A Violation of International Law as a Necessary Element of a &quot;Threat to the Peace&quot; under the UN Charter

Stephan Wollbrink

doi:10.5771/9783845252285

Summary

Die Arbeit diskutiert, ob eine Völkerrechtsverletzung begriffsnotwendiger Inhalt einer "Bedrohung des Friedens" gemäß Art. 39 der UN-Charta ist. Die Frage ist insbesondere im Hinblick auf den internationalen Terrorismus und die Aufrüstung mit Massenvernichtungswaffen von großer praktischer Bedeutung.

Der Autor analysiert zunächst die Resolutionen des Sicherheitsrates und nimmt eine Auslegung der UN-Charta vor. Auf Grund des Ergebnisses, dass eine Völkerrechtsverletzung eine Handlungsvoraussetzung darstellt, prüft der Autor im Anschluss die Anforderungen an den Völkerrechtsverstoß, die Auswirkungen auf die Effektivität der Maßnahmen des Sicherheitsrats, sowie eventuelle Ausnahmen von dem Tatbestandsmerkmal.

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2014
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-1026-3
ISBN-Online: 978-3-8452-5228-5
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Recht
Volume: 840
Language: English
Pages: 318
Product type: Book Titles

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages 1 - 5
Vorwort No access Pages 5 - 17
Abbreviations / Definitions No access Pages 17 - 19
1. Reason for investigation No access Pages 19 - 24
2. Key objective No access Pages 24 - 25
3. Method and structure No access Pages 25 - 28
1. 1. Definition of Chapter VII Resolutions No access Pages 28 - 33
  2. 1. Preliminary remark No access
    2. Breaches of the peace No access
    3. 1. Non-compliance with Chapter VI Resolution No access
      2. Overthrow of a democratically elected government No access
      3. Humanitarian crisis No access
      4. Legislating resolutions No access
      5. Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and rogue states No access
      6. Other cases No access
  3. Conclusion regarding the analysis of Chapter VII Resolutions No access Pages 43 - 45
2. 1. 1. Wording of Chapter VII No access
    2. 1. Different wording No access
      2. Different meaning No access
    3. Conclusion regarding the grammatical interpretation No access
  2. 1. 1. Act of aggression No access
      2. Breach of the peace No access
      3. Threat to the peace No access
      4. Conclusion regarding differences between the alternatives in Article 39 No access
    2. 1. Gradation of measures for conflict resolution No access
      2. General obligations of states in cases of conflicts No access
        Article 33 (2) measures No access
        Article 34 measures No access
        Article 36 measures No access
        Article 37 (2) measures No access
        Article 38 measures No access
      3. Conclusion regarding differences between Chapter VI and VII No access
    3. Conclusion regarding the systematic interpretation No access
  3. 1. 1. Articles 1 (1) and 2 (5) No access
      2. Right to Chapter VII measures No access
      3. Proportionality of preventive Chapter VII measures No access
      4. Conclusion regarding the role of the Security Council No access
    2. 1. Article 42 measures No access
      2. Severance of diplomatic relations No access
        Economic sanctions No access
        Ad hoc tribunals No access
        Smart sanctions No access
        Administration of states No access
        Conclusion regarding the analysis of Article 41 measures No access
      3. Recommendations under Article 39 No access
      4. Article 40 measures No access
      5. Conclusion regarding the character of Chapter VII measures No access
    3. Conclusion regarding the teleological interpretation No access
  4. Historical interpretation No access Pages 98 - 100
  5. Conclusion regarding the interpretation of the alternative “threat to the peace” No access Pages 100 - 102
3. 1. 1. Causal link in the field of state responsibility No access
    2. Transferal of findings to threats to the peace No access
    3. Conclusion regarding the analysis of a causal link between unlawful act and peace threatening situation No access
  2. Subject matter of the breached norm No access Pages 107 - 109
  3. Necessary severity of the breach No access Pages 109 - 111
  4. Fault No access Pages 111 - 112
  5. Burden of proof No access Pages 112 - 113
  6. Conclusion regarding requirements regarding the unlawful act No access Pages 113 - 114
4. 1. European Court of Justice and its extensive interpretation of own competences No access Pages 114 - 118
  2. 1. 1. Deterrence No access
      2. Morality and legitimacy No access
    2. 1. Deterrence No access
      2. Morality No access
        Legitimacy No access
        Conclusion regarding morality and legitimacy No access
  3. Conclusion regarding criteria for compliance with legal obligations No access Pages 126 - 126
  4. 1. General aspects of lawmaking in international law No access
    2. 1. Characteristics of hard law No access
      2. Characteristics of soft law No access
    3. Classification of Chapter VII No access
    4. Conclusion from enhancing morality and legitimacy No access
  5. Conclusion regarding the maximization of effectiveness No access Pages 136 - 137
5. 1. 1. 1. Preventive actions No access
      2. Preemptive actions No access
      3. Conclusion regarding anticipatory self-defense No access
    2. 1. Essential interest No access
        Imminent peril No access
        Only possible means No access
        No exclusion of necessity in the UN Charter No access
        No peremptory norms No access
        Conclusion regarding necessity according to the ILC No access
      2. State of necessity according to customary international law No access
    3. Application of preemptive self-defense and necessity in the context of Security Council measures No access
    4. Conclusion regarding anticipatory self-defense and state of necessity No access
  2. 1. Failed states with high intensity civil war No access
    2. 1. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights No access
      2. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights No access
      3. Attribution of conduct to a failed state No access
      4. Conclusion regarding failed states with low intensity civil war or mere internal disturbances No access
    3. Conclusion regarding failed states No access
  3. 1. Legality of possession of nuclear weapons under customary international law No access
    2. Threat or use of nuclear weapons No access
    3. Withdrawal from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty No access
    4. Conclusion regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction and withdrawal from arms control treaty No access
6. 1. International organizations in the role of legislators No access Pages 185 - 187
  2. Possibility of global governance by the Security Council No access Pages 187 - 189
  3. Competence of the Security Council to adopt general and abstract resolutions No access Pages 189 - 192
  4. Element of an unlawful act for the determination of a general abstract situation as a threat to the peace No access Pages 192 - 195
  5. Conclusion regarding the element of a violation of international law with respect to a potential lawmaking competence of the Security Council No access Pages 195 - 196
7. Summary and final remarks No access Pages 196 - 202
1. Anlass der Untersuchung No access Pages 202 - 203
2. Analyse der unter Kapitel VII erlassenen Resolutionen No access Pages 203 - 205
3. 1. Grammatikalische Interpretation No access Pages 205 - 206
  2. Systematische Interpretation No access Pages 206 - 207
  3. Teleologische Interpretation No access Pages 207 - 211
  4. Historische Interpretation No access Pages 211 - 211
  5. Zwischenergebnis No access Pages 211 - 212
4. Anforderungen an den Völkerrechtsbruch No access Pages 212 - 214
5. 1. Faktoren, die die Einhaltung rechtlicher Verpflichtungen beeinflussen No access Pages 214 - 217
  2. Steigerung der Moral und Legitimität No access Pages 217 - 218
6. 1. Antizipierte Notwehr und Notstand No access Pages 218 - 221
  2. Failed states No access Pages 221 - 223
  3. Kündigung von Rüstungskontrollverträgen und Verbreitung von Massenvernichtungswaffen No access Pages 223 - 224
7. Das Tatbestandsmerkmal einer Völkerrechtsverletzung im Hinblick auf eine mögliche Gesetzgebungskompetenz des Sicherheitsrats No access Pages 224 - 226
8. Schlussbemerkung No access Pages 226 - 227
1. 1. Background No access Pages 227 - 228
  2. Analysis No access Pages 228 - 229
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3. 1. Background No access Pages 230 - 231
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38. 1. Background No access Pages 296 - 296
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40. 1. Background No access Pages 298 - 299
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41. 1. Background No access Pages 300 - 301
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Annex II: Chronological list of Chapter VII Resolutions No access Pages 302 - 307
Bibliography No access Pages 307 - 318