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U.S. Emissions Trading and what it can teach us for a Post-Kyoto World

Authors:
Publisher:
 2021

Summary

Major CO2 emitters such as individual states of the USA, the People's Republic of China and the European Union continue to rely on emissions trading systems to reduce CO2 emissions. Against this background, this thesis examines four emissions trading systems in the USA. For this purpose, the legal and economic fundamentals of emissions trading are presented in detail. Subsequently, emissions trading systems are analyzed from an economic as well as a legal point of view based on criteria defined for this purpose and the results are embedded in the context of national and international law. For this purpose, the author conducts extensive basic research by processing the available emissions and trade data.

Keywords

Bibliographic data

Copyright year
2021
ISBN-Print
978-3-8487-8390-8
ISBN-Online
978-3-7489-2780-8
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series
Schriften zum Umweltenergierecht
Volume
32
Language
English
Pages
280
Product type
Book Titles

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access 1 - 14
      1. 1. The topic No access
      2. 2. Research context No access
        1. a. Analysis of emissions trading in the United States No access
        2. b. Grassroots environmental regulation as a potential solution to the Kyoto shortcomings: Policy shift from Kyoto to Paris No access
    2. II. Methods No access
    3. III. Structure and contents No access
    4. IV. Terms No access
  3. B. Climate change and the necessity of regulation No access 26 - 30
    1. I. Global pollution as a free-rider problem No access
    2. II. Climate change and its international response: From UNFCCC to Kyoto and Doha No access
      1. 1. History of the Kyoto Protocol No access
        1. a. International emissions trading No access
        2. b. Joint implementation No access
          1. aa. Basic framework No access
          2. bb. CDM economics No access
          3. cc. CDM as linking instrument No access
          4. dd. The theoretical benefits of linking in the Kyoto context No access
      3. 4. Why the Kyoto Protocol failed No access
      4. 5. Kyoto results and the Copenhagen Accord No access
      1. 1. Basic content No access
      2. 2. Legal character No access
      3. 3. The Paris Agreement and emissions trading No access
      4. 4. Summary: The Paris Agreement No access
      1. 1. Introduction to international environmental law No access
          1. aa. History of the Principle of Sustainable Development No access
          2. bb. Definition No access
        2. b. The Principle of Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity No access
          1. aa. The Precautionary Principle No access
          2. bb. The Principle of Prevention No access
          3. cc. Differentiation between the Precautionary Principle and the Principle of Prevention No access
        4. d. The Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities No access
        5. e. The concept of common heritage of mankind No access
        6. f. The Polluter and User Pays Principle No access
        7. g. The Due Diligence Principle No access
        8. h. The Principle of Equitable Utilization of Shared Resources No access
        9. i. The Liability Principle No access
      3. 3. Conclusion and relevance for the topic No access
    1. I. Basics of environmental regulation No access
      1. 1. Command and control No access
      2. 2. Pigouvian taxes No access
        1. a. What is cap-and-trade No access
        2. b. Emission Reduction Credits vs. Allowances No access
        1. a. Externalities and social costs No access
        2. b. Social costs in institutional economics No access
        3. c. Tragedy of the commons: The prisoner’s dilemma in international pollution policy No access
        1. a. Understanding Coasian Bargaining No access
          1. aa. Transaction costs No access
          2. bb. Market power No access
          3. cc. Uncertainty regarding future prices No access
          4. dd. Conditional allowance allocations No access
          5. ee. Non-minimizing behavior by firms No access
          6. ff. Differential regulatory treatment of entities No access
          7. gg. Conclusion No access
        3. c. Takeaways from Pigou vs. Coase No access
      1. 1. Cost-benefit analysis and pollution No access
      2. 2. Other economic and regulatory considerations No access
        1. a. Absolute and relative targets No access
        2. b. Strict or moving targets No access
        3. c. Coverage No access
        4. d. Upstream vs. downstream caps No access
        5. e. Offset credits No access
        1. a. Allocation method No access
        2. b. Free allocation vs. selling No access
          1. aa. Avoiding overallocation—The Feasibility Principle No access
          2. bb. Subsequent correction of overallocation No access
      4. 4. Emissions management period No access
      5. 5. Banking No access
      6. 6. Borrowing No access
      7. 7. Trading and pricing No access
          1. aa. One-way and two-way linkages No access
          2. bb. One-way linkages between cap-and-trade and credit systems No access
          3. cc. Indirect national trading linkage No access
        2. b. Linking provisions in the real world No access
      9. 9. Compliance No access
      10. 10. Emissions leakage No access
    6. VI. Conclusion – an efficient cap-and-trade program No access
      1. 1. Design factors – requirements of an effective policy regime No access
      2. 2. Economic studies on linking as coalition forming No access
    8. VIII. Bottom-up and top-down as used in this thesis No access
        1. a. Background No access
        2. b. Regulatory history No access
          1. aa. Geographical No access
          2. bb. Covered sources No access
        2. b. Cap No access
        3. c. Allocation of allowances No access
          1. aa. Rules No access
          2. bb. Allowance market No access
          3. cc. Banking data No access
        5. e. Offset credits and projects No access
        6. f. Compliance No access
      3. 3. Analysis No access
      4. 4. Conclusion No access
      5. 5. The Acid Rain Program after 2010 No access
      6. 6. The Acid Rain Program as an example for bottom-up regulation No access
      7. 7. Lessons learned from the Acid Rain Program for a post-Kyoto world No access
      1. 1. Introduction No access
        1. a. Geographical coverage No access
        2. b. Emissions management period No access
        3. c. Regulated sources and participants No access
        1. a. Baseline emissions No access
        2. b. Allocation basics No access
        1. a. General provisions on trading No access
        2. b. Alternative Compliance Market Account (ACMA) No access
        3. c. Banking No access
        4. d. Market efficiency No access
      5. 5. Offset credits and projects No access
      6. 6. Linking No access
          1. aa. Data No access
          2. bb. Explanations for the overallocation No access
        2. b. The ERMS in economic scholarship No access
        3. c. Conclusion No access
      8. 8. The ERMS as an example for bottom-up regulation No access
      9. 9. Lessons learned from the ERMS for a post-Kyoto world No access
      1. 1. The Memorandum of Understanding No access
      2. 2. From the model rule to state legislature No access
        1. a. Coverage No access
        2. b. Cap No access
          1. aa. Price control in the RGGI MR: The Cost Containment Reserve No access
          2. bb. Voluntary renewable energy market set-aside allocation No access
          3. cc. Optional limited exemption set-aside allocation No access
          1. aa. Regulatory rules No access
          2. bb. Market data No access
        5. e. Offset credits No access
        6. f. Compliance No access
        7. d. Linking No access
        1. a. Environmental analysis No access
        2. b. Market analysis No access
        1. a. Environmental effects No access
        2. b. Market design No access
      6. 6. The RGGI as an example for a top-down regulation No access
      7. 7. Lessons from the RGGI for a post-Kyoto world No access
        1. a. Coverage No access
        2. b. Cap No access
        3. c. Allocation of allowances No access
        4. d. Trading No access
        5. e. Offset credits and projects No access
        6. f. Compliance No access
        7. d. Linking No access
      2. 2. Assembly Bill 32 No access
        1. a. Coverage No access
        2. b. Cap No access
        3. c. Allocation of allowances No access
          1. aa. Regulatory environment No access
            1. (1) Auctioning data No access
            2. (2) Secondary market data No access
          1. aa. Regulatory environment No access
          2. bb. Data No access
        6. f. Compliance No access
        7. d. Linking No access
        1. a. Environmental analysis No access
        2. b. Economic analysis No access
        3. c. Market analysis No access
        4. d. Offsets and environmental justice No access
        5. e. Offsets and market design No access
      5. 5. Conclusion No access
      6. 6. The WCI as an example for bottom-up regulation No access
      7. 7. Lessons from the WCI for a post-Kyoto world No access
    1. I. Conclusion: Does emissions trading work? No access
    2. II. Growth and linkage potential No access
      1. 1. Systematic issues with emissions trading No access
      2. 2. A case for harmonized sectoral bottom-up regulation? No access
      3. 3. Implications from international law No access
    4. IV. Emissions trading decision making No access
    5. V. Conclusion: Can “bottom-up” trading work? No access
  8. G. What U.S. emissions trading teaches us about emissions trading, bottom-up regulation, and linkage in an international context No access 263 - 264
  9. References No access 265 - 280

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