Perspectives on Platform Regulation

Dr. Judit Bayer; Prof. Dr. Bernd Holznagel; Prof. Dr. Päivi Korpisaari; Prof. Lorna Woods

doi:10.5771/9783748929789

Summary

Online social media platforms set the agenda and structure for public and private communication in our age. Their influence and power is beyond any traditional media empire. Their legal regulation is a pressing challenge, but currently, they are mainly governed by economic pressures. There are now diverse legislative attempts to regulate platforms in various parts of the world. The European Union and most of its Member States have historically relied on soft law, but are now looking to introduce regulation.Leading researchers of the field analyse the hard questions and the responses given by various states. The book offers legislative solutions from various parts of the world, compares regulatory concepts and assesses the use of algorithms.With contributions byIzumi Aizu, Enni Ala-Mikkula, Alexandre Alaphilippe, Natalie Alkiviadou, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales, Siwal Ashwini, Judit Bayer, Jörg Becker, Konrad Bleyer-Simon, Elda Brogi, Shun-Ling Chen, Poren Chiang, Michael Geist, Gerard Goggin, Giovanni De Gregorio, Sarah Hartmann, Maximilian Hemmert-Halswick, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Bernd Holznagel, Peng Hwa Ang, Richard Janda, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn, Juliya Kharitonova, Kristiina Koivukari, Päivi Korpisaari, Jacob Mchangama, Trisha Meyer, Kilian Müller, Larissa Sannikova, Mårten Schultz, Nicole Stremlau, Maria L. Vazquez, Kuo-Wei Wu and Lorna Woods.

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2021
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-8557-5
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-2978-9
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Recht und Digitalisierung | Digitization and the Law
Volume: 1
Language: English
Pages: 601
Product type: Edited Book

Titelei/InhaltsverzeichnisPages 1 - 8 Download chapter (PDF)
Judit Bayer, Lorna Woods, Bernd Holznagel Download chapter (PDF)
1. The structure of this bookJudit Bayer, Lorna Woods, Bernd Holznagel
2. AcknowledgementsJudit Bayer, Lorna Woods, Bernd Holznagel
3. BibliographyJudit Bayer, Lorna Woods, Bernd Holznagel
1. Judit Bayer Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Chapter 1. IntroductionJudit Bayer
  2. Judit Bayer
    1. Chapter 2.a. Stricter interpretation of platforms’ roles and responsibilitiesJudit Bayer
    2. Chapter 2.b. Wider freedom to platformsJudit Bayer
  3. Judit Bayer
    1. Chapter 3.a. Infrastructural regulatory approachJudit Bayer
    2. Chapter 3.b. Horizontal effect of human rightsJudit Bayer
  4. Chapter 4. ConclusionJudit Bayer
  5. BibliographyJudit Bayer
2. Jan Christopher Kalbhenn Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Chapter 1. Europe-wide regulation of digital platformsJan Christopher Kalbhenn
  2. Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
    1. Chapter 2.a. BackgroundJan Christopher Kalbhenn
    2. Chapter 2.b. Regulatory targetsJan Christopher Kalbhenn
    3. Chapter 2.c. Focus on very large platformsJan Christopher Kalbhenn
  3. Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
    1. Chapter 3.a. Content moderationJan Christopher Kalbhenn
    2. Chapter 3.b. Illegal contentJan Christopher Kalbhenn
    3. Chapter 3.c. AdvertisingJan Christopher Kalbhenn
    4. Chapter 3.d. Recommendation systemsJan Christopher Kalbhenn
    5. Chapter 3.e. General terms and conditionsJan Christopher Kalbhenn
  4. Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
    1. Chapter 4.a. Transparency as a basic rule of content moderationJan Christopher Kalbhenn
    2. Chapter 4.b. Account suspensions in case of abusive behaviourJan Christopher Kalbhenn
    3. Chapter 4.c. Recommendation systemsJan Christopher Kalbhenn
    4. Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
      1. a) Upward compatible ground rules for all hosting servicesJan Christopher Kalbhenn
      2. b) Special regulations for online platformsJan Christopher Kalbhenn
      3. c) Low-threshold out-of-court alternative procedureJan Christopher Kalbhenn
      4. d) Trusted flaggersJan Christopher Kalbhenn
    5. Chapter 4.e. Serious crimesJan Christopher Kalbhenn
    6. Chapter 4.f. AdvertisingJan Christopher Kalbhenn
    7. Chapter 4.g. Official announcementsJan Christopher Kalbhenn
    8. Chapter 4.h. Interim summaryJan Christopher Kalbhenn
  5. Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
    1. Chapter 5.a. Risk assessmentJan Christopher Kalbhenn
    2. Chapter 5.b. Minimisation of risksJan Christopher Kalbhenn
    3. Chapter 5.c. Audit, data access law, reportingJan Christopher Kalbhenn
    4. Chapter 5.d. Design specifications and architecture specificationsJan Christopher Kalbhenn
    5. Chapter 5.e. SummaryJan Christopher Kalbhenn
  6. Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
    1. Chapter 6.a. Rigid commandments and prohibitionsJan Christopher Kalbhenn
    2. Chapter 6.b. Other commandments and prohibitionsJan Christopher Kalbhenn
    3. Chapter 6.c. Enforcement of market rules for gatekeepersJan Christopher Kalbhenn
  7. Chapter 7. ConclusionJan Christopher Kalbhenn
  8. BibliographyJan Christopher Kalbhenn
  9. Annex: List of Europe’s Digital Regulatory InstrumentsJan Christopher Kalbhenn
3. Lorna Woods Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Chapter 1. IntroductionLorna Woods
  2. Chapter 2. A Traditional Approach to Liability for ContentLorna Woods
  3. Chapter 3. A Different ModelLorna Woods
  4. Chapter 4. Platform Design and HarmLorna Woods
  5. Chapter 5. Risk Assessment: A Model from Work SpacesLorna Woods
  6. Chapter 6. The Statutory Duty of Care: A ProposalLorna Woods
  7. Chapter 7. ConclusionLorna Woods
  8. BibliographyLorna Woods
4. Sarah Hartmann Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Chapter 1. Introduction and OverviewSarah Hartmann
  2. Chapter 2. Lack of Reliable Sources – Measures against the Decline of Local NewsSarah Hartmann
  3. Sarah Hartmann
    1. Chapter 3.a. Limiting the Scope for Specific Categories of ContentSarah Hartmann
    2. Chapter 3.b. Amplification, Recommendation or Monetization of ContentSarah Hartmann
    3. Chapter 3.c. Additional Obligations as Prerequisites for ImmunitySarah Hartmann
  4. Chapter 4. Lack of Competition – Introducing Portability and InteroperabilitySarah Hartmann
  5. Chapter 5. ConclusionSarah Hartmann
  6. BibliographySarah Hartmann
5. Jörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Chapter 1: IntroductionJörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
  2. Jörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
    1. Jörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
      1. 2.1.1. Messenger servicesJörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
      2. 2.1.2. InteroperabilityJörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
    2. Jörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
      1. 2.2.1. InterfacesJörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
      2. 2.2.2. StandardizationJörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
      3. 2.2.3. FederationJörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
    3. Jörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
      1. 2.3.1. CompetitionJörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
      2. 2.3.2. InnovativenessJörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
      3. 2.3.3. Data privacyJörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
      4. 2.3.4. UsabilityJörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
    4. 2.4. ResultJörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
  3. Jörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
    1. Jörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
      1. 3.1.1. Extension of the scope of applicationJörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
      2. 3.1.2. Messenger services as interpersonal communication servicesJörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
      3. 3.1.3. Types of interpersonal communication servicesJörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
    2. Jörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
      1. 3.2.1. Authorization to promote and ensure interoperabilityJörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
      2. 3.2.2. Interoperability of number-based communication servicesJörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
      3. Jörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
        3.2.3.a). Regulatory approachJörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
        3.2.3.b). Threats to connectivity between end usersJörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
        3.2.3.c). Providers with significant coverage and user baseJörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
        3.2.3.d). Scope of the obligationJörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
  4. Chapter 4. ConclusionJörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
  5. BibliographyJörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
6. Mårten Schultz Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Mårten Schultz
    1. 1.1. BackgroundMårten Schultz
    2. Mårten Schultz
      1. An outline of the arguments of this articleMårten Schultz
  2. Chapter 2. The narrativeMårten Schultz
  3. Chapter 3. The biasMårten Schultz
  4. Chapter 4. The rulesMårten Schultz
  5. Chapter 5. The processMårten Schultz
  6. Chapter 6. The decisionsMårten Schultz
  7. Chapter 7. The power shiftMårten Schultz
  8. Chapter 8. Concluding RemarksMårten Schultz
  9. BibliographyMårten Schultz
1. Kuo-Wei Wu, Shun-Ling Chen, Poren Chiang Download chapter (PDF)
  1. IntroductionKuo-Wei Wu, Shun-Ling Chen, Poren Chiang
  2. Chapter 1. Taiwan, geopolitics, internet, and platformsKuo-Wei Wu, Shun-Ling Chen, Poren Chiang
  3. Kuo-Wei Wu, Shun-Ling Chen, Poren Chiang
    1. Section 1. GAFAM is only part of the problemKuo-Wei Wu, Shun-Ling Chen, Poren Chiang
    2. Section 2. GAFAM as potential partnersKuo-Wei Wu, Shun-Ling Chen, Poren Chiang
  4. Kuo-Wei Wu, Shun-Ling Chen, Poren Chiang
    1. Section 1. Early clashesKuo-Wei Wu, Shun-Ling Chen, Poren Chiang
    2. Section 2. Updating the legal framework for ICT innovationsKuo-Wei Wu, Shun-Ling Chen, Poren Chiang
    3. Section 3. Combating disinformationKuo-Wei Wu, Shun-Ling Chen, Poren Chiang
  5. Chapter 4. Addressing Chinese infiltrationKuo-Wei Wu, Shun-Ling Chen, Poren Chiang
  6. Chapter 5. ConclusionKuo-Wei Wu, Shun-Ling Chen, Poren Chiang
  7. BibliographyKuo-Wei Wu, Shun-Ling Chen, Poren Chiang
2. Izumi Aizu Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Introduction: Three areas and two approaches to platform regulationIzumi Aizu
  2. Izumi Aizu
    1. 1.1. Hate speech in 2000s preceding the new legislationIzumi Aizu
    2. 1.2. International voices pushed Japan to the New HSEAIzumi Aizu
    3. 1.3. The Effect of HSEA challengedIzumi Aizu
    4. 1.4. Hate Speech on the InternetIzumi Aizu
    5. 1.5. Industry self-regulation on Internet contentIzumi Aizu
    6. 1.6. Local ordinances implementedIzumi Aizu
    7. 1.7. Political and Social areasIzumi Aizu
  3. Izumi Aizu
    1. 2.1. Economic concernsIzumi Aizu
    2. 2.2. The formation process of the “Act on improving Transparency and Fairness of Digital Platform”Izumi Aizu
    3. 2.3. Act on Improving Transparency and Fairness of Digital Platforms (AITFDP) enactedIzumi Aizu
    4. 2.4. Privacy and Personal Data protectionIzumi Aizu
    5. 2.5. Transfer of personal data to a foreign countryIzumi Aizu
    6. 2.6. Tentative ConclusionIzumi Aizu
  4. BibliographyIzumi Aizu
  5. Izumi Aizu
    1. A.1. Ancient age to Middle AgeIzumi Aizu
    2. A.2. Post WW II situation of Korean residents in JapanIzumi Aizu
3. Siwal Ashwini Download chapter (PDF)
  1. IntroductionSiwal Ashwini
  2. Social Media in India: A prolegomenonSiwal Ashwini
  3. The Legal Framework of Social Media Platforms in IndiaSiwal Ashwini
  4. Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021: A critical Analysis (Illustrative, not exhaustive)Siwal Ashwini
  5. Regulating Social Media Intermediaries and Digital Media together: An Incongruous ApproachSiwal Ashwini
  6. Flawed AssumptionsSiwal Ashwini
  7. Originator Traceability: A NemesisSiwal Ashwini
  8. An Inchoate AttemptSiwal Ashwini
  9. Regulating OverzealouslySiwal Ashwini
  10. ConclusionSiwal Ashwini
  11. BibliographySiwal Ashwini
4. Maria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Chapter 1. IntroductionMaria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
  2. Maria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
    1. Maria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
      1. a) MEXICOMaria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
      2. b) COLOMBIAMaria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
      3. c) ARGENTINAMaria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
      4. d) CHILEMaria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
    2. Maria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
      1. a) MEXICOMaria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
      2. b) COLOMBIAMaria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
      3. c) ARGENTINA AND CHILEMaria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
    3. Maria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
      1. a) MEXICOMaria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
      2. b) COLOMBIAMaria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
      3. c) ARGENTINAMaria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
      4. d) CHILEMaria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
    4. Maria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
      1. a) Hate speechMaria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
      2. b) The legal regulation of influencersMaria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
  3. Maria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
    1. Maria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
      1. a) Background: Berne and the Three-Step RuleMaria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
      2. b) Authors’ rights in copyrighted content from the user's standpoint: Are everyday practices of social media content-sharing illegal in Latin America? Is copyright affecting essential tasks on the int...Maria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
      3. c) Should exceptions and limitations in Latin America be reformed in order to adapt to the common practices in the digital environment? Is there a possibility of incorporating broader criteria, such a...Maria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
    2. Maria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
      1. a) The particular case of the new law in MexicoMaria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
  4. Chapter 4. ConclusionMaria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
  5. BibliographyMaria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
1. Bernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Chapter 1. Increased need for truthful information on the InternetBernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
  2. Chapter 2. State duty to protect the democratic discourseBernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
  3. Bernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
    1. Chapter 3.a. Journalistic standards of due diligenceBernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
    2. Chapter 3.b. Labelling of social botsBernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
    3. Chapter 3.c. Labelling of political advertisingBernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
    4. Chapter 3.d. Interim conclusionBernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
  4. Bernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
    1. Bernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
      1. a) Transparent recommendation algorithmsBernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
      2. b) Transparent filter algorithmsBernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
      3. c) Prohibition of discrimination of journalistic contentBernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
      4. d) Design specificationsBernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
    2. Bernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
      1. a) Establishment of voluntary self-regulationBernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
      2. b) Case Study “Liberation of Germany from the Merkel Regime”Bernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
    3. Bernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
      1. a) Hate speechBernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
      2. b) Fact-checkingBernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
    4. Chapter 4.d. Findability of truthful content in user interfacesBernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
  5. Chapter 5. Interim conclusionBernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
  6. Bernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
    1. Chapter 6.a. Public service broadcaster as “counterweight”Bernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
    2. Chapter 6.b. Expansion of entitlements for online programBernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
    3. Chapter 6.c. Further development into a public interest-oriented platformBernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
    4. Chapter 6.d. Funding of public service contentBernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
  7. Chapter 7. Overview of instrumentsBernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
  8. Chapter 8. ConclusionBernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
  9. BibliographyBernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
2. Michael Geist Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Chapter 1. IntroductionMichael Geist
  2. Chapter 2. The Long Road to Internet RegulationMichael Geist
  3. Chapter 3. Change in Government, Change in PolicyMichael Geist
  4. Chapter 4. A Shift in Approach: Harnessing ChangeMichael Geist
  5. Chapter 5. BTLR reportMichael Geist
  6. Chapter 6. The Government Responds to the Yale Report: Bill C-10Michael Geist
  7. Chapter 7. Responding to a fictional content crisisMichael Geist
  8. Chapter 8. The myth of the level playing fieldMichael Geist
  9. Chapter 9. Missing economic thresholdsMichael Geist
  10. Chapter 10. Removing Canadian ownership requirementsMichael Geist
  11. Chapter 11. Discoverability requirementsMichael Geist
  12. Chapter 12. Downgrading the Role of Canadians in their Own ProgrammingMichael Geist
  13. Chapter 13. The “Regulate Everything” ApproachMichael Geist
  14. Chapter 14. Risk to Canadian Ownership of Intellectual PropertyMichael Geist
  15. Chapter 15. Mandated Confidential Data Disclosures May Keep Companies Out of CanadaMichael Geist
  16. Chapter 16. Mandated Payments Likely to Bring in Less Than the Government ClaimsMichael Geist
  17. Chapter 17. Misleading Comparison to the European UnionMichael Geist
  18. Chapter 18. Bill C-10 and the Regulation of User Generated ContentMichael Geist
  19. Chapter 19. The Bill C-10 EndgameMichael Geist
  20. BibliographyMichael Geist
3. Lorna Woods Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Chapter 1. IntroductionLorna Woods
  2. Chapter 2. Data ProtectionLorna Woods
  3. Chapter 3. Cambridge Analytica and the Use of Data for Political PurposesLorna Woods
  4. Chapter 4. Online AdvertisingLorna Woods
  5. Chapter 5. Age Appropriate Design CodeLorna Woods
  6. Chapter 6. Competition and Markets AuthorityLorna Woods
  7. Chapter 7. Competition PolicyLorna Woods
  8. Chapter 8. Consumer ProtectionLorna Woods
  9. Chapter 9. Internet Safety and Online HarmsLorna Woods
  10. Chapter 10. ConclusionsLorna Woods
  11. BibliographyLorna Woods
4. Juliya Kharitonova, Larissa Sannikova Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Chapter 1. IntroductionJuliya Kharitonova, Larissa Sannikova
  2. Chapter 2. VKontakte Case StudyJuliya Kharitonova, Larissa Sannikova
  3. Juliya Kharitonova, Larissa Sannikova
    1. Chapter 3.a. Personal dataJuliya Kharitonova, Larissa Sannikova
    2. Chapter 3.b. Sensitive personal dataJuliya Kharitonova, Larissa Sannikova
    3. Chapter 3.c. Personal data in the public domainJuliya Kharitonova, Larissa Sannikova
  4. Chapter 4. ConclusionJuliya Kharitonova, Larissa Sannikova
  5. BibliographyJuliya Kharitonova, Larissa Sannikova
1. Richard Janda Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Richard Janda
    1. a. No equivalent to NetzDGRichard Janda
    2. b. All-but non-existent role of government agenciesRichard Janda
    3. c. Criminal law provisionsRichard Janda
    4. d. The Canada-U.S.-Mexico Trade AgreementRichard Janda
  2. Richard Janda
    1. a. Taking Action to End Online HateRichard Janda
    2. b. Canada's communications future: Time to actRichard Janda
    3. Richard Janda
      1. The Commission also recommended that there be “a takedown obligation on intermediaryRichard Janda
    4. d. Report of the Citizens’ Assembly on Democratic ExpressionRichard Janda
    5. e. Canadian Commission on Democratic ExpressionRichard Janda
  3. Richard Janda
    1. a. Definition of hate speech and hatredRichard Janda
    2. b. Peace bondRichard Janda
    3. c. Canadian Human Rights ActRichard Janda
    4. d. Ideas not retainedRichard Janda
  4. IV. The Digital Citizen Initiative Consultation PapersRichard Janda
  5. V. Final critical observationsRichard Janda
  6. BibliographyRichard Janda
2. Maximilian Hemmert-Halswick Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. Introduction - Balance between State Sovereignty and Economic FreedomMaximilian Hemmert-Halswick
  2. Maximilian Hemmert-Halswick
    1. 1. Compliance approachMaximilian Hemmert-Halswick
    2. Maximilian Hemmert-Halswick
      1. a) Addressees: social networksMaximilian Hemmert-Halswick
      2. b) The most important term: illegal contentMaximilian Hemmert-Halswick
    3. Maximilian Hemmert-Halswick
      1. a) Establishment of a complaint management systemMaximilian Hemmert-Halswick
      2. b) The Danger of OverblockingMaximilian Hemmert-Halswick
      3. c) Establishment of regulated self-regulationMaximilian Hemmert-Halswick
    4. 4. Transparency obligations: Conflict between NetzDG and community standards – Facebook case studyMaximilian Hemmert-Halswick
    5. 5. ConclusionMaximilian Hemmert-Halswick
  3. Maximilian Hemmert-Halswick
    1. 1. Countercomplaints procedureMaximilian Hemmert-Halswick
    2. 2. Transparency rulesMaximilian Hemmert-Halswick
    3. Maximilian Hemmert-Halswick
      1. a) Powers of interventionMaximilian Hemmert-Halswick
      2. b) Duty to cooperate – Duty to reportMaximilian Hemmert-Halswick
    4. 4. Out-of-court conciliationMaximilian Hemmert-Halswick
  4. IV. OutlookMaximilian Hemmert-Halswick
  5. BibliographyMaximilian Hemmert-Halswick
3. Giovanni De Gregorio, Nicole Stremlau Download chapter (PDF)
  1. 1. IntroductionGiovanni De Gregorio, Nicole Stremlau
  2. 2. An initial response: Criminalising online hate and disinformationGiovanni De Gregorio, Nicole Stremlau
  3. 3. Internet shutdowns and the control of narrativesGiovanni De Gregorio, Nicole Stremlau
  4. 4. Building consensus on interventionsGiovanni De Gregorio, Nicole Stremlau
  5. 5. ConclusionGiovanni De Gregorio, Nicole Stremlau
  6. Bibliography:Giovanni De Gregorio, Nicole Stremlau
4. Jacob Mchangama, Natalie Alkiviadou Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Chapter 1. IntroductionJacob Mchangama, Natalie Alkiviadou
  2. Jacob Mchangama, Natalie Alkiviadou
    1. 1. Pros and Cons to an IHRL approach to Online Content ModerationJacob Mchangama, Natalie Alkiviadou
    2. 2. Article 20(2): An AnalysisJacob Mchangama, Natalie Alkiviadou
  3. Chapter 3. The European Court of Human Rights: A Template to Avoid?Jacob Mchangama, Natalie Alkiviadou
  4. Chapter 4. South Africa: A Good Practice TemplateJacob Mchangama, Natalie Alkiviadou
  5. ConclusionJacob Mchangama, Natalie Alkiviadou
  6. BibliographyJacob Mchangama, Natalie Alkiviadou
5. Kristiina Koivukari, Päivi Korpisaari Download chapter (PDF)
  1. 1. Freedom of expression and social mediaKristiina Koivukari, Päivi Korpisaari
  2. 2. Shaming as harmful action onlineKristiina Koivukari, Päivi Korpisaari
  3. Kristiina Koivukari, Päivi Korpisaari
    1. 3.1 Conduct initiating shaming actionKristiina Koivukari, Päivi Korpisaari
    2. 3.2 Conduct participating in shaming actionKristiina Koivukari, Päivi Korpisaari
  4. 4. ConclusionsKristiina Koivukari, Päivi Korpisaari
  5. BibliographyKristiina Koivukari, Päivi Korpisaari
6. Enni Ala-Mikkula Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Chapter 1. IntroductionEnni Ala-Mikkula
  2. Enni Ala-Mikkula
    1. 2.1. Employers’ general obligations and the aim of preventing the risk of hate speech at workEnni Ala-Mikkula
    2. 2.2. Employers’ risk-specific responsibilities and responses to the risk of hate speech at workEnni Ala-Mikkula
    3. 2.3. Concrete safety measures based on responsibilitiesEnni Ala-Mikkula
  3. Chapter 3. ConclusionEnni Ala-Mikkula
  4. BibliographyEnni Ala-Mikkula
1. Trisha Meyer, Alexandre Alaphilippe Download chapter (PDF)
  1. 1. IntroductionTrisha Meyer, Alexandre Alaphilippe
  2. 2. Policy and theoretical contextTrisha Meyer, Alexandre Alaphilippe
  3. 3. Methodology and datasetTrisha Meyer, Alexandre Alaphilippe
  4. Trisha Meyer, Alexandre Alaphilippe
    1. Facebook (Facebook, Messenger, Instagram, Whatsapp)Trisha Meyer, Alexandre Alaphilippe
    2. Google (Search, YouTube, AdSense)Trisha Meyer, Alexandre Alaphilippe
    3. TikTokTrisha Meyer, Alexandre Alaphilippe
    4. TwitterTrisha Meyer, Alexandre Alaphilippe
  5. 5. Comparison and key take-awaysTrisha Meyer, Alexandre Alaphilippe
  6. 6. ConclusionTrisha Meyer, Alexandre Alaphilippe
  7. BibliographyTrisha Meyer, Alexandre Alaphilippe
2. Elda Brogi, Konrad Bleyer-Simon Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Chapter 1. IntroductionElda Brogi, Konrad Bleyer-Simon
  2. Chapter 2. Disinformation and the threat to media pluralismElda Brogi, Konrad Bleyer-Simon
  3. Chapter 3. The Code of Practice on DisinformationElda Brogi, Konrad Bleyer-Simon
  4. Chapter 4. Limited impactElda Brogi, Konrad Bleyer-Simon
  5. Chapter 5. Some suggestions to address the shortcomingsElda Brogi, Konrad Bleyer-Simon
  6. Chapter 6. Trustworthiness as a feature of the online information environment?Elda Brogi, Konrad Bleyer-Simon
  7. Chapter 7. ConclusionElda Brogi, Konrad Bleyer-Simon
  8. BibliographyElda Brogi, Konrad Bleyer-Simon
3. Peng Hwa Ang, Gerard Goggin Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Chapter 1. IntroductionPeng Hwa Ang, Gerard Goggin
  2. Chapter 2. ContextPeng Hwa Ang, Gerard Goggin
  3. Chapter 3. What is PoFMA/ How Does PoFMA WorkPeng Hwa Ang, Gerard Goggin
  4. Chapter 4. IssuesPeng Hwa Ang, Gerard Goggin
  5. Chapter 5. UsePeng Hwa Ang, Gerard Goggin
  6. Chapter 6. Comparison with Other JurisdictionsPeng Hwa Ang, Gerard Goggin
  7. Chapter 7. What NextPeng Hwa Ang, Gerard Goggin
  8. BibliographyPeng Hwa Ang, Gerard Goggin
4. Judit Bayer, Bernd Holznagel, Päivi Korpisaari, Lorna Woods Download chapter (PDF)
  1. 1. Communication PlatformsJudit Bayer, Bernd Holznagel, Päivi Korpisaari, Lorna Woods
  2. 2. Effects of modern platform economy on public communicationJudit Bayer, Bernd Holznagel, Päivi Korpisaari, Lorna Woods
  3. 3. Platform harmsJudit Bayer, Bernd Holznagel, Päivi Korpisaari, Lorna Woods
  4. Judit Bayer, Bernd Holznagel, Päivi Korpisaari, Lorna Woods
    1. a. Defining a general duty of care standardJudit Bayer, Bernd Holznagel, Päivi Korpisaari, Lorna Woods
    2. b. Duty of standards in specific areas (sectors)Judit Bayer, Bernd Holznagel, Päivi Korpisaari, Lorna Woods
    3. c. Enforcing the duty of care standard: self-regulation, co-regulation or state supervisionJudit Bayer, Bernd Holznagel, Päivi Korpisaari, Lorna Woods
    4. d. Supervision: allocating competences between competent authoritiesJudit Bayer, Bernd Holznagel, Päivi Korpisaari, Lorna Woods
  5. 5. Final remarks: do we need a global regulation?Judit Bayer, Bernd Holznagel, Päivi Korpisaari, Lorna Woods
  6. BibliographyJudit Bayer, Bernd Holznagel, Päivi Korpisaari, Lorna Woods
The Authors and EditorsPages 585 - 594 Download chapter (PDF)
IndexPages 595 - 601 Download chapter (PDF)