1.2.3. Nahimana et al. before the ICTR: Analyzing corporate structures No access
          1. 3.1.2.4.1. Substantive issues: The nature and scope of civilian «effective control» No access
          2. 3.1.2.4.2. Methodological issues: Sources of law under Article 21 (1) RS No access
      3. 3.1.3. Results and outlook No access
      1. 3.2.1. Schünemann’s typological perspective on omission No access
        1. 3.2.2.1. The genesis of Article 28 RS No access
        2. 3.2.2.2. The Statute’s omission type and its concretization with a view to conduct of civilian superiors No access
          1. 3.2.2.3.1. Attribution and criminality in scholarship No access
          2. 3.2.2.3.2. An analogous proposal No access
      3. 3.2.3. Results and outlook: Business leaders as civilian superiors and the question of social desirability No access
      1. 3.3.1. Scholarship on conscious disregard No access
      2. 3.3.2. Balancing human rights as principles No access
      3. 3.3.3. Result: No risk permission for business leaders as civilian superiors No access
    4. 3.4. Conclusion No access
    5. 3.5. References No access
    1. 4.1. The Rome Conference proposal and its discussion in scholarship No access
        1. 4.2.1.1. Punishing the corporation No access
        2. 4.2.1.2. An epistemological review No access
        3. 4.2.1.3. Incompatible perspectives No access
      2. 4.2.2. Non-criminal sanctions against corporate actors under the Rome Statute: The Rome Statute as criminal law? No access
      1. 4.3.1. The «corporate veil» No access
      2. 4.3.2. …and how to lift it No access
      3. 4.3.3. Domestic experiences No access
      4. 4.3.4. Result No access
    4. 4.4. Conclusion No access
    5. 4.5. References No access
  6. 5. Closing remarks No access 396 - 397
    1. Thesis 1: Interpretative efforts regarding Articles 25 (3) and 28 (b) RS by the ICC and in scholarship largely preclude the prosecution of business actors but are not persuasive. No access
    2. Thesis 2: These shortcomings can be remedied by a typological approach to commission and omission. No access
    3. hesis 3: The Statute's commission (omission) type consists of the ability to take decisions significant for the violation of protected legal interests by (not preventing the) devising or implementing ... No access
    4. Thesis 4: The commission and omission types are two-dimensional. No access
    5. Thesis 5: The criminality of conduct is collective and qualitatively the same for all actors. No access
    6. Thesis 6: The social value of business activity does not call for a risk permission under the Statute. No access
    7. Thesis 7: A policy decision extending the ICC’s jurisdiction to business corporations would be premature. No access

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