Aviation Law

Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Stephan Hobe LL.M.; Dr. Moritz Heile; Carl Crüwell LL.M.

doi:10.5771/9783748941811

Summary

Aviation is globally interconnected yet crisis-prone: cybersecurity, climate policy, and geopolitical tensions challenge the legal framework, while drones, air taxis and AI test established rules. Aviation Law (by Hobe/Heile/Crüwell) delivers an up-to-date, systematic overview of international aviation law - from rights in aircraft and traffic rights to accident investigations and carrier liability. It also covers military aviation, airport regulation and relevant aspects of space law, placing issues such as international cooperation, cybersecurity and decarbonisation in a clear practical context. Written in clear language, it serves as both an introduction and a reliable reference for readers.

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Bibliographic data

Edition: 1/2026
Copyright Year: 2026
ISBN-Print: 978-3-7560-1069-1
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-4181-1
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Language: English
Pages: 264
Product Type: Monograph

1. Foreword No access
2. List of abbreviations No access
1. 1. From Icarus to Leonardo No access
2. 2. The Beginning of Ballooning No access
3. 3. Aviation Pioneers No access
4. 4. Impact of two World Wars No access
5. 5. The Rise of Civil Aviation No access
6. 6. Liberalization and Deregulation of Global Air Transport No access
7. 7. The COVID-19 Pandemic No access
8. 8. Air Transport in Today’s World No access
9. 9. Current Challenges No access
10. 10. Trends and Developments No access
1. 1. 1. 1.1.1 Private Aviation Law No access
    2. 1.1.2 Public Aviation Law No access
  2. 1. 1.2.1 National Aviation Law No access
    2. 1.2.2 International Aviation Law No access
2. 1. 2.1 Flight and Operational Safety No access
  2. 2.2 National Security and Defense No access
  3. 2.3 Economic and Industrial Policy No access
  4. 2.4 Transportation and Infrastructure Policy No access
  5. 2.5 Other Policies No access
3. 3. Aviation Law and its Policies No access
1. 1. The Inherently International Nature of Aviation Law No access
2. 1. 2.1 Subjects of International Law No access
  2. 2.2 Effect of Public International Law on the National System No access
  3. 2.3 Sources of International Law No access
  4. 2.4 Interpretation of International Treaties No access
  5. 2.5 Public International Law and Private International Law No access
3. 3. European Union Law No access
4. 4. The Function of National Laws No access
5. 1. 5.1 International Civil Aviation Organization No access
  2. 5.2 European Union Aviation Safety Agency No access
  3. 5.3 International Air Transport Association No access
1. 1. 1.1 Paris Conference (1910) No access
  2. 1.2 The Paris Air Transport Agreement (1919) No access
  3. 1.3 The Madrid Convention (1926) No access
  4. 1.4 The Pan-American Agreement (1928) No access
2. 1. 2.1 The Eve of the Conference No access
  2. 1. 2.2.1 The United States No access
    2. 2.2.2 The United Kingdom No access
    3. 2.2.3 Other States No access
3. 1. 3.1 Air Sovereignty No access
  2. 1. 3.2.1 Aviation No access
    2. 3.2.2 Civil Aviation No access
    3. 3.2.3 International Civil Aviation No access
  3. 3.3 Misuse of Civil Aviation No access
  4. 3.4 Use of Weapons against Aircraft No access
4. 1. 4.1 The Assembly No access
  2. 4.2 The Council No access
  3. 4.3 The Secretariat No access
  4. 4.4 The Air Navigation Committee No access
5. 1. 5.1 Standards No access
  2. 5.2 Recommended Practices No access
  3. 5.3 Legal Status of SARP No access
6. 6. Criticisms and Reform Perspectives No access
1. 1. 1.1 Scheduled International Air Services No access
  2. 1.2 Non-Scheduled International Air Services No access
2. 2. Cabotage No access
3. 3. Nationality of Aircraft No access
4. 4. Prohibited Areas No access
5. 1. 5.1 The Transit Agreement (1944) No access
  2. 1. 5.2.1 Five Freedoms of the Air No access
    2. 5.2.2 Beyond the Five Freedoms of the Air No access
1. 1. Legal Status of Air Services Agreements No access
2. 1. 2.1 Bilaterality No access
  2. 2.2 Reciprocity No access
  3. 2.3 Fair and Equal Opportunity No access
3. 1. 3.1 Internal Market No access
  2. 1. 3.1.1 CJEU “Open Skies” Judgments No access
    2. 3.1.2 Implementation of the “Open Skies” Judgments No access
4. 1. 4.1 The Chicago Template No access
  2. 4.2 Bermuda I Agreement No access
  3. 4.3 Bermuda II Agreement No access
  4. 1. 4.4.1 Open Skies: First Generation No access
    2. 1. 4.4.2.1 US-Netherlands Agreement (1992) No access
      2. 4.4.2.2 EU-US Air Services Agreement (2007) No access
5. 5. Structure of Air Services Agreements No access
6. 1. 6.1 Traffic Rights No access
  2. 6.2 Route Schedules No access
  3. 1. 6.3.1 Single Designation No access
    2. 6.3.2 Double Designation No access
    3. 6.3.3 Multiple Designation No access
  4. 1. 1. 6.4.1.1 Substantial Ownership No access
      2. 6.4.1.2 Effective Control No access
    2. 1. 6.4.2.1 European Union No access
      2. 6.4.2.2 United States No access
      3. 6.4.2.3 State Practice No access
  5. 1. 6.5.1 Predetermination (ex ante) No access
    2. 6.5.2 Bermuda I (Ex Post Review) No access
    3. 6.5.3 Free Determination No access
  6. 1. 6.6.1 Development No access
    2. 1. 6.6.2.1 Double Approval No access
      2. 6.6.2.2 Country of Origin Approval/Disapproval No access
      3. 6.6.2.3 Double Disapproval No access
      4. 6.6.2.4 Free Pricing No access
1. 1. 1.1 Annex 1: Personnel Licensing No access
  2. 1.2 Annex 2: Rules of the Air No access
  3. 1.3 Annex 6: Operation of Aircraft No access
  4. 1.4 Annex 8: Airworthiness of Aircraft No access
  5. 1.5 Annex 19: Safety Management No access
2. 2. International Cooperation No access
3. 3. IATA No access
4. 4. European Law No access
1. 1. Aviation Security in International Law No access
2. 2. Annex 17: Security No access
3. 1. 3.1 Operation No access
  2. 3.2 Appendix to Annex 17 No access
  3. 3.3 Implementation No access
4. 4. Additional Multilateral Treaties No access
5. 5. Air Services Agreements No access
6. 6. Other State Treaties No access
7. 7. Further Stakeholders No access
1. 1. 1.1 Early International Law No access
  2. 1.2 Chicago Convention (1944) No access
  3. 1. 1.3.1 Search and Rescue Services No access
    2. 1.3.2 Cooperation No access
    3. 1.3.3 Emergency Situations No access
  4. 1.4 Appendix to Annex 12 No access
  5. 1.5 ICAO: Call for Cooperation No access
  6. 1.6 Implementation No access
2. 1. 2.1 Chicago Convention (1944) No access
  2. 1. 2.2.1 Objectives No access
    2. 2.2.2 Scope No access
    3. 2.2.3 Responsibilities No access
    4. 2.2.4 Reporting No access
  3. 2.3 Annex 9 No access
  4. 2.4 Implementation No access
1. 1. 1.1 Article 8 Chicago Convention No access
  2. 1.2 Soft Law No access
  3. 1.3 Adaptation of Annexes No access
2. 1. 2.1 Basic Regulation (EU) 2018/1139 No access
  2. 1. 2.2.1 Open Category No access
    2. 2.2.2 Specific Category No access
    3. 2.2.3 Certified Category No access
  3. 2.3 Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/945 No access
1. 1. 1.1 Ownership No access
  2. 1.2 Special Case: Engines No access
  3. 1. 1.3.1 Dry Leasing No access
    2. 1.3.2 Wet Leasing No access
    3. 1.3.3 Regulatory Supervision No access
  4. 1. 1.4.1 Geneva Convention (1948) No access
    2. 1. 1.4.2.1 International Interest No access
      2. 1.4.2.2 International Registry and Priority No access
      3. 1.4.2.3 Default Remedies No access
2. 1. 2.1 Contract Basics No access
  2. 2.2 Common Clauses No access
  3. 2.3 Inspection and Delivery of Aircraft No access
3. 1. 3.1 Finance Leasing No access
  2. 3.2 Sale and Lease Back No access
4. 1. 4.1 Type Certification No access
  2. 4.2 Initial Airworthiness No access
  3. 1. 4.3.1 States No access
    2. 4.3.2 Air Operator No access
    3. 4.3.3 Design Organization and Manufacturer No access
1. 1. Safety Regulation No access
2. 2. Security Regulation No access
3. 1. 1. 3.1.1 Publicly Owned and Operated Airports No access
    2. 1. 3.1.2.1 Management Contract No access
      2. 3.1.2.2 Concession No access
    3. 3.1.3 Privately Owned and Operated Airports No access
  2. 3.2 Airport Revenues No access
  3. 3.3 Airport Coordination and Slots No access
1. 1. 1.1 The Warsaw Convention (1929) No access
  2. 1. 1.2.1 Hague Protocol (1955) No access
    2. 1.2.2 Guadalajara Convention (1961) No access
    3. 1.2.3 Montreal Intercarrier Agreement (1966) No access
    4. 1.2.4 Guatemala City Protocol (1971) No access
    5. 1.2.5 Montreal Protocols No. 1-4 (1975) No access
    6. 1.2.6 IATA Intercarrier Agreement (1995) No access
2. 1. 2.1 Scope and Applicability No access
  2. 1. 1. 2.2.1.1 Death or Bodily Injury No access
      2. 2.2.1.2 Accident Causing Damage No access
      3. 2.2.1.3 Liability Period No access
      4. 2.2.1.4 Legal Consequence No access
    2. 2.2.2 Damage to Baggage No access
    3. 2.2.3 Damage to Cargo No access
    4. 2.2.4 Delay of Passengers, Baggage, or Cargo No access
  3. 1. 2.3.1 Strict Liability No access
    2. 2.3.2 Unlimited Liability No access
  4. 2.4 Limits of Liability: Cargo, Baggage and Delay No access
  5. 2.5 Special Drawing Rights and Revision of Limits No access
  6. 2.6 Contributory Fault No access
  7. 2.7 Recoverable Damages No access
  8. 1. 2.8.1 The Domicile of the Carrier No access
    2. 2.8.2 The Principal Place of Business of the Carrier No access
    3. 2.8.3 The Place Where the Carrier Has a Place of Business Through Which the Contract Has Been Made No access
    4. 2.8.4 The Place of Destination No access
    5. 2.8.5 Fifth Forum: Principal and Permanent Residence of the Passenger No access
  9. 2.9 Limitation of Actions No access
  10. 2.10 Rules on the Contract of Carriage No access
  11. 2.11 Exclusivity Principle No access
  12. 2.12 Other Defendants No access
3. 1. 1. 3.1.1 Strict Liability Regime No access
    2. 3.1.2 Liability Limits Based on Aircraft Weight No access
    3. 3.1.3 Grounds for Exoneration No access
    4. 3.1.4 Surface-Only Scope No access
    5. 3.1.5 In-Flight Damage No access
    6. 3.1.6 Ratification and Effect No access
  2. 3.2 Rome Convention (1952) No access
  3. 3.3 Further Attempts No access
4. 1. 4.1 Strict Liability No access
  2. 4.2 Compensation No access
1. 1. Air Passenger Rights in Europe No access
2. 2. The European Air Passenger Regulation No access
3. 1. 3.1 Territorial Scope No access
  2. 3.2 Personal Scope No access
4. 1. 1. 4.1.1 Right to Compensation, Art. 7 No access
    2. 4.1.2 Right to Reimbursement and Re-Routing, Art. 8 No access
    3. 4.1.3 Right to Care, Art. 9 No access
  2. 1. 4.2.1 Exemption from Compensation, Art. 5 (1) (c) No access
    2. 4.2.2 Extraordinary Defence for the Air Carrier, Art. 5 (3) No access
  3. 4.3 Delays, Art. 6 No access
  4. 4.4 Delays vs. Cancellations No access
  5. 4.5 Upgrading and Downgrading No access
5. 5. Special Provisions, Supplementary Remedies, and Enforcement No access
6. 6. European Passenger Rights and the Montreal Convention (1999) No access
7. 7. Status of the European Air Passenger Regulation No access
8. 8. Other Jurisdictions No access
1. 1. 1. 1. 1.1.1.1 Action-Related Element No access
      2. 1.1.1.2 Situation of Transport No access
      3. 1.1.1.3 Territorial Scope No access
      4. 1.1.1.4 Exclusion No access
    2. 1. 1.1.2.1 Jurisdiction No access
      2. 1.1.2.2 Unlawful Seizure No access
      3. 1.1.2.3 The Powers and Duties of States No access
  2. 1. 1. 1.2.1.1 Situation of Transport No access
      2. 1.2.1.2 Territorial Element No access
      3. 1.2.1.3 Exclusion No access
    2. 1.2.2 Substantive Content No access
    3. 1.2.3 The Beijing Supplementary Protocol (2010) No access
  3. 1. 1. 1.3.1.1 Acts Relating to Aircraft No access
      2. 1.3.1.2 Acts Against Air Navigation Facilities No access
      3. 1.3.1.3 Acts at Airports No access
      4. 1.3.1.4 Exclusion No access
    2. 1. 1.3.2.1 Prohibited Offences No access
      2. 1.3.2.2 Procedural Regulation No access
      3. 1.3.2.3 Preventative Regulation No access
2. 1. 1. 2.1.1 Requirements No access
    2. 2.1.2 Authorization No access
  2. 2.2 Other Persons No access
  3. 2.3 Immunity from Legal Consequences No access
3. 3. The Special Case of Unruly Passengers No access
1. 1. Vulnerabilities No access
2. 2. Regulatory Challenges No access
3. 1. 3.1 Annex 17 No access
  2. 3.2 ICAO Assembly Resolutions No access
4. 4. Beijing Convention (2010) No access
5. 5. National Legislation No access
6. 6. Outlook and Perspective No access
1. 1. 1.1 Operations No access
  2. 1.2 Special Peacetime Operations: Interception, Inspection and Diversion No access
  3. 1. 1.3.1 International Airspace No access
    2. 1.3.2 National Airspace No access
    3. 1.3.3 Special Zones No access
  4. 1.4 Military Aircraft No access
2. 1. 2.1 The Law of Armed Conflict No access
  2. 1. 2.2.1 Warning Zones No access
    2. 2.2.2 No Fly Zones No access
    3. 2.2.3 Exclusion Zones No access
    4. 2.2.4 Aerial Blockade No access
1. 1. 1. 1.1.1 The Framework No access
    2. 1.1.2 Substantive Obligations No access
    3. 1.1.3 Inclusion of Aviation No access
  2. 1. 1.2.1 Aviation in the Kyoto Protocol No access
    2. 1.2.2 Constraints of the Kyoto Protocol No access
  3. 1.3 Paris Agreement (2015) No access
  4. 1.4 The Framework’s Success No access
2. 1. 2.1 Goals and Assembly Resolutions No access
  2. 2.2 Initiatives, Policies and Practices No access
  3. 2.3 Aircraft Technology No access
  4. 2.4 Operational Improvements No access
  5. 2.5 Sustainable Aviation Fuels No access
  6. 1. 2.6.1 Offsetting as a Measure No access
    2. 2.6.2 CORSIA Timeframe and Scope of Application No access
    3. 2.6.3 CORSIA Implementation No access
  7. 2.7 Constraints and Successes of CORSIA No access
3. 1. 1. 3.1.1 Cap and Trade Goal No access
    2. 3.1.2 Scope of Application and Aviation No access
    3. 3.1.3 Functioning of the EU ETS No access
  2. 3.2 ReFuelEU Aviation No access
  3. 3.3 Single European Sky No access
4. 4. Climate Litigation No access
1. 1. 1.1 Outer Space Treaty (1967) No access
  2. 1.2 Rescue Agreement (1968) No access
  3. 1.3 Liability Convention (1972) No access
  4. 1.4 Registration Convention (1975) No access
  5. 1.5 Moon Agreement (1979) No access
  6. 1.6 United Nations General Assembly Resolutions No access
2. 1. 2.1 Spatialist Approach No access
  2. 2.2 Functionalist Approach No access
3. 1. 3.1 Space Mining No access
  2. 3.2 Space Debris No access
  3. 3.3 Space Tourism No access
1. 1. Technological Innovations and Legal Adaptation No access
2. 2. Environmental Sustainability and Climate Change No access
3. 3. Emerging Legal Issues: Privacy, (Cyber-)Security and Consumer Protection No access
4. 4. From Paris to Chicago to Montreal and Beyond No access
Index No access Pages 241 - 246