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Leniency Policies in the Prosecution of Economic Crimes and Corruption

Consensual Justice and Search for Truth in Brazilian and German Law
Authors:
Publisher:
 2021

Summary

Based on empirical research, the book develops a critical analysis of the use of leniency policies in Brazil. Drawing on a comparative perspective with German Law, the book shows how the current practice of leniency policies in Brazil jeopardizes fundamental guarantees of criminal procedure. The book also draws on a growing body of economic literature to assert that leniency agreements have serious – albeit unnoticed – side effects and may lead to significant negative externalities. The book rejects the association of leniency policies with the ideal of “consensual justice” and affirms that these mechanisms represent a form of privatization of investigative and prosecutorial activities, exploring the expectations and risks of this process.

Bibliographic data

Copyright year
2021
ISBN-Print
978-3-8487-7849-2
ISBN-Online
978-3-7489-2259-9
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series
Schriften zum Internationalen und Europäischen Strafrecht
Volume
48
Language
English
Pages
345
Product type
Book Titles

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 - 16 Download chapter (PDF)
  2. Introduction 17 - 28 Download chapter (PDF)
  3. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. 1. Introduction
      1. a. Competition law
      2. b. Criminal law
      1. a. The negotiation dynamic: consensual arrangements, written agreements and informal communication
        1. i. Benefits: immunities and reduction of penalties
        2. ii. Duties: cooperation with the investigations
      3. c. Signing and fulfillment of the agreement
        1. i. Granting of benefits not provided for by law
        2. ii. Exact definition of imprisonment penalties
        3. iii. Package deals and “unified punishment”
        4. iv. The serving of imprisonment penalties in advance
      2. b. Contractual freedom, tailor-made arrangements and unique consensual solutions
        1. i. The binding effect of collaboration agreements: pacta sunt servanda in criminal procedure
        2. ii. The principle of “res inter alios acta” and the prohibition of legal challenges by third parties
    5. 5. Conclusion: a contractualist approach to collaboration agreements
  4. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. 1. Introduction
    2. 2. Operation Car Wash
      1. a. Collective goods, diffuse losses
      2. b. Legitimate and sophisticated organizations
      3. c. Major impacts on social life
    4. 4. Storming the castle: macro-delinquency, consensual justice and public support for leniency policies
    5. 5. Conclusion: the will and the way for the practice of collaboration agreements
  5. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. 1. Introduction
      1. a. Detection of crimes and gathering of evidence
      2. b. Prevention of illegal activities
      1. a. Misrepresentation of facts: under- and over-cooperation
      2. b. The dark side of leniency: amnesty effect, recidivism and the need for limits
      3. c. Distortion of incentives for enforcement authorities: leniency over-reliance, statistical boost and the overheated market for cooperation
      4. d. Gaming the leniency system: repeated games, sophisticated agents and reverse exploitation
    4. 4. Conclusion: leniency revolution and leniency religion
  6. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. 1. Introduction
      1. a. Search for truth, compulsory prosecution and consent in the German tradition
      2. b. Development of the practice of negotiated judgments
      3. c. Judicial acknowledgement
      4. d. The legislative regulation of negotiated judgments
      5. e. The 2013 ruling of the German Constitutional Court
      1. a. Development
      2. b. Structure
      3. c. Scope of application: investigative emergencies
      4. d. Investigative achievements, essential contributions and positive balances
      5. e. Inside and outside cooperators: the issue of the connection requirement
        1. i. Negotiated judgments and crown-witness regulation: parallels and differences
        2. ii. Consent and search for truth: different answers to similar questions? Disenchantment and re-enchantment with truth-finding in criminal procedure
        1. i. The tension over the boundaries of the room for negotiation and the troublesome taming of negotiated judgments
        2. ii. Negative externalities and abstinence from the search for truth
        3. iii. The 2013 ruling of the German Federal Constitutional Court and the case-law of the U.S. Supreme Court: unnoticed virtues?
    5. 5. Conclusion
  7. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. 1. Introduction
      1. a. Collaboration agreements as exceptional tools for investigative emergencies
      2. b. Due process, search for truth and the chain of events in criminal procedure
      3. c. Separation of functions in criminal procedure: the return of the inquisitorial process?
      4. d. Investigative achievements, information asymmetry and the risks of forward purchases in the practice of collaboration agreements
      1. a. Triangular relationships, not bilateral transactions
      2. b. Collaboration agreements as mechanism of consensual justice? Disenchantment and reenchantment with truth-searching in criminal procedure
      3. c. Collaboration agreements as public-private partnerships and the privatization of official investigations
      4. d. Is there a Brazilian system of plea bargaining? Legal transplants, legal translations and legal counterfeits
      5. e. The contractual redesign of Brazilian criminal law
      1. a. Pacta sunt servanda or nemo dat quod non habet? The issue of the binding effect
      2. b. Negative externalities, private gains and social costs: the distorted use of collaboration agreements as hedging mechanisms
      3. c. The overheated cooperation market and the problem of monopoly of selection: a case for broad and in-depth judicial control of collaboration agreements
    5. 5. Conclusion: the contractualist approach from a comparative perspective
  8. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. 1. Introduction
      1. a. The right of third parties to question collaboration agreements in court: protection of individual rights and of the public interest
      2. b. The array of leniency benefits: a case for numerus clausus
      3. c. The guarantee of equal treatment and the bazaar of punishment
      4. d. Disclosure and confidentiality: cooperators as the monopolists of truth
      5. e. Advanced enforcement of penalties and the paradox of investigating what has already been determined
      6. f. Preparatory acts, the control of the negotiation process and the duty to register
      1. a. Collaboration agreements, the anti-corruption movement and the dynamic of “governing through crime”
      2. b. Under the law, above the law
      3. c. Investigative achievements, failures and the effectiveness discourse: collaboration religion?
      4. d. The symbiotic relationship between collaboration agreements and the Brazilian anti-corruption movement
    4. 4. Conclusion: a prosperous life for consensual mechanisms in Brazilian criminal justice
  9. Conclusion 319 - 322 Download chapter (PDF)
  10. Annex – List of collaboration agreements analyzed 323 - 326 Download chapter (PDF)
  11. References 327 - 345 Download chapter (PDF)

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