Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Private International Law

Dr. Christine Toman LL.M. (King’s College London), Maîtrise en droit (Paris II)

doi:10.5771/9783748945116

Summary

Which law should apply to liability for greenhouse gas emissions? This paper examines this question and develops proposals for conflict-of-law rules. It starts from the scientific background and places cross-border liability for greenhouse gas emissions within the framework of international climate protection measures. It analyzes example cases, the interests of the parties involved and numerous existing private international law rules and discusses possible connecting factors with their advantages and disadvantages and their interaction Finally, the paper also looks at the role of permits under public law and their effects in cross-border civil actions.

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2024
ISBN-Print: 978-3-7560-1668-6
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-4511-6
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Schriften zum Klimaschutzrecht
Volume: 4
Language: English
Pages: 0
Product type: Book Titles

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages 1 - 18
Abbreviations No access Pages 19 - 22
1. 1. 1. Concerning Greenhouse Gas Emissions No access
  2. 1. 1. (1) Claimants No access
      2. (2) Defendants No access
      3. (3) Result No access
    2. b. Private Liability Law No access
  3. 3. Transnational Liability No access
  4. 4. Result No access
2. 1. 1. International Jurisdiction No access
  2. 2. Private International Law No access
  3. 3. Substantive Law No access
  4. 4. Recognition and Enforcement No access
  5. 5. Result No access
3. 1. 1. Case 1: Melting Glacier No access
  2. 2. Case 2: Rising Sea No access
  3. 3. Case 3: Climate Migration No access
  4. 4. Case 4: Livestock Farming No access
  5. 5. Case 5: Cleaner Cars No access
4. D. Outline No access
1. 1. 1. a. Greenhouse Effect No access
    2. b. Greenhouse Gases No access
    3. c. Anthropogenic Emissions of Greenhouse Gases No access
    4. d. Result No access
  2. 1. a. Increasing Temperature No access
    2. b. Slow Onsetting Impacts No access
    3. c. Extreme Weather Events No access
    4. d. Result No access
  3. 3. Climate Action: Mitigation, Adaptation and Loss and Damage No access
2. 1. 1. a. Global No access
    2. b. Unequal No access
    3. c. Uncertain No access
    4. d. Transformative No access
    5. e. Result No access
  2. 2. Challenges for Individuals No access
  3. 1. a. Tragedy of the Commons No access
    2. b. Prisoner’s Dilemma No access
    3. c. Market Failure, Carbon Leakage & Race to the Bottom No access
    4. d. Institutions and Climate Clubs No access
    5. e. Result No access
  4. 4. Result No access
3. 1. 1. a. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992) No access
    2. b. Kyoto Protocol (1997) No access
    3. c. Paris Agreement (2015) No access
    4. d. Result No access
  2. 1. a. Emissions Standards No access
    2. 1. (1) Carbon Taxes No access
      2. (2) Emissions Trading Systems No access
      3. (3) Result No access
    3. c. Result No access
  3. 1. a. Mitigation Gaps No access
    2. b. Adaptation & Climate Finance Gaps No access
    3. c. Result No access
4. 1. 1. a. Diversity of Aims No access
    2. b. Focus on Private Parties No access
    3. c. Potential for Transnational Climate Action No access
    4. d. Effects Beyond the Individual Court Case No access
  2. 1. a. Too Political No access
    2. b. Ineffective and Inefficient No access
    3. c. Undesired Impact No access
  3. 3. Result No access
5. E. Result No access
1. 1. 1. Lliuya v RWE No access
  2. 2. Milieudefensie v Shell No access
  3. 3. Smith v Fonterra No access
  4. 4. Legal Bases and Common Issues No access
2. 1. 1. 1. (1) Mitigation, Adaptation, Compensation No access
      2. (2) Practical Issues, including Legal Aid No access
      3. (3) Non-Governmental Organizations as Claimants No access
      4. (4) Climate Migrants No access
      5. (5) Result No access
    2. b. Defendants No access
    3. 1. (6) Non-Governmental Organizations as Supporters No access
      2. (7) Insurers and Re-Insurers No access
      3. (8) Result No access
  2. 2. Court Interests No access
  3. 1. a. Climate Interests in Private International Law? No access
    2. 1. (a) Climate Action Ambition and Regulation No access
        (b) Protection of Citizens and Territory No access
        (c) Result No access
      2. (2) Public Interests No access
    3. c. Result No access
  4. 1. a. Conflicts between Climate Interests No access
    2. b. Conflicts between Human Rights and Climate Interests No access
    3. c. Conflicts between Claimant’s and Climate Interests No access
    4. d. Result No access
  5. 5. Result No access
3. 1. 1. General Delictual Liability No access
  2. 1. 1. (a) Environmental Damage per se No access
        (b) Personal or Property Damage as a Result of Environmental Damage No access
      2. (a) Case 1: Melting Glacier No access
        (b) Cases 2 and 4: Rising Sea and Livestock Farming No access
        (c) Case 3: Climate Migration No access
        (d) Case 5: Cleaner Cars No access
        (e) Foreseeability Clause No access
        (f) Result No access
    2. 1. (1) Applicability No access
      2. (2) Application No access
    3. c. Result No access
  3. 1. b. Application No access
    2. c. Result No access
  4. 4. Emissions from Immovable Property No access
  5. 1. a. Applicability No access
  6. 6. Culpa in contrahendo, negotiorum gestio and Unjust Enrichment No access
  7. 7. Result No access
4. 1. 1. 1. (1) Immovable Emission Sources No access
      2. (2) Movable Emission Sources No access
      3. (3) Conduct or Omission other than Emissions No access
      4. (4) Result No access
    2. 1. (1) Immovable Rights No access
      2. (2) Moveable Rights No access
      3. (3) Ecological Damage No access
      4. (4) Result No access
    3. c. Several Places of Tort No access
    4. d. Result No access
  2. 1. a. Forms of the Personal Connection No access
    2. 1. (1) Legal Status of Climate Migrants No access
      2. (2) Factual vs Legal Connection No access
      3. (3) Practical Issues No access
      4. (4) Relevant Time No access
      5. (5) Result No access
    3. c. Defendants No access
    4. d. Common Personal Connection No access
    5. e. Result No access
  3. 1. a. Regulation Connection No access
    2. b. Prior Relationship of the Parties (Accessory Connection) No access
    3. c. Forum Connection No access
    4. d. Result No access
  4. 1. 1. (1) Development No access
      2. (2) Arguments for Party Autonomy No access
      3. (3) Practical Irrelevance? No access
      4. (4) Result No access
    2. b. Protection of Third Parties No access
    3. c. Time of the Choice-of-Law Agreement No access
    4. d. Restrictions on the Laws which can be chosen No access
    5. e. Result No access
  5. 5. Result: Elements of Choice-Of-Law Rule No access
5. 1. 1. a. Concordance of Connecting Factors No access
    2. b. Cumulative and Distributive Application No access
    3. 1. (1) Place of Conduct or Place of Damage No access
      2. (2) Personal Connection of the Claimant or the Defendant No access
      3. (3) Territorial or Personal Connection No access
    4. 1. (1) Criteria for the Decision No access
      2. (2) Decision-Maker No access
    5. e. Result No access
  2. 1. a. Foreseeability Clause No access
    2. b. Party Autonomy No access
    3. c. Escape Clause No access
  3. 3. Result No access
6. 1. 1. Discussion of the Proposed Rule No access
  2. 2. Differences to Existing Rules No access
  3. 3. Application of the Proposed Rule to Case Studies No access
1. 1. 1. Levels of Ambition No access
  2. 2. Forms of Regulation No access
  3. 1. a. Legal Nature of the Regulation No access
    2. b. Substantive Law No access
  4. 4. Result No access
2. 1. 1. Party Interests No access
  2. 2. Court Interests No access
  3. 3. Climate Interests No access
  4. 4. Result No access
3. 1. 1. a. Breach of Public International Law No access
    2. b. Territoriality Principle No access
    3. c. Result No access
  2. 1. 1. (1) Domestic Regulation No access
      2. (2) Transnational Regulation No access
      3. (a) Linking Agreements for Emissions Trading Systems No access
        (b) Climate Clubs and Carbon Duties No access
      4. (4) Result No access
    2. 1. (a) Personal Scope of Application No access
        (b) Subject-Matter Scope of Application No access
        (c) Infringements No access
        (d) Justification No access
        (e) Result No access
      2. (a) Scope of Application No access
        (b) Differential Treatment No access
        (c) Justification No access
        (d) Result No access
        (3) Fundamental Freedoms of EU Law No access
      3. (a) Modified Case 5: Cleaner Cars in the EU No access
      4. (b) Implications on the Internal Market No access
      5. (c) Quantitative Restriction or Measure having Equivalent Effect No access
      6. (d) Justification No access
      7. (e) Result No access
    3. c. Result No access
  3. 3. Result No access
4. 1. 1. a. Application No access
    2. b. Discussion No access
    3. c. Result No access
  2. 1. 1. (1) Scope of the lex causae No access
      2. (2) Application to Private International Liability for Greenhouse Gas Emissions No access
      3. (3) Variations of the lex causae No access
      4. (4) Result No access
    2. 1. (1) Territorial and Personal Connections No access
      2. (2) Regulation Connection No access
      3. (3) Forum Connection No access
      4. (4) Subjective Connection No access
      5. (5) Result No access
    3. c. Result No access
  3. 1. a. Definition No access
    2. b. Additional Requirements for Foreign Overriding Mandatory Provisions No access
    3. c. Effect No access
    4. d. Result No access
  4. 1. a. Recognition of Administrative Acts No access
    2. b. Recognition of Foreign Judgments No access
    3. c. Recognition of Situations No access
    4. d. Procedural Recognition No access
    5. e. Result No access
  5. 1. a. Substitutability No access
    2. b. Equivalence No access
    3. c. Result No access
  6. 1. a. Development No access
    2. b. Definition No access
    3. c. Requirements No access
    4. d. Effect No access
    5. e. Result No access
  7. 1. 1. (1) General Observations No access
      2. (2) The Role of the Place of Conduct No access
      3. (3) Result No access
    2. 1. (a) Scope of the Regulation No access
        (b) Validity of the Regulation under its Law of Origin No access
        (c) Result No access
      2. (2) Types of Requirements No access
      3. (3) Procedural Requirements No access
      4. (4) Substantive Requirements No access
      5. (5) Result No access
    3. c. Effect of Regulation No access
    4. d. Result No access
5. 1. 1. 1. (1) Lex causae No access
      2. (2) Other Choice-of-Law Rules and Modification No access
    2. 1. (1) Differentiation between Types of Regulations No access
      2. (2) Effect of Regulation as Part of the lex causae No access
    3. c. Result No access
  2. 1. 1. (1) Objective Requirements for Regulation No access
      2. (2) Relative Requirements for Regulation (Substitution) No access
    2. b. Application to Regulation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions No access
    3. c. Result No access
  3. 3. Combination of Methods & Conflicts of Regulation No access
  4. 4. Result No access
6. 1. 1. Discussion of the Proposed Method No access
  2. 2. Differences to Existing Method No access
  3. 3. Application of the Proposed Method to Case Studies No access
V. Conclusion No access Pages 341 - 344
1. A. Introduction No access
2. B. Climate Crisis and Climate Action No access
3. C. The Law Applicable to Liability for Greenhouse Gas Emissions No access
4. D. The International Effect of Emissions Regulation No access
Bibliography No access Pages 357 -