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Legal Services and the European Convention on Human Rights

Securing Private Rights and Public Interests
Authors:
Publisher:
 11.02.2025

Summary

Legal advice and representation are preconditions for human rights protection and the rule of law. But how are legal services secured in international law? This volume critically analyses the protection provided by the European Court of Human Rights’ case law, revealing practical and theoretical problems. It suggests that these can be resolved by recognising that, in addition to protecting individuals’ interests, the European Convention on Human Rights imposes an obligation on States to ensure a functioning legal services sector. Beyond the example of legal services, the study thus uncovers a further “constitutional” dimension to the Convention: its ability to create obligations on the States to protect public interests.

Keywords

Bibliographic data

Publication year
2025
Publication date
11.02.2025
ISBN-Print
978-3-7560-1009-7
ISBN-Online
978-3-7489-4662-5
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series
Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht
Volume
340
Language
English
Pages
542
Product type
Book Titles

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 - 26 Download chapter (PDF)
  2. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. I. Legal services at the intersection of private and public interests Download chapter (PDF)
    2. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. i. The 1990 UN Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers Download chapter (PDF)
          2. ii. The UN Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers Download chapter (PDF)
          3. iii. The ‘right to defend human rights’ Download chapter (PDF)
        2. (b) Council of Europe Recommendation R(2000)21 on the freedom of exercise of the profession of lawyer Download chapter (PDF)
        3. (c) Soft law standards by international NGOs Download chapter (PDF)
      2. 2. Hard international law on legal services Download chapter (PDF)
      3. 3. A ‘European Convention on the Profession of Lawyer’? Download chapter (PDF)
      4. 4. Legal services and international human rights law Download chapter (PDF)
    3. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. 1. Research questions Download chapter (PDF)
      2. 2. Structure of inquiry and chapter overview Download chapter (PDF)
    4. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. 1. Case selection Download chapter (PDF)
      2. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. i. The Court’s references to ‘legal services’ Download chapter (PDF)
          2. ii. The Court’s references to ‘lawyers’ Download chapter (PDF)
          3. iii. The Court’s rationale for legal services Download chapter (PDF)
        2. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. i. ‘Legal services’ Download chapter (PDF)
          2. ii. ‘Lawyer’ and ‘client’ Download chapter (PDF)
          3. iii. ‘Bar associations’ Download chapter (PDF)
          4. iv. ‘Private interest’ and ‘public interest’ Download chapter (PDF)
      3. 3. A note on interactions with domestic legal systems: Translations and references Download chapter (PDF)
  3. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. i. Dvorski [GC] and the principle of informed choice Download chapter (PDF)
          2. ii. The importance of free choice of lawyer as conducive to trust Download chapter (PDF)
          3. iii. Abusive bans on legal representation Download chapter (PDF)
        2. (b) Correia de Matos [GC] and defending oneself in person, Art. 6 § 3 (c) ECHR Download chapter (PDF)
        3. (c) Protection of choice of legal services rather than choice of lawyer Download chapter (PDF)
      2. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. i. Freedom of communication as the rule Download chapter (PDF)
          2. ii. Restrictions in the context of counter-terrorism law Download chapter (PDF)
          3. iii. Art. 34 ECHR and freedom to communicate with representatives before the Court Download chapter (PDF)
          4. iv. Communication with detained clients Download chapter (PDF)
          5. v. A right for the client or the lawyer? Download chapter (PDF)
          6. vi. Conclusion: Freedom to communicate between client and lawyer Download chapter (PDF)
        2. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. i. Confidential communication as a prerequisite of effective legal services Download chapter (PDF)
          2. ii. Confidential communication with detainees Download chapter (PDF)
          3. iii. Covert surveillance, particularly wiretaps Download chapter (PDF)
          4. iv. Search and seizure at lawyers’ premises Download chapter (PDF)
          5. v. Requirements on lawyers to report on their clients (‘gatekeeper’ legislation) Download chapter (PDF)
          6. vi. Enforcement of the confidentiality norm Download chapter (PDF)
    2. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. (a) The State’s due diligence obligation to remedy severe shortcomings in legal services Download chapter (PDF)
        2. (b) The State’s obligation to counter manifest failings in the provision of legal services in practice Download chapter (PDF)
        3. (c) Conclusion: State responsibility for lawyers’ actions Download chapter (PDF)
      2. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. (a) Activity and attendance Download chapter (PDF)
        2. (b) Defence of the client’s interests Download chapter (PDF)
        3. (c) Communication with the client Download chapter (PDF)
        4. (d) Preparation of the case Download chapter (PDF)
        5. (e) Lawyers’ expertise Download chapter (PDF)
        6. (f) Lawyers’ independence Download chapter (PDF)
        7. (g) The client’s contribution Download chapter (PDF)
        8. (h) Sources of quality standards Download chapter (PDF)
        9. (i) Domestic rules on professional negligence Download chapter (PDF)
        10. (j) Conclusion: The Court’s vision of high-quality legal services Download chapter (PDF)
    3. III. Conclusion: Convention protection for the internal dimension of legal services Download chapter (PDF)
  4. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. i. Nikula v Finland and conflicts between lawyers and prosecutors Download chapter (PDF)
          2. ii. Kyprianou v Cyprus [GC] and conflicts between lawyers and judges Download chapter (PDF)
          3. iii. Conflicts between lawyers and experts Download chapter (PDF)
          4. iv. Elevated protection for statements made in judicial proceedings Download chapter (PDF)
        2. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. i. Schöpfer v Switzerland Download chapter (PDF)
          2. ii. Morice v France [GC] Download chapter (PDF)
          3. iii. Morice in practice Download chapter (PDF)
        3. (c) Freedom of expression on ‘non-legal’ topics Download chapter (PDF)
        4. (d) Relationship between lawyers’ and clients’ rights Download chapter (PDF)
        5. (e) Conclusion: Freedom of expression for lawyers exercising representative functions Download chapter (PDF)
      2. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. (a) Protection against physical attacks by State actors Download chapter (PDF)
        2. (b) No additional protection against physical attacks by non-State actors Download chapter (PDF)
        3. (c) Additional protection against unlawful detention by the State Download chapter (PDF)
    2. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. 1. A protective regime for legal services related to individual applications Download chapter (PDF)
      2. 2. The relationship between the applicant’s and the representative’s rights Download chapter (PDF)
      3. 3. Minimum quality requirements under Art. 34 ECHR Download chapter (PDF)
      4. 4. Abstract risk suffices Download chapter (PDF)
    3. III. Conclusion: Protecting the client’s private interest in legal services Download chapter (PDF)
  5. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. 1. Protection of access to the legal profession Download chapter (PDF)
      2. 2. Protection of exercise of the legal profession Download chapter (PDF)
      3. 3. Protection of lawyers’ professional reputation Download chapter (PDF)
      4. 4. Occasional reinforcement by reference to the public interest Download chapter (PDF)
      5. 5. Protection against disbarment Download chapter (PDF)
    2. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. 1. The public interest in lawyers’ expertise Download chapter (PDF)
      2. 2. Reznik v Russia Download chapter (PDF)
      3. 3. Lawyers’ freedom to comment Download chapter (PDF)
      4. 4. Limits to lawyers’ freedom to comment Download chapter (PDF)
      5. 5. The public interest in comment by lawyers Download chapter (PDF)
    3. III. Conclusion: Legal services and lawyers’ private interests Download chapter (PDF)
  6. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. (a) Casado Coca and the origins of the Nikula dictum Download chapter (PDF)
        2. (b) The Nikula dictum as a means of restricting rights Download chapter (PDF)
      2. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. (a) Elçi and others v Turkey Download chapter (PDF)
        2. (b) Elçi as protecting the legal profession Download chapter (PDF)
        3. (c) Aliyev v Azerbaijan and the public interest in legal services Download chapter (PDF)
        4. (d) Elçi in the Court’s case law Download chapter (PDF)
      3. 3. ‘The legal profession’ Download chapter (PDF)
    2. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. i. Reservations based on qualification Download chapter (PDF)
          2. ii. Reservations based on personal standing Download chapter (PDF)
          3. iii. Liberalising tendencies Download chapter (PDF)
        2. (b) A sustainable economic basis? Download chapter (PDF)
      2. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. i. Disciplinary law as a particularly sensitive area Download chapter (PDF)
          2. Download chapter (PDF)
            1. (1) Lower requirements for ‘quality of the law’ Download chapter (PDF)
            2. (2) Procedural rights in disciplinary law Download chapter (PDF)
          3. iii. Delegation to professional bodies Download chapter (PDF)
          4. iv. Conclusion: Separate disciplinary rules for lawyers Download chapter (PDF)
        2. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. Download chapter (PDF)
            1. (1) State responsibility for Bar associations Download chapter (PDF)
            2. (2) Legal consequences of the State’s responsibility for Bar associations Download chapter (PDF)
            3. (3) In particular: No standing for Bar associations under Art. 34 ECHR Download chapter (PDF)
          2. ii. The ‘independence’ of Bar associations – self-regulation? Download chapter (PDF)
    3. III. Conclusion: The public interest in legal services in the Court’s case law Download chapter (PDF)
  7. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. 1. The Court’s view of the media’s function in the Convention system Download chapter (PDF)
      2. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. (a) The State as the ‘ultimate guarantor of pluralism’ Download chapter (PDF)
        2. (b) The obligation to create ‘a favourable environment for participation in public debate’ Download chapter (PDF)
        3. (c) The independence of the media Download chapter (PDF)
        4. (d) The obligation to protect the media against State and non-State attacks Download chapter (PDF)
        5. (e) Protecting the public’s right to receive information Download chapter (PDF)
        6. (f) Elevated protection only for ‘responsible journalism’ Download chapter (PDF)
        7. (g) Pluralism as a justification for restricting rights Download chapter (PDF)
        8. (h) Expanding case law to other actors fulfilling similar functions to journalists Download chapter (PDF)
    2. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. (a) Structural differences between the case law on media and on legal services Download chapter (PDF)
        2. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. i. Protection against the State Download chapter (PDF)
          2. ii. Independence Download chapter (PDF)
          3. iii. Differences regarding protection and restriction of rights? Download chapter (PDF)
          4. iv. The Court’s greater awareness of the public interest in the media Download chapter (PDF)
      2. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. (a) Human rights in the interests of others Download chapter (PDF)
        2. (b) Rights to provide and receive Download chapter (PDF)
        3. (c) The Court’s difficulties with legal services: Mesić v Croatia as a model case Download chapter (PDF)
      3. 3. The Court’s case law on the media: A source of inspiration for the case law on legal services? Download chapter (PDF)
    3. III. Conclusion: Comparing legal services and the media Download chapter (PDF)
  8. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. 1. Duties based on rights and duties based on other concerns Download chapter (PDF)
      2. 2. Directed and undirected duties Download chapter (PDF)
    2. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. 1. Undirected duties in constitutional law Download chapter (PDF)
      2. 2. Undirected duties in public international law Download chapter (PDF)
    3. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. 1. The Convention imposes undirected duties on States Download chapter (PDF)
      2. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. (a) The State’s duty to maintain a Convention-compliant judiciary Download chapter (PDF)
        2. (b) The State’s duty to maintain a democratic form of government Download chapter (PDF)
        3. (c) The State’s duty to maintain a functioning executive Download chapter (PDF)
        4. (d) The State’s ‘obligation to protect the rule of law and prevent arbitrariness’ Download chapter (PDF)
        5. (e) The State’s duty as ‘the ultimate guarantor of pluralism’ Download chapter (PDF)
        6. (f) The State’s duty to maintain separation of powers Download chapter (PDF)
        7. (g) The State’s duty to take climate action Download chapter (PDF)
        8. (h) Undirected duties as reflecting public interests Download chapter (PDF)
      3. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. (a) The individual application mechanism’s focus on directed duties Download chapter (PDF)
        2. (b) Convention scholarship’s focus on rights and directed duties Download chapter (PDF)
        3. (c) The Convention’s assumption that undirected duties will not be violated Download chapter (PDF)
        4. (d) Insufficient inspiration from domestic human rights law Download chapter (PDF)
        5. (e) Public international law is not traditionally understood as regulating domestic organisational law Download chapter (PDF)
    4. IV. Conclusion: Undirected duties under the Convention Download chapter (PDF)
  9. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. (a) Interest theories of rights as individualistic conceptions Download chapter (PDF)
        2. (b) The role of public interests in individualistic conceptions Download chapter (PDF)
      2. 2. Individualistic conceptions of Convention rights Download chapter (PDF)
    2. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. 1. Systemic conceptions in moral human rights theory Download chapter (PDF)
      2. 2. Systemic conceptions of Convention rights Download chapter (PDF)
      3. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. (a) Moral human rights debate on journalists as role-bearers Download chapter (PDF)
        2. (b) Lawyers as a particularly complicated case of role-bearer rights Download chapter (PDF)
    3. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. (a) Is a private interest always required? Download chapter (PDF)
        2. (b) Is a private interest always sufficient? Download chapter (PDF)
        3. (c) Can the categories of scope ratione personae and ratione materiae be maintained on a systemic understanding? Download chapter (PDF)
      2. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. (a) Is a private interest always required? Download chapter (PDF)
        2. (b) Is a private interest always sufficient? Download chapter (PDF)
      3. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. (a) Suitability Download chapter (PDF)
        2. (b) Necessity Download chapter (PDF)
        3. (c) Balancing Download chapter (PDF)
      4. 4. Procedural implications Download chapter (PDF)
    4. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. 1. Systemic conceptions as a coincidental by-product of case law evolution Download chapter (PDF)
      2. 2. Systemic conceptions as an attempt to expand the State’s duties Download chapter (PDF)
    5. V. Conclusion: Individualistic and systemic conceptions of human rights Download chapter (PDF)
  10. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. I. The Court’s vision of the public interest in legal services Download chapter (PDF)
    2. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. (a) No link to legal activities whatsoever Download chapter (PDF)
        2. (b) General right of lawyers to exercise their profession Download chapter (PDF)
        3. (c) Attacks on lawyers by private individuals Download chapter (PDF)
        4. (d) ‘Exceptional circumstances’ cases Download chapter (PDF)
      2. 2. Only public interests involved Download chapter (PDF)
    3. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. (a) Freedom to communicate confidentially Download chapter (PDF)
        2. (b) An autonomously determined relationship Download chapter (PDF)
      2. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. (a) Freedom of expression for lawyers in court proceedings Download chapter (PDF)
        2. (b) Protection of lawyers against the State in fields other than freedom of expression Download chapter (PDF)
      3. 3. Protection against disbarment Download chapter (PDF)
      4. 4. Watchdog cases Download chapter (PDF)
      5. 5. The Elçi doctrine as recognition of the State’s undirected duties? Download chapter (PDF)
    4. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. 1. Lawyers’ freedom of expression outside the courtroom Download chapter (PDF)
      2. 2. State regulation of legal services Download chapter (PDF)
      3. 3. Protecting legal services against third parties Download chapter (PDF)
      4. 4. Recognition of the conflict cases in the Convention? Download chapter (PDF)
      5. 5. The Nikula doctrine as recognition of the State’s undirected duties? Download chapter (PDF)
    5. V. Conclusion: Combining rights and undirected duties Download chapter (PDF)
  11. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. 1. Explain why the right applied makes little difference Download chapter (PDF)
      2. 2. Explain why the applicant’s person makes little difference Download chapter (PDF)
      3. 3. Explain why the Court tests for scope twice Download chapter (PDF)
      4. 4. Explain why the Court sets out general measures Download chapter (PDF)
    2. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. (a) Point of reference for the directed duty: The individual’s interests Download chapter (PDF)
        2. (b) Point of reference for the undirected duty: The rule of law and the administration of justice Download chapter (PDF)
      2. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. (a) Clarity regarding the legal bindingness of the State’s undirected duties Download chapter (PDF)
        2. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. i. Separating between margin of appreciation and minimum requirements Download chapter (PDF)
          2. ii. Does the public interest justify reservation of legal services to a certain group? Download chapter (PDF)
          3. Download chapter (PDF)
            1. (1) Does the State’s undirected duty require elevated protection of activities other than human rights defence? Download chapter (PDF)
            2. (2) Does the State’s undirected duty require elevated protection of activities other than litigation? Download chapter (PDF)
            3. (3) Which case law is transferable? Download chapter (PDF)
        3. (c) Clarity regarding who may invoke the State’s undirected duties Download chapter (PDF)
      3. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. (a) Application of proportionality analysis Download chapter (PDF)
        2. (b) Clearer criteria for balancing Download chapter (PDF)
    3. III. Conclusion: The advantages of combining rights and undirected duties Download chapter (PDF)
  12. Conclusions, Outlook and Directions for Further Research 499 - 504 Download chapter (PDF)
  13. Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache 505 - 516 Download chapter (PDF)
  14. Table of ECtHR Cases Cited 517 - 528 Download chapter (PDF)
  15. Bibliography 529 - 540 Download chapter (PDF)
  16. Index of terms and key cases 541 - 542 Download chapter (PDF)

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Hans Jörg Schrötter
Europa
Cover of book: Human Dignity in the General Theory of Fundamental Rights
Book Titles No access
Augusto Wiegand Cruz
Human Dignity in the General Theory of Fundamental Rights

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