Legal Services and the European Convention on Human Rights

RA Dr. Justin Friedrich Krahé LL.B. (UCL)

doi:10.5771/9783748946625

Summary

Legal advice and representation are preconditions for human rights protection and the rule of law. But how are legal services secured in international law? This volume critically analyses the protection provided by the European Court of Human Rights’ case law, revealing practical and theoretical problems. It suggests that these can be resolved by recognising that, in addition to protecting individuals’ interests, the European Convention on Human Rights imposes an obligation on States to ensure a functioning legal services sector. Beyond the example of legal services, the study thus uncovers a further “constitutional” dimension to the Convention: its ability to create obligations on the States to protect public interests.

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2025
ISBN-Print: 978-3-7560-1009-7
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-4662-5
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht
Volume: 340
Language: English
Pages: 542
Product type: Book Titles

Titelei/InhaltsverzeichnisPages 1 - 26 Download chapter (PDF)
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1. I. Legal services at the intersection of private and public interests
2. 1. 1. 1. i. The 1990 UN Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers
      2. ii. The UN Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers
      3. iii. The ‘right to defend human rights’
    2. (b) Council of Europe Recommendation R(2000)21 on the freedom of exercise of the profession of lawyer
    3. (c) Soft law standards by international NGOs
  2. 2. Hard international law on legal services
  3. 3. A ‘European Convention on the Profession of Lawyer’?
  4. 4. Legal services and international human rights law
3. 1. 1. Research questions
  2. 2. Structure of inquiry and chapter overview
4. 1. 1. Case selection
  2. 1. 1. i. The Court’s references to ‘legal services’
      2. ii. The Court’s references to ‘lawyers’
      3. iii. The Court’s rationale for legal services
    2. 1. i. ‘Legal services’
      2. ii. ‘Lawyer’ and ‘client’
      3. iii. ‘Bar associations’
      4. iv. ‘Private interest’ and ‘public interest’
  3. 3. A note on interactions with domestic legal systems: Translations and references
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1. 1. 1. 1. i. Dvorski [GC] and the principle of informed choice
      2. ii. The importance of free choice of lawyer as conducive to trust
      3. iii. Abusive bans on legal representation
    2. (b) Correia de Matos [GC] and defending oneself in person, Art. 6 § 3 (c) ECHR
    3. (c) Protection of choice of legal services rather than choice of lawyer
  2. 1. 1. i. Freedom of communication as the rule
      2. ii. Restrictions in the context of counter-terrorism law
      3. iii. Art. 34 ECHR and freedom to communicate with representatives before the Court
      4. iv. Communication with detained clients
      5. v. A right for the client or the lawyer?
      6. vi. Conclusion: Freedom to communicate between client and lawyer
    2. 1. i. Confidential communication as a prerequisite of effective legal services
      2. ii. Confidential communication with detainees
      3. iii. Covert surveillance, particularly wiretaps
      4. iv. Search and seizure at lawyers’ premises
      5. v. Requirements on lawyers to report on their clients (‘gatekeeper’ legislation)
      6. vi. Enforcement of the confidentiality norm
2. 1. 1. (a) The State’s due diligence obligation to remedy severe shortcomings in legal services
    2. (b) The State’s obligation to counter manifest failings in the provision of legal services in practice
    3. (c) Conclusion: State responsibility for lawyers’ actions
  2. 1. (a) Activity and attendance
    2. (b) Defence of the client’s interests
    3. (c) Communication with the client
    4. (d) Preparation of the case
    5. (e) Lawyers’ expertise
    6. (f) Lawyers’ independence
    7. (g) The client’s contribution
    8. (h) Sources of quality standards
    9. (i) Domestic rules on professional negligence
    10. (j) Conclusion: The Court’s vision of high-quality legal services
3. III. Conclusion: Convention protection for the internal dimension of legal services
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1. 1. 1. 1. i. Nikula v Finland and conflicts between lawyers and prosecutors
      2. ii. Kyprianou v Cyprus [GC] and conflicts between lawyers and judges
      3. iii. Conflicts between lawyers and experts
      4. iv. Elevated protection for statements made in judicial proceedings
    2. 1. i. Schöpfer v Switzerland
      2. ii. Morice v France [GC]
      3. iii. Morice in practice
    3. (c) Freedom of expression on ‘non-legal’ topics
    4. (d) Relationship between lawyers’ and clients’ rights
    5. (e) Conclusion: Freedom of expression for lawyers exercising representative functions
  2. 1. (a) Protection against physical attacks by State actors
    2. (b) No additional protection against physical attacks by non-State actors
    3. (c) Additional protection against unlawful detention by the State
2. 1. 1. A protective regime for legal services related to individual applications
  2. 2. The relationship between the applicant’s and the representative’s rights
  3. 3. Minimum quality requirements under Art. 34 ECHR
  4. 4. Abstract risk suffices
3. III. Conclusion: Protecting the client’s private interest in legal services
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1. 1. 1. Protection of access to the legal profession
  2. 2. Protection of exercise of the legal profession
  3. 3. Protection of lawyers’ professional reputation
  4. 4. Occasional reinforcement by reference to the public interest
  5. 5. Protection against disbarment
2. 1. 1. The public interest in lawyers’ expertise
  2. 2. Reznik v Russia
  3. 3. Lawyers’ freedom to comment
  4. 4. Limits to lawyers’ freedom to comment
  5. 5. The public interest in comment by lawyers
3. III. Conclusion: Legal services and lawyers’ private interests
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1. 1. 1. (a) Casado Coca and the origins of the Nikula dictum
    2. (b) The Nikula dictum as a means of restricting rights
  2. 1. (a) Elçi and others v Turkey
    2. (b) Elçi as protecting the legal profession
    3. (c) Aliyev v Azerbaijan and the public interest in legal services
    4. (d) Elçi in the Court’s case law
  3. 3. ‘The legal profession’
2. 1. 1. 1. i. Reservations based on qualification
      2. ii. Reservations based on personal standing
      3. iii. Liberalising tendencies
    2. (b) A sustainable economic basis?
  2. 1. 1. i. Disciplinary law as a particularly sensitive area
      2. (1) Lower requirements for ‘quality of the law’
        (2) Procedural rights in disciplinary law
      3. iii. Delegation to professional bodies
      4. iv. Conclusion: Separate disciplinary rules for lawyers
    2. 1. (1) State responsibility for Bar associations
        (2) Legal consequences of the State’s responsibility for Bar associations
        (3) In particular: No standing for Bar associations under Art. 34 ECHR
      2. ii. The ‘independence’ of Bar associations – self-regulation?
3. III. Conclusion: The public interest in legal services in the Court’s case law
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1. 1. 1. The Court’s view of the media’s function in the Convention system
  2. 1. (a) The State as the ‘ultimate guarantor of pluralism’
    2. (b) The obligation to create ‘a favourable environment for participation in public debate’
    3. (c) The independence of the media
    4. (d) The obligation to protect the media against State and non-State attacks
    5. (e) Protecting the public’s right to receive information
    6. (f) Elevated protection only for ‘responsible journalism’
    7. (g) Pluralism as a justification for restricting rights
    8. (h) Expanding case law to other actors fulfilling similar functions to journalists
2. 1. 1. (a) Structural differences between the case law on media and on legal services
    2. 1. i. Protection against the State
      2. ii. Independence
      3. iii. Differences regarding protection and restriction of rights?
      4. iv. The Court’s greater awareness of the public interest in the media
  2. 1. (a) Human rights in the interests of others
    2. (b) Rights to provide and receive
    3. (c) The Court’s difficulties with legal services: Mesić v Croatia as a model case
  3. 3. The Court’s case law on the media: A source of inspiration for the case law on legal services?
3. III. Conclusion: Comparing legal services and the media
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1. 1. 1. Duties based on rights and duties based on other concerns
  2. 2. Directed and undirected duties
2. 1. 1. Undirected duties in constitutional law
  2. 2. Undirected duties in public international law
3. 1. 1. The Convention imposes undirected duties on States
  2. 1. (a) The State’s duty to maintain a Convention-compliant judiciary
    2. (b) The State’s duty to maintain a democratic form of government
    3. (c) The State’s duty to maintain a functioning executive
    4. (d) The State’s ‘obligation to protect the rule of law and prevent arbitrariness’
    5. (e) The State’s duty as ‘the ultimate guarantor of pluralism’
    6. (f) The State’s duty to maintain separation of powers
    7. (g) The State’s duty to take climate action
    8. (h) Undirected duties as reflecting public interests
  3. 1. (a) The individual application mechanism’s focus on directed duties
    2. (b) Convention scholarship’s focus on rights and directed duties
    3. (c) The Convention’s assumption that undirected duties will not be violated
    4. (d) Insufficient inspiration from domestic human rights law
    5. (e) Public international law is not traditionally understood as regulating domestic organisational law
4. IV. Conclusion: Undirected duties under the Convention
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1. 1. 1. (a) Interest theories of rights as individualistic conceptions
    2. (b) The role of public interests in individualistic conceptions
  2. 2. Individualistic conceptions of Convention rights
2. 1. 1. Systemic conceptions in moral human rights theory
  2. 2. Systemic conceptions of Convention rights
  3. 1. (a) Moral human rights debate on journalists as role-bearers
    2. (b) Lawyers as a particularly complicated case of role-bearer rights
3. 1. 1. (a) Is a private interest always required?
    2. (b) Is a private interest always sufficient?
    3. (c) Can the categories of scope ratione personae and ratione materiae be maintained on a systemic understanding?
  2. 1. (a) Is a private interest always required?
    2. (b) Is a private interest always sufficient?
  3. 1. (a) Suitability
    2. (b) Necessity
    3. (c) Balancing
  4. 4. Procedural implications
4. 1. 1. Systemic conceptions as a coincidental by-product of case law evolution
  2. 2. Systemic conceptions as an attempt to expand the State’s duties
5. V. Conclusion: Individualistic and systemic conceptions of human rights
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1. I. The Court’s vision of the public interest in legal services
2. 1. 1. (a) No link to legal activities whatsoever
    2. (b) General right of lawyers to exercise their profession
    3. (c) Attacks on lawyers by private individuals
    4. (d) ‘Exceptional circumstances’ cases
  2. 2. Only public interests involved
3. 1. 1. (a) Freedom to communicate confidentially
    2. (b) An autonomously determined relationship
  2. 1. (a) Freedom of expression for lawyers in court proceedings
    2. (b) Protection of lawyers against the State in fields other than freedom of expression
  3. 3. Protection against disbarment
  4. 4. Watchdog cases
  5. 5. The Elçi doctrine as recognition of the State’s undirected duties?
4. 1. 1. Lawyers’ freedom of expression outside the courtroom
  2. 2. State regulation of legal services
  3. 3. Protecting legal services against third parties
  4. 4. Recognition of the conflict cases in the Convention?
  5. 5. The Nikula doctrine as recognition of the State’s undirected duties?
5. V. Conclusion: Combining rights and undirected duties
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1. 1. 1. Explain why the right applied makes little difference
  2. 2. Explain why the applicant’s person makes little difference
  3. 3. Explain why the Court tests for scope twice
  4. 4. Explain why the Court sets out general measures
2. 1. 1. (a) Point of reference for the directed duty: The individual’s interests
    2. (b) Point of reference for the undirected duty: The rule of law and the administration of justice
  2. 1. (a) Clarity regarding the legal bindingness of the State’s undirected duties
    2. 1. i. Separating between margin of appreciation and minimum requirements
      2. ii. Does the public interest justify reservation of legal services to a certain group?
      3. (1) Does the State’s undirected duty require elevated protection of activities other than human rights defence?
        (2) Does the State’s undirected duty require elevated protection of activities other than litigation?
        (3) Which case law is transferable?
    3. (c) Clarity regarding who may invoke the State’s undirected duties
  3. 1. (a) Application of proportionality analysis
    2. (b) Clearer criteria for balancing
3. III. Conclusion: The advantages of combining rights and undirected duties
Conclusions, Outlook and Directions for Further ResearchPages 499 - 504 Download chapter (PDF)
Zusammenfassung in deutscher SprachePages 505 - 516 Download chapter (PDF)
Table of ECtHR Cases CitedPages 517 - 528 Download chapter (PDF)
BibliographyPages 529 - 540 Download chapter (PDF)
Index of terms and key casesPages 541 - 542 Download chapter (PDF)

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