Amicus Curiae before International Courts and Tribunals

Dr. Astrid Wiik

doi:10.5771/9783845275925

Summary

Amicus curiae participation in international courts is steadily growing since the late 1990 despite lack of clarity on the concept’s nature, function and utility in international dispute settlement. Does amicus curiae infuse international judicial proceedings with alternative views, including the public interest in a case, as often advocated by NGOs? Does it increase the legitimacy and transparency of international dispute settlement, or the coherence of international law? Or is it an unhelpful impostor that impedes negotiated solutions and derails the proceedings at the expense of the parties to advance its own agenda?By way of an empirical-comparative analysis of the laws and practices of the ICJ, the ITLOS, the ECtHR, the IACtHR, the IACtHPR, WTO panels and the Appellate Body, and investment arbitration the dissertation examines the status quo of amicus curiae before international courts and tribunals to determine if the current amicus curiae practice is of added value to international proceedings and international dispute settlement in general. The dissertation shows that there is no common concept of international amicus curiae, but that amicus curiae before the international courts examined share a few characteristics. A proposed functional systematization highlights overlaps and diverging uses of the concept before international courts and helps scholars and practitioners to assess the opportunities and limits of the concept. Analysis of the concept’s current regulatory framework and its substantive effectiveness reveals a hesitation in particular by courts with a strong adversarial tradition to take into account the views of a non-party despite the positive experience with the concept in regional human rights courts. The dissertation concludes that neither the expectations nor the concerns attached to amicus curiae participation in international proceedings have materialized. It argues that the concept can contribute to improved decisions and decision-making in international dispute settlement if regulated and used properly.

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2018
Publication date: 19.03.2018
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-3240-1
ISBN-Online: 978-3-8452-7592-5
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Successful Dispute Resolution
Volume: 4
Language: German
Pages: 734
Product type: Book Titles

Titelei/InhaltsverzeichnisPages 1 - 24 Download chapter (PDF)
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1. A. Structure
2. B. Methodology
3. C. Scope of the study
1. Download chapter (PDF)
  1. 1. I. Broader access to information
    2. II. Representation of ‘the’ public interest
    3. III. Legitimacy and democratization
    4. IV. Contribution to the coherence of international law
    5. V. Increased transparency
  2. 1. I. Practical burdens
    2. II. Compromising the parties’ rights
    3. III. Politicization of disputes, de-legitimization and lobbyism
    4. IV. Overwhelming developing countries
    5. V. Unmanageable quantities of submissions
    6. VI. Denaturing of the judicial function
  3. C. Conclusion
2. Download chapter (PDF)
  1. 1. I. The origins of amicus curiae
    2. II. Amicus curiae before the English courts
    3. III. Amicus curiae before the United States Federal Courts and the Supreme Court
    4. IV. Internationalization: amicus curiae in civil law systems and in inter- and supranational legal instruments
    5. V. Comparative analysis
  2. 1. I. International Court of Justice
    2. II. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
    3. III. European Court of Human Rights
    4. IV. Inter-American Court of Human Rights
    5. V. African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights
    6. VI. WTO Appellate Body and panels
    7. VII. Investor-state arbitration
  3. C. Conclusion
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  1. 1. I. A procedural instrument
    2. II. A non-party and a non-party instrument
    3. III. Transmission of information
    4. IV. An interested participant
    5. V. An instrument of non-state actors?
  2. 1. I. Information-based amicus curiae
    2. 1. 1. International Court of Justice and International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
      2. 2. European Court of Human Rights
      3. 3. Inter-American Court of Human Rights
      4. 4. WTO Appellate Body and panels
      5. 5. Investor-state arbitration
      6. 6. Comparative analysis
    3. III. Systemic amicus curiae
    4. 1. 1. The myth of ‘the’ international amicus curiae
      2. 2. An evolving concept
      3. 3. Are there limits to the functions amici curiae may assume?
  3. 1. I. International Court of Justice and International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
    2. II. WTO Appellate Body and panels
    3. III. Investor-state arbitration
    4. IV. Comparative analysis
  4. D. Conclusion
1. Download chapter (PDF)
  1. 1. I. International Court of Justice
    2. II. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
    3. III. European Court of Human Rights
    4. IV. Inter-American Court of Human Rights
    5. V. African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights
    6. 1. 1. Panels
      2. 2. Appellate Body
    7. 1. 1. Clauses in investment treaties
      2. 2. Clauses in institutional procedural rules
      3. 3. Implied powers
      4. 4. Ad hoc agreements
    8. 1. 1. Codification and informal doctrine precedent?
      2. 2. Common regulatory approaches
  2. 1. I. International Court of Justice
    2. II. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
    3. III. European Court of Human Rights
    4. IV. Inter-American Court of Human Rights
    5. V. African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights
    6. VI. WTO Appellate Body and panels
    7. 1. 1. Legal standards
      2. 2. Application
    8. VIII. Comparative analysis
  3. 1. 1. 1. Timing
      2. 2. Form and length
    2. 1. 1. International Court of Justice
      2. 2. European Court on Human Rights
      3. 3. African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights
      4. 4. WTO Appellate Body and panels
      5. a) Legal standards
        aa) Special knowledge or insight
        bb) Within the scope of the dispute
        cc) Significant interest in the arbitration
        dd) Public interest in the subject matter of the arbitration
        c) Assessment
    3. III. Full discretion: decision on admissibility
    4. IV. Comparative analysis
  4. D. Conclusion
2. Download chapter (PDF)
  1. 1. I. International Court of Justice
    2. II. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
    3. III. European Court of Human Rights
    4. IV. Inter-American Court of Human Rights
    5. V. African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights
    6. VI. WTO Appellate Body and panels
    7. VII. Investor-state arbitration
    8. 1. 1. Confidential and/or private nature of the dispute settlement mechanism
      2. 2. Regulatory reasons
      3. 3. Efficiency, costs and control
      4. 4. Personal views of judges
  2. B. Recorded participation
  3. 1. 1. 1. Length
      2. 2. Language
      3. 3. Authentification
      4. 4. Failure to comply
    2. II. Comparative analysis
  4. 1. I. International Court of Justice and International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
    2. II. European Court of Human Rights
    3. III. Inter-American Court of Human Rights
    4. IV. African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights
    5. V. WTO Appellate Body and panels
    6. 1. 1. Legal standards
      2. 2. Particular knowledge or perspective: human rights and EU law?
      3. 3. Within the scope of the dispute
      4. 4. Applicable law and its limits
    7. VII. Comparative analysis
  5. E. Submission of evidence
  6. 1. I. International Court of Justice and International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
    2. II. European Court of Human Rights, Inter-American Court of Human Rights and African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights
    3. III. WTO Appellate Body and panels
    4. IV. Investor-state arbitration
    5. V. Comparative analysis
  7. G. Conclusion
1. Download chapter (PDF)
  1. A. An obligation to consider?
  2. B. International Court of Justice
  3. C. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
  4. D. European Court of Human Rights
  5. E. Inter-American Court of Human Rights
  6. F. African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights
  7. G. WTO Appellate Body and panels
  8. H. Investor-state arbitration
  9. 1. I. Why the hesitation?
    2. II. Elements of successful briefs
    3. III. Limits to the consideration of briefs
  10. J. Conclusion
2. Download chapter (PDF)
  1. 1. I. International Court of Justice
    2. II. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
    3. III. European Court of Human Rights and African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights
    4. IV. Inter-American Court of Human Rights
    5. V. WTO Appellate Body and panels
    6. VI. Investor-state arbitration
    7. VII. Comparative analysis
  2. 1. I. International Court of Justice
    2. II. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
    3. III. European Court of Human Rights
    4. IV. Inter-American Court of Human Rights
    5. V. WTO Appellate Body and panels
    6. VI. Investor-state arbitration
    7. 1. 1. The right agent?
      2. 2. Denaturation of judicial proceedings?
  3. 1. I. Procedural legitimacy
    2. II. Substantive legitimacy
    3. III. Conditions: representativity and accountability
  4. D. Increased coherence? Impact on international law
  5. E. Transparency: demise of confidentiality and access to the proceedings and case documents?
  6. F. Impact on locus standi: amicus curiae as a precursor to international legal standing?
  7. 1. 1. 1. Due process
      2. 2. Procedural fairness and equality between the parties
    2. 1. 1. Right to a speedy trial and undue delay?
      2. 2. Exploding costs?
  8. H. Conclusion
3. Download chapter (PDF)
  1. A. What is it?
  2. B. Added value of amicus curiae participation in international dispute settlement
1. Methodology Download chapter (PDF)
Annex IIPages 705 - 706 Download chapter (PDF)
BibliographyPages 707 - 734 Download chapter (PDF)

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