Pay-to-Play

Esq. Dr. Ryan Kraski

doi:10.5771/9783748912262

Summary

Pay-to-Play provides an accessible approach toward understanding two systems for knowledge creation and dissemination that are embedded in the US legal system, namely private, nonprofit universities and copyright law. Pay-to-Play identifies the harsh reality that an expansive body of academic works remains locked away behind for-profit paywalls. Accessing these works for individuals is prohibitively expensive and is usually only made possible through even more expensive institutional memberships. As a result, most people are unnecessarily excluded from the innovation process, which lies at the very core of the Constitution’s Copyright Clause.

Dr. Ryan Kraski is a former lecturer and research fellow at the University of Cologne, Germany and is currently in-house counsel in the private sector.

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2021
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-7194-3
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-1226-2
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Recht
Volume: 986
Language: English
Pages: 278
Product type: Book Titles

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages 1 - 14
1. 1. I. Definitions No access
  2. II. Why Focus on Universities and Copyright Law? No access
2. B. General Structure No access
3. C. Questions Presented No access
4. D. Methods No access
5. E. Literature Review No access
6. F. Contributions of this Research No access
1. 1. I. Early European Societies and Universities No access
  2. II. The Emergence of the American System No access
2. 1. I. University Privileges No access
  2. II. Privileges in the US No access
3. 1. I. The Early Curriculum in Europe No access
  2. II. The Developing Curriculum in the Americas No access
4. 1. I. The Professional Pathway No access
  2. II. The Mobility Pathway No access
  3. III. The Social Pathway No access
5. 1. I. The Funding Schemes No access
  2. II. Negative Outcomes of Federal Funding No access
  3. III. How Finance Affected the Various Types of Universities No access
6. F. The US’ Third Sector: Nonprofits No access
7. 1. 1. 1. Overcoming Contract Failure through the Nonprofit Form No access
    2. 2. The Non-Distribution Constraint No access
  2. 1. 1. The Organizational Test No access
    2. 2. The Operational Test No access
    3. 3. The Private Inurement Test No access
  3. 1. 1. Safe-Harbor No access
    2. 2. UBIT Taxes No access
  4. IV. State Regulation No access
  5. V. Federal Regulation No access
8. 1. 1. 1. Access Statistics No access
    2. 2. Campus Diversity No access
    3. 3. Access and University Type No access
    4. 4. The Outcome of the HEA’s Student Lending No access
  2. 1. 1. Education Statistics No access
    2. 2. The Focus of University Instruction No access
    3. 3. Free Speech Protections on Campus No access
    4. 4. How the University Types Influence Each Other No access
  3. 1. 1. Research Statistics No access
    2. 2. Research Universities No access
    3. 3. The Types of Research No access
  4. IV. Certification No access
  5. V. Social Mobility No access
  6. 1. 1. Commercial Operations No access
    2. 2. Compensation No access
    3. 3. Capital Accumulation No access
9. I. Private, Nonprofit Universities and the Public Benefit No access
10. J. Private, Nonprofit Universities’ Legal Structuring and the Public Benefit No access
11. K. How Can Private, Nonprofit Universities be Improved through the Law? No access
1. A. Introduction No access
2. B. History No access
3. C. The Means and Ends of US Copyright No access
4. 1. I. Various Exceptions to Copyright No access
  2. II. International Law and Copyright in the US No access
  3. 1. 1. Open Access No access
    2. 2. Creative Commons Licenses No access
    3. 3. Pirating No access
    4. 4. Technical Barriers No access
5. 1. 1. 1. The Core of Copyright Protection No access
    2. 2. The Effects of Fair Use Codification No access
    3. 3. Campus Policies No access
    4. 4. How the Rings of Regulation Affect Access No access
  2. 1. 1. The Governmental Sector No access
    2. 2. The For-Profit Sector: Paywalls No access
    3. 3. The For-Profit Sector: Free Access No access
    4. 4. The Nonprofit Sector No access
    5. 5. The Pirates No access
  3. 1. 1. The Production Function and the Different Types of Works No access
    2. 2. The Production Function and Academic Works No access
  4. 1. 1. Structure in the Print Era No access
    2. 2. Structure in the Digital Era No access
    3. 3. Universities as a Structural Alternative to Copyright No access
    4. 4. Alternative For-profit Structures No access
  5. V. Expressive Function Assessment No access
6. F. Copyright Law and the Public Benefit No access
7. G. How Can Copyright be Improved Through the Law? No access
Part III: Summary No access Pages 245 - 253
Conclusion No access Pages 254 - 258
Works Cited No access Pages 259 - 278