Perspectives on Platform Regulation: Concepts and Models of Social Media Governance Across the Globe

Dr. Judit Bayer; Prof. Dr. Bernd Holznagel; Prof. Dr. Päivi Korpisaari; Prof. Lorna Woods

doi:10.5771/9783748929789

Summary

Online social media platforms set the agenda and structure for public and private communication in our age. Their influence and power is beyond any traditional media empire. Their legal regulation is a pressing challenge, but currently, they are mainly governed by economic pressures. There are now diverse legislative attempts to regulate platforms in various parts of the world. The European Union and most of its Member States have historically relied on soft law, but are now looking to introduce regulation.Leading researchers of the field analyse the hard questions and the responses given by various states. The book offers legislative solutions from various parts of the world, compares regulatory concepts and assesses the use of algorithms.With contributions byIzumi Aizu, Enni Ala-Mikkula, Alexandre Alaphilippe, Natalie Alkiviadou, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales, Siwal Ashwini, Judit Bayer, Jörg Becker, Konrad Bleyer-Simon, Elda Brogi, Shun-Ling Chen, Poren Chiang, Michael Geist, Gerard Goggin, Giovanni De Gregorio, Sarah Hartmann, Maximilian Hemmert-Halswick, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Bernd Holznagel, Peng Hwa Ang, Richard Janda, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn, Juliya Kharitonova, Kristiina Koivukari, Päivi Korpisaari, Jacob Mchangama, Trisha Meyer, Kilian Müller, Larissa Sannikova, Mårten Schultz, Nicole Stremlau, Maria L. Vazquez, Kuo-Wei Wu and Lorna Woods.

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Bibliographic data

Edition: 1/2021
Copyright Year: 2021
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-8557-5
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-2978-9
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Recht und Digitalisierung | Digitization and the Law
Volume: 1
Language: English
Pages: 601
Product Type: Edited Book

Titelei/InhaltsverzeichnisPages 1 - 8 Download chapter (PDF)
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1. The structure of this book
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2. Acknowledgements
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3. Bibliography
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1. Authors:
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  1. Chapter 1. Introduction
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  2. Authors:
    1. Chapter 2.a. Stricter interpretation of platforms’ roles and responsibilities
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    2. Chapter 2.b. Wider freedom to platforms
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  3. Authors:
    1. Chapter 3.a. Infrastructural regulatory approach
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    2. Chapter 3.b. Horizontal effect of human rights
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  4. Chapter 4. Conclusion
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  5. Bibliography
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  1. Chapter 1. Europe-wide regulation of digital platforms
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  2. Authors:
    1. Chapter 2.a. Background
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    2. Chapter 2.b. Regulatory targets
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    3. Chapter 2.c. Focus on very large platforms
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  3. Authors:
    1. Chapter 3.a. Content moderation
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    2. Chapter 3.b. Illegal content
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    3. Chapter 3.c. Advertising
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    4. Chapter 3.d. Recommendation systems
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    5. Chapter 3.e. General terms and conditions
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  4. Authors:
    1. Chapter 4.a. Transparency as a basic rule of content moderation
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    2. Chapter 4.b. Account suspensions in case of abusive behaviour
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    3. Chapter 4.c. Recommendation systems
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    4. Authors:
      1. a) Upward compatible ground rules for all hosting services
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      2. b) Special regulations for online platforms
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      3. c) Low-threshold out-of-court alternative procedure
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      4. d) Trusted flaggers
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    5. Chapter 4.e. Serious crimes
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    6. Chapter 4.f. Advertising
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    7. Chapter 4.g. Official announcements
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    8. Chapter 4.h. Interim summary
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  5. Authors:
    1. Chapter 5.a. Risk assessment
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    2. Chapter 5.b. Minimisation of risks
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    3. Chapter 5.c. Audit, data access law, reporting
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    4. Chapter 5.d. Design specifications and architecture specifications
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    5. Chapter 5.e. Summary
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  6. Authors:
    1. Chapter 6.a. Rigid commandments and prohibitions
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    2. Chapter 6.b. Other commandments and prohibitions
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    3. Chapter 6.c. Enforcement of market rules for gatekeepers
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  7. Chapter 7. Conclusion
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  8. Bibliography
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  9. Annex: List of Europe’s Digital Regulatory Instruments
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  1. Chapter 1. Introduction
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  2. Chapter 2. A Traditional Approach to Liability for Content
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  3. Chapter 3. A Different Model
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  4. Chapter 4. Platform Design and Harm
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  5. Chapter 5. Risk Assessment: A Model from Work Spaces
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  6. Chapter 6. The Statutory Duty of Care: A Proposal
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  7. Chapter 7. Conclusion
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  8. Bibliography
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  1. Chapter 1. Introduction and Overview
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  2. Chapter 2. Lack of Reliable Sources – Measures against the Decline of Local News
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  3. Authors:
    1. Chapter 3.a. Limiting the Scope for Specific Categories of Content
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    2. Chapter 3.b. Amplification, Recommendation or Monetization of Content
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    3. Chapter 3.c. Additional Obligations as Prerequisites for Immunity
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  4. Chapter 4. Lack of Competition – Introducing Portability and Interoperability
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  5. Chapter 5. Conclusion
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  6. Bibliography
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  1. Chapter 1: Introduction
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  2. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. 2.1.1. Messenger services
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      2. 2.1.2. Interoperability
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    2. Authors:
      1. 2.2.1. Interfaces
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      2. 2.2.2. Standardization
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      3. 2.2.3. Federation
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    3. Authors:
      1. 2.3.1. Competition
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      2. 2.3.2. Innovativeness
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      3. 2.3.3. Data privacy
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      4. 2.3.4. Usability
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    4. 2.4. Result
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  3. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. 3.1.1. Extension of the scope of application
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      2. 3.1.2. Messenger services as interpersonal communication services
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      3. 3.1.3. Types of interpersonal communication services
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    2. Authors:
      1. 3.2.1. Authorization to promote and ensure interoperability
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      2. 3.2.2. Interoperability of number-based communication services
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      3. Authors:
        3.2.3.a). Regulatory approach
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        3.2.3.b). Threats to connectivity between end users
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        3.2.3.c). Providers with significant coverage and user base
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        3.2.3.d). Scope of the obligation
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  4. Chapter 4. Conclusion
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  5. Bibliography
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6. Authors:
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  1. Authors:
    1. 1.1. Background
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    2. Authors:
      1. An outline of the arguments of this article
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  2. Chapter 2. The narrative
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  3. Chapter 3. The bias
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  4. Chapter 4. The rules
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  5. Chapter 5. The process
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  6. Chapter 6. The decisions
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  7. Chapter 7. The power shift
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  8. Chapter 8. Concluding Remarks
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  9. Bibliography
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  1. Introduction
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  2. Chapter 1. Taiwan, geopolitics, internet, and platforms
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  3. Authors:
    1. Section 1. GAFAM is only part of the problem
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    2. Section 2. GAFAM as potential partners
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  4. Authors:
    1. Section 1. Early clashes
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    2. Section 2. Updating the legal framework for ICT innovations
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    3. Section 3. Combating disinformation
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  5. Chapter 4. Addressing Chinese infiltration
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  6. Chapter 5. Conclusion
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  7. Bibliography
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  1. Introduction: Three areas and two approaches to platform regulation
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  2. Authors:
    1. 1.1. Hate speech in 2000s preceding the new legislation
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    2. 1.2. International voices pushed Japan to the New HSEA
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    3. 1.3. The Effect of HSEA challenged
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    4. 1.4. Hate Speech on the Internet
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    5. 1.5. Industry self-regulation on Internet content
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    6. 1.6. Local ordinances implemented
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    7. 1.7. Political and Social areas
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  3. Authors:
    1. 2.1. Economic concerns
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    2. 2.2. The formation process of the “Act on improving Transparency and Fairness of Digital Platform”
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    3. 2.3. Act on Improving Transparency and Fairness of Digital Platforms (AITFDP) enacted
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    4. 2.4. Privacy and Personal Data protection
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    5. 2.5. Transfer of personal data to a foreign country
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    6. 2.6. Tentative Conclusion
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  4. Bibliography
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  5. Authors:
    1. A.1. Ancient age to Middle Age
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    2. A.2. Post WW II situation of Korean residents in Japan
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3. Authors:
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  1. Introduction
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  2. Social Media in India: A prolegomenon
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  3. The Legal Framework of Social Media Platforms in India
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  4. Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021: A critical Analysis (Illustrative, not exhaustive)
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  5. Regulating Social Media Intermediaries and Digital Media together: An Incongruous Approach
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  6. Flawed Assumptions
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  7. Originator Traceability: A Nemesis
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  8. An Inchoate Attempt
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  9. Regulating Overzealously
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  10. Conclusion
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  11. Bibliography
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4. Authors:
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  1. Chapter 1. Introduction
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  2. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. a) MEXICO
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      2. b) COLOMBIA
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      3. c) ARGENTINA
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      4. d) CHILE
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    2. Authors:
      1. a) MEXICO
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      2. b) COLOMBIA
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      3. c) ARGENTINA AND CHILE
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    3. Authors:
      1. a) MEXICO
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      2. b) COLOMBIA
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      3. c) ARGENTINA
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      4. d) CHILE
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    4. Authors:
      1. a) Hate speech
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      2. b) The legal regulation of influencers
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  3. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. a) Background: Berne and the Three-Step Rule
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      2. b) Authors’ rights in copyrighted content from the user's standpoint: Are everyday practices of social media content-sharing illegal in Latin America? Is copyright affecting essential tasks on the int...
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      3. c) Should exceptions and limitations in Latin America be reformed in order to adapt to the common practices in the digital environment? Is there a possibility of incorporating broader criteria, such a...
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    2. Authors:
      1. a) The particular case of the new law in Mexico
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  4. Chapter 4. Conclusion
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  5. Bibliography
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  1. Chapter 1. Increased need for truthful information on the Internet
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  2. Chapter 2. State duty to protect the democratic discourse
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  3. Authors:
    1. Chapter 3.a. Journalistic standards of due diligence
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    2. Chapter 3.b. Labelling of social bots
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    3. Chapter 3.c. Labelling of political advertising
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    4. Chapter 3.d. Interim conclusion
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  4. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. a) Transparent recommendation algorithms
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      2. b) Transparent filter algorithms
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      3. c) Prohibition of discrimination of journalistic content
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      4. d) Design specifications
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    2. Authors:
      1. a) Establishment of voluntary self-regulation
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      2. b) Case Study “Liberation of Germany from the Merkel Regime”
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    3. Authors:
      1. a) Hate speech
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      2. b) Fact-checking
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    4. Chapter 4.d. Findability of truthful content in user interfaces
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  5. Chapter 5. Interim conclusion
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  6. Authors:
    1. Chapter 6.a. Public service broadcaster as “counterweight”
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    2. Chapter 6.b. Expansion of entitlements for online program
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    3. Chapter 6.c. Further development into a public interest-oriented platform
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    4. Chapter 6.d. Funding of public service content
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  7. Chapter 7. Overview of instruments
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  8. Chapter 8. Conclusion
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  9. Bibliography
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2. Authors:
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  1. Chapter 1. Introduction
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  2. Chapter 2. The Long Road to Internet Regulation
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  3. Chapter 3. Change in Government, Change in Policy
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  4. Chapter 4. A Shift in Approach: Harnessing Change
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  5. Chapter 5. BTLR report
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  6. Chapter 6. The Government Responds to the Yale Report: Bill C-10
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  7. Chapter 7. Responding to a fictional content crisis
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  8. Chapter 8. The myth of the level playing field
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  9. Chapter 9. Missing economic thresholds
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  10. Chapter 10. Removing Canadian ownership requirements
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  11. Chapter 11. Discoverability requirements
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  12. Chapter 12. Downgrading the Role of Canadians in their Own Programming
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  13. Chapter 13. The “Regulate Everything” Approach
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  14. Chapter 14. Risk to Canadian Ownership of Intellectual Property
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  15. Chapter 15. Mandated Confidential Data Disclosures May Keep Companies Out of Canada
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  16. Chapter 16. Mandated Payments Likely to Bring in Less Than the Government Claims
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  17. Chapter 17. Misleading Comparison to the European Union
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  18. Chapter 18. Bill C-10 and the Regulation of User Generated Content
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  19. Chapter 19. The Bill C-10 Endgame
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  20. Bibliography
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  1. Chapter 1. Introduction
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  2. Chapter 2. Data Protection
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  3. Chapter 3. Cambridge Analytica and the Use of Data for Political Purposes
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  4. Chapter 4. Online Advertising
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  5. Chapter 5. Age Appropriate Design Code
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  6. Chapter 6. Competition and Markets Authority
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  7. Chapter 7. Competition Policy
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  8. Chapter 8. Consumer Protection
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  9. Chapter 9. Internet Safety and Online Harms
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  10. Chapter 10. Conclusions
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  11. Bibliography
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  1. Chapter 1. Introduction
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  2. Chapter 2. VKontakte Case Study
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  3. Authors:
    1. Chapter 3.a. Personal data
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    2. Chapter 3.b. Sensitive personal data
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    3. Chapter 3.c. Personal data in the public domain
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  4. Chapter 4. Conclusion
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  5. Bibliography
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  1. Authors:
    1. a. No equivalent to NetzDG
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    2. b. All-but non-existent role of government agencies
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    3. c. Criminal law provisions
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    4. d. The Canada-U.S.-Mexico Trade Agreement
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  2. Authors:
    1. a. Taking Action to End Online Hate
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    2. b. Canada's communications future: Time to act
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    3. Authors:
      1. The Commission also recommended that there be “a takedown obligation on intermediary
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    4. d. Report of the Citizens’ Assembly on Democratic Expression
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    5. e. Canadian Commission on Democratic Expression
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  3. Authors:
    1. a. Definition of hate speech and hatred
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    2. b. Peace bond
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    3. c. Canadian Human Rights Act
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    4. d. Ideas not retained
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  4. IV. The Digital Citizen Initiative Consultation Papers
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  5. V. Final critical observations
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  6. Bibliography
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  1. I. Introduction - Balance between State Sovereignty and Economic Freedom
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  2. Authors:
    1. 1. Compliance approach
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    2. Authors:
      1. a) Addressees: social networks
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      2. b) The most important term: illegal content
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    3. Authors:
      1. a) Establishment of a complaint management system
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      2. b) The Danger of Overblocking
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      3. c) Establishment of regulated self-regulation
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    4. 4. Transparency obligations: Conflict between NetzDG and community standards – Facebook case study
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    5. 5. Conclusion
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  3. Authors:
    1. 1. Countercomplaints procedure
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    2. 2. Transparency rules
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    3. Authors:
      1. a) Powers of intervention
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      2. b) Duty to cooperate – Duty to report
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    4. 4. Out-of-court conciliation
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  4. IV. Outlook
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  5. Bibliography
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  1. 1. Introduction
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  2. 2. An initial response: Criminalising online hate and disinformation
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  3. 3. Internet shutdowns and the control of narratives
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  4. 4. Building consensus on interventions
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  5. 5. Conclusion
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  6. Bibliography:
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  1. Chapter 1. Introduction
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  2. Authors:
    1. 1. Pros and Cons to an IHRL approach to Online Content Moderation
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    2. 2. Article 20(2): An Analysis
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  3. Chapter 3. The European Court of Human Rights: A Template to Avoid?
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  4. Chapter 4. South Africa: A Good Practice Template
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  5. Conclusion
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  6. Bibliography
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  1. 1. Freedom of expression and social media
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  2. 2. Shaming as harmful action online
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  3. Authors:
    1. 3.1 Conduct initiating shaming action
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    2. 3.2 Conduct participating in shaming action
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  4. 4. Conclusions
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  5. Bibliography
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  1. Chapter 1. Introduction
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  2. Authors:
    1. 2.1. Employers’ general obligations and the aim of preventing the risk of hate speech at work
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    2. 2.2. Employers’ risk-specific responsibilities and responses to the risk of hate speech at work
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    3. 2.3. Concrete safety measures based on responsibilities
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  3. Chapter 3. Conclusion
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  4. Bibliography
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  1. 1. Introduction
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  2. 2. Policy and theoretical context
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  3. 3. Methodology and dataset
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  4. Authors:
    1. Facebook (Facebook, Messenger, Instagram, Whatsapp)
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    2. Google (Search, YouTube, AdSense)
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    3. TikTok
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    4. Twitter
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  5. 5. Comparison and key take-aways
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  6. 6. Conclusion
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  7. Bibliography
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  1. Chapter 1. Introduction
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  2. Chapter 2. Disinformation and the threat to media pluralism
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  3. Chapter 3. The Code of Practice on Disinformation
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  4. Chapter 4. Limited impact
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  5. Chapter 5. Some suggestions to address the shortcomings
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  6. Chapter 6. Trustworthiness as a feature of the online information environment?
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  7. Chapter 7. Conclusion
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  8. Bibliography
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  1. Chapter 1. Introduction
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  2. Chapter 2. Context
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  3. Chapter 3. What is PoFMA/ How Does PoFMA Work
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  4. Chapter 4. Issues
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  5. Chapter 5. Use
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  6. Chapter 6. Comparison with Other Jurisdictions
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  7. Chapter 7. What Next
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  8. Bibliography
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  1. 1. Communication Platforms
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  2. 2. Effects of modern platform economy on public communication
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  3. 3. Platform harms
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  4. Authors:
    1. a. Defining a general duty of care standard
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    2. b. Duty of standards in specific areas (sectors)
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    3. c. Enforcing the duty of care standard: self-regulation, co-regulation or state supervision
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    4. d. Supervision: allocating competences between competent authorities
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  5. 5. Final remarks: do we need a global regulation?
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  6. Bibliography
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The Authors and EditorsPages 585 - 594 Download chapter (PDF)
IndexPages 595 - 601 Download chapter (PDF)