Legal Services and the European Convention on Human Rights

RA Dr. Justin Friedrich Krahé LL.B. (UCL)

doi:10.5771/9783748946625

Zusammenfassung

Rechtsberatung und -vertretung sind eine Funktionsbedingung des Menschenrechtsschutzes und des Rechtsstaates. Doch wie werden sie völkerrechtlich abgesichert? Das Werk untersucht den Schutz von Rechtsdienstleistungen in der Rechtsprechung des Europäischen Gerichtshofs für Menschenrechte und zeigt praktische und theoretische Defizite auf. Als Lösungsvorschlag wird aus der Europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention zusätzlich zum anerkannten Schutz der Interessen Einzelner eine Verpflichtung der Staaten zum Schutz von Rechtsdienstleistungen hergeleitet. Über den Untersuchungsgegenstand hinaus erhält die Diskussion um den „Verfassungscharakter“ der Konvention damit eine neue Dimension: Staatenverpflichtungen zum Schutz öffentlicher Interessen.

Schlagworte

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Bibliographische Angaben

Erscheinungsjahr: 2025
Erscheinungsdatum: 11.02.2025
ISBN-Print: 978-3-7560-1009-7
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-4662-5
Verlag: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Reihe: Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht
Band: 340
Sprache: Englisch
Seiten: 542
Produkttyp: Monographie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

KapitelSeiten

Titelei/InhaltsverzeichnisSeiten 1 - 26 Download Kapitel (PDF)
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1. I. Legal services at the intersection of private and public interests Download Kapitel (PDF)
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      1. i. The 1990 UN Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers Download Kapitel (PDF)
      2. ii. The UN Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers Download Kapitel (PDF)
      3. iii. The ‘right to defend human rights’ Download Kapitel (PDF)
    2. (b) Council of Europe Recommendation R(2000)21 on the freedom of exercise of the profession of lawyer Download Kapitel (PDF)
    3. (c) Soft law standards by international NGOs Download Kapitel (PDF)
  2. 2. Hard international law on legal services Download Kapitel (PDF)
  3. 3. A ‘European Convention on the Profession of Lawyer’? Download Kapitel (PDF)
  4. 4. Legal services and international human rights law Download Kapitel (PDF)
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  1. 1. Research questions Download Kapitel (PDF)
  2. 2. Structure of inquiry and chapter overview Download Kapitel (PDF)
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  1. 1. Case selection Download Kapitel (PDF)
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      1. i. The Court’s references to ‘legal services’ Download Kapitel (PDF)
      2. ii. The Court’s references to ‘lawyers’ Download Kapitel (PDF)
      3. iii. The Court’s rationale for legal services Download Kapitel (PDF)
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      1. i. ‘Legal services’ Download Kapitel (PDF)
      2. ii. ‘Lawyer’ and ‘client’ Download Kapitel (PDF)
      3. iii. ‘Bar associations’ Download Kapitel (PDF)
      4. iv. ‘Private interest’ and ‘public interest’ Download Kapitel (PDF)
  3. 3. A note on interactions with domestic legal systems: Translations and references Download Kapitel (PDF)
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      1. i. Dvorski [GC] and the principle of informed choice Download Kapitel (PDF)
      2. ii. The importance of free choice of lawyer as conducive to trust Download Kapitel (PDF)
      3. iii. Abusive bans on legal representation Download Kapitel (PDF)
    2. (b) Correia de Matos [GC] and defending oneself in person, Art. 6 § 3 (c) ECHR Download Kapitel (PDF)
    3. (c) Protection of choice of legal services rather than choice of lawyer Download Kapitel (PDF)
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      1. i. Freedom of communication as the rule Download Kapitel (PDF)
      2. ii. Restrictions in the context of counter-terrorism law Download Kapitel (PDF)
      3. iii. Art. 34 ECHR and freedom to communicate with representatives before the Court Download Kapitel (PDF)
      4. iv. Communication with detained clients Download Kapitel (PDF)
      5. v. A right for the client or the lawyer? Download Kapitel (PDF)
      6. vi. Conclusion: Freedom to communicate between client and lawyer Download Kapitel (PDF)
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      1. i. Confidential communication as a prerequisite of effective legal services Download Kapitel (PDF)
      2. ii. Confidential communication with detainees Download Kapitel (PDF)
      3. iii. Covert surveillance, particularly wiretaps Download Kapitel (PDF)
      4. iv. Search and seizure at lawyers’ premises Download Kapitel (PDF)
      5. v. Requirements on lawyers to report on their clients (‘gatekeeper’ legislation) Download Kapitel (PDF)
      6. vi. Enforcement of the confidentiality norm Download Kapitel (PDF)
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    1. (a) The State’s due diligence obligation to remedy severe shortcomings in legal services Download Kapitel (PDF)
    2. (b) The State’s obligation to counter manifest failings in the provision of legal services in practice Download Kapitel (PDF)
    3. (c) Conclusion: State responsibility for lawyers’ actions Download Kapitel (PDF)
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    1. (a) Activity and attendance Download Kapitel (PDF)
    2. (b) Defence of the client’s interests Download Kapitel (PDF)
    3. (c) Communication with the client Download Kapitel (PDF)
    4. (d) Preparation of the case Download Kapitel (PDF)
    5. (e) Lawyers’ expertise Download Kapitel (PDF)
    6. (f) Lawyers’ independence Download Kapitel (PDF)
    7. (g) The client’s contribution Download Kapitel (PDF)
    8. (h) Sources of quality standards Download Kapitel (PDF)
    9. (i) Domestic rules on professional negligence Download Kapitel (PDF)
    10. (j) Conclusion: The Court’s vision of high-quality legal services Download Kapitel (PDF)
3. III. Conclusion: Convention protection for the internal dimension of legal services Download Kapitel (PDF)
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      1. i. Nikula v Finland and conflicts between lawyers and prosecutors Download Kapitel (PDF)
      2. ii. Kyprianou v Cyprus [GC] and conflicts between lawyers and judges Download Kapitel (PDF)
      3. iii. Conflicts between lawyers and experts Download Kapitel (PDF)
      4. iv. Elevated protection for statements made in judicial proceedings Download Kapitel (PDF)
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      1. i. Schöpfer v Switzerland Download Kapitel (PDF)
      2. ii. Morice v France [GC] Download Kapitel (PDF)
      3. iii. Morice in practice Download Kapitel (PDF)
    3. (c) Freedom of expression on ‘non-legal’ topics Download Kapitel (PDF)
    4. (d) Relationship between lawyers’ and clients’ rights Download Kapitel (PDF)
    5. (e) Conclusion: Freedom of expression for lawyers exercising representative functions Download Kapitel (PDF)
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    1. (a) Protection against physical attacks by State actors Download Kapitel (PDF)
    2. (b) No additional protection against physical attacks by non-State actors Download Kapitel (PDF)
    3. (c) Additional protection against unlawful detention by the State Download Kapitel (PDF)
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  1. 1. A protective regime for legal services related to individual applications Download Kapitel (PDF)
  2. 2. The relationship between the applicant’s and the representative’s rights Download Kapitel (PDF)
  3. 3. Minimum quality requirements under Art. 34 ECHR Download Kapitel (PDF)
  4. 4. Abstract risk suffices Download Kapitel (PDF)
3. III. Conclusion: Protecting the client’s private interest in legal services Download Kapitel (PDF)
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  1. 1. Protection of access to the legal profession Download Kapitel (PDF)
  2. 2. Protection of exercise of the legal profession Download Kapitel (PDF)
  3. 3. Protection of lawyers’ professional reputation Download Kapitel (PDF)
  4. 4. Occasional reinforcement by reference to the public interest Download Kapitel (PDF)
  5. 5. Protection against disbarment Download Kapitel (PDF)
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  1. 1. The public interest in lawyers’ expertise Download Kapitel (PDF)
  2. 2. Reznik v Russia Download Kapitel (PDF)
  3. 3. Lawyers’ freedom to comment Download Kapitel (PDF)
  4. 4. Limits to lawyers’ freedom to comment Download Kapitel (PDF)
  5. 5. The public interest in comment by lawyers Download Kapitel (PDF)
3. III. Conclusion: Legal services and lawyers’ private interests Download Kapitel (PDF)
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    1. (a) Casado Coca and the origins of the Nikula dictum Download Kapitel (PDF)
    2. (b) The Nikula dictum as a means of restricting rights Download Kapitel (PDF)
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    1. (a) Elçi and others v Turkey Download Kapitel (PDF)
    2. (b) Elçi as protecting the legal profession Download Kapitel (PDF)
    3. (c) Aliyev v Azerbaijan and the public interest in legal services Download Kapitel (PDF)
    4. (d) Elçi in the Court’s case law Download Kapitel (PDF)
  3. 3. ‘The legal profession’ Download Kapitel (PDF)
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      1. i. Reservations based on qualification Download Kapitel (PDF)
      2. ii. Reservations based on personal standing Download Kapitel (PDF)
      3. iii. Liberalising tendencies Download Kapitel (PDF)
    2. (b) A sustainable economic basis? Download Kapitel (PDF)
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      1. i. Disciplinary law as a particularly sensitive area Download Kapitel (PDF)
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        (1) Lower requirements for ‘quality of the law’ Download Kapitel (PDF)
        (2) Procedural rights in disciplinary law Download Kapitel (PDF)
      3. iii. Delegation to professional bodies Download Kapitel (PDF)
      4. iv. Conclusion: Separate disciplinary rules for lawyers Download Kapitel (PDF)
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        (1) State responsibility for Bar associations Download Kapitel (PDF)
        (2) Legal consequences of the State’s responsibility for Bar associations Download Kapitel (PDF)
        (3) In particular: No standing for Bar associations under Art. 34 ECHR Download Kapitel (PDF)
      2. ii. The ‘independence’ of Bar associations – self-regulation? Download Kapitel (PDF)
3. III. Conclusion: The public interest in legal services in the Court’s case law Download Kapitel (PDF)
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  1. 1. The Court’s view of the media’s function in the Convention system Download Kapitel (PDF)
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    1. (a) The State as the ‘ultimate guarantor of pluralism’ Download Kapitel (PDF)
    2. (b) The obligation to create ‘a favourable environment for participation in public debate’ Download Kapitel (PDF)
    3. (c) The independence of the media Download Kapitel (PDF)
    4. (d) The obligation to protect the media against State and non-State attacks Download Kapitel (PDF)
    5. (e) Protecting the public’s right to receive information Download Kapitel (PDF)
    6. (f) Elevated protection only for ‘responsible journalism’ Download Kapitel (PDF)
    7. (g) Pluralism as a justification for restricting rights Download Kapitel (PDF)
    8. (h) Expanding case law to other actors fulfilling similar functions to journalists Download Kapitel (PDF)
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    1. (a) Structural differences between the case law on media and on legal services Download Kapitel (PDF)
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      1. i. Protection against the State Download Kapitel (PDF)
      2. ii. Independence Download Kapitel (PDF)
      3. iii. Differences regarding protection and restriction of rights? Download Kapitel (PDF)
      4. iv. The Court’s greater awareness of the public interest in the media Download Kapitel (PDF)
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    1. (a) Human rights in the interests of others Download Kapitel (PDF)
    2. (b) Rights to provide and receive Download Kapitel (PDF)
    3. (c) The Court’s difficulties with legal services: Mesić v Croatia as a model case Download Kapitel (PDF)
  3. 3. The Court’s case law on the media: A source of inspiration for the case law on legal services? Download Kapitel (PDF)
3. III. Conclusion: Comparing legal services and the media Download Kapitel (PDF)
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  1. 1. Duties based on rights and duties based on other concerns Download Kapitel (PDF)
  2. 2. Directed and undirected duties Download Kapitel (PDF)
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  1. 1. Undirected duties in constitutional law Download Kapitel (PDF)
  2. 2. Undirected duties in public international law Download Kapitel (PDF)
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  1. 1. The Convention imposes undirected duties on States Download Kapitel (PDF)
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    1. (a) The State’s duty to maintain a Convention-compliant judiciary Download Kapitel (PDF)
    2. (b) The State’s duty to maintain a democratic form of government Download Kapitel (PDF)
    3. (c) The State’s duty to maintain a functioning executive Download Kapitel (PDF)
    4. (d) The State’s ‘obligation to protect the rule of law and prevent arbitrariness’ Download Kapitel (PDF)
    5. (e) The State’s duty as ‘the ultimate guarantor of pluralism’ Download Kapitel (PDF)
    6. (f) The State’s duty to maintain separation of powers Download Kapitel (PDF)
    7. (g) The State’s duty to take climate action Download Kapitel (PDF)
    8. (h) Undirected duties as reflecting public interests Download Kapitel (PDF)
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    1. (a) The individual application mechanism’s focus on directed duties Download Kapitel (PDF)
    2. (b) Convention scholarship’s focus on rights and directed duties Download Kapitel (PDF)
    3. (c) The Convention’s assumption that undirected duties will not be violated Download Kapitel (PDF)
    4. (d) Insufficient inspiration from domestic human rights law Download Kapitel (PDF)
    5. (e) Public international law is not traditionally understood as regulating domestic organisational law Download Kapitel (PDF)
4. IV. Conclusion: Undirected duties under the Convention Download Kapitel (PDF)
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    1. (a) Interest theories of rights as individualistic conceptions Download Kapitel (PDF)
    2. (b) The role of public interests in individualistic conceptions Download Kapitel (PDF)
  2. 2. Individualistic conceptions of Convention rights Download Kapitel (PDF)
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  1. 1. Systemic conceptions in moral human rights theory Download Kapitel (PDF)
  2. 2. Systemic conceptions of Convention rights Download Kapitel (PDF)
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    1. (a) Moral human rights debate on journalists as role-bearers Download Kapitel (PDF)
    2. (b) Lawyers as a particularly complicated case of role-bearer rights Download Kapitel (PDF)
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    1. (a) Is a private interest always required? Download Kapitel (PDF)
    2. (b) Is a private interest always sufficient? Download Kapitel (PDF)
    3. (c) Can the categories of scope ratione personae and ratione materiae be maintained on a systemic understanding? Download Kapitel (PDF)
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    1. (a) Is a private interest always required? Download Kapitel (PDF)
    2. (b) Is a private interest always sufficient? Download Kapitel (PDF)
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    1. (a) Suitability Download Kapitel (PDF)
    2. (b) Necessity Download Kapitel (PDF)
    3. (c) Balancing Download Kapitel (PDF)
  4. 4. Procedural implications Download Kapitel (PDF)
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  1. 1. Systemic conceptions as a coincidental by-product of case law evolution Download Kapitel (PDF)
  2. 2. Systemic conceptions as an attempt to expand the State’s duties Download Kapitel (PDF)
5. V. Conclusion: Individualistic and systemic conceptions of human rights Download Kapitel (PDF)
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1. I. The Court’s vision of the public interest in legal services Download Kapitel (PDF)
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    1. (a) No link to legal activities whatsoever Download Kapitel (PDF)
    2. (b) General right of lawyers to exercise their profession Download Kapitel (PDF)
    3. (c) Attacks on lawyers by private individuals Download Kapitel (PDF)
    4. (d) ‘Exceptional circumstances’ cases Download Kapitel (PDF)
  2. 2. Only public interests involved Download Kapitel (PDF)
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    1. (a) Freedom to communicate confidentially Download Kapitel (PDF)
    2. (b) An autonomously determined relationship Download Kapitel (PDF)
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    1. (a) Freedom of expression for lawyers in court proceedings Download Kapitel (PDF)
    2. (b) Protection of lawyers against the State in fields other than freedom of expression Download Kapitel (PDF)
  3. 3. Protection against disbarment Download Kapitel (PDF)
  4. 4. Watchdog cases Download Kapitel (PDF)
  5. 5. The Elçi doctrine as recognition of the State’s undirected duties? Download Kapitel (PDF)
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  1. 1. Lawyers’ freedom of expression outside the courtroom Download Kapitel (PDF)
  2. 2. State regulation of legal services Download Kapitel (PDF)
  3. 3. Protecting legal services against third parties Download Kapitel (PDF)
  4. 4. Recognition of the conflict cases in the Convention? Download Kapitel (PDF)
  5. 5. The Nikula doctrine as recognition of the State’s undirected duties? Download Kapitel (PDF)
5. V. Conclusion: Combining rights and undirected duties Download Kapitel (PDF)
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  1. 1. Explain why the right applied makes little difference Download Kapitel (PDF)
  2. 2. Explain why the applicant’s person makes little difference Download Kapitel (PDF)
  3. 3. Explain why the Court tests for scope twice Download Kapitel (PDF)
  4. 4. Explain why the Court sets out general measures Download Kapitel (PDF)
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    1. (a) Point of reference for the directed duty: The individual’s interests Download Kapitel (PDF)
    2. (b) Point of reference for the undirected duty: The rule of law and the administration of justice Download Kapitel (PDF)
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    1. (a) Clarity regarding the legal bindingness of the State’s undirected duties Download Kapitel (PDF)
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      1. i. Separating between margin of appreciation and minimum requirements Download Kapitel (PDF)
      2. ii. Does the public interest justify reservation of legal services to a certain group? Download Kapitel (PDF)
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        (1) Does the State’s undirected duty require elevated protection of activities other than human rights defence? Download Kapitel (PDF)
        (2) Does the State’s undirected duty require elevated protection of activities other than litigation? Download Kapitel (PDF)
        (3) Which case law is transferable? Download Kapitel (PDF)
    3. (c) Clarity regarding who may invoke the State’s undirected duties Download Kapitel (PDF)
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    1. (a) Application of proportionality analysis Download Kapitel (PDF)
    2. (b) Clearer criteria for balancing Download Kapitel (PDF)
3. III. Conclusion: The advantages of combining rights and undirected duties Download Kapitel (PDF)
Conclusions, Outlook and Directions for Further ResearchSeiten 499 - 504 Download Kapitel (PDF)
Zusammenfassung in deutscher SpracheSeiten 505 - 516 Download Kapitel (PDF)
Table of ECtHR Cases CitedSeiten 517 - 528 Download Kapitel (PDF)
BibliographySeiten 529 - 540 Download Kapitel (PDF)
Index of terms and key casesSeiten 541 - 542 Download Kapitel (PDF)

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