The Competing Jurisdictions of the WTO and the UNCLOS Dispute Settlement Fora in the Context of Multifaceted Disputes

Dr. Elena Ivanova

doi:10.5771/9783748921424

Summary

The work examines the interaction between the dispute settlement mechanisms established under the UNCLOS and the WTO Agreement, while exploring the challenges that multifaceted disputes straddling different treaty regimes pose to international courts and tribunals of limited jurisdiction such as the WTO DSB and UNCLOS courts and tribunals. It addresses these challenges through the lens of the WTO treaty and the UNCLOS, while providing answers to the following questions: to what extent the mentioned specialized adjudicatory bodies can refer to other rules of international law, especially treaty rules, given their limited jurisdiction; what the implications of the pronouncements of the UNCLOS courts and tribunals are with respect to the WTO DSB and vice versa; how should they approach multifaceted disputes involving both WTO law and law of the sea issues; what rules govern their interaction. The work examines and systematizes the latter rules, while particularly focusing on res judicata. Concerning res judicata, it tackles the questions what the status and meaning of res judicata is and to what types of preclusive pleas it can give rise in international law; whether it can operate as an inter-systemic rule. The work proposes solutions in case a multifaceted dispute allegedly involving different treaties and different branches of international law is submitted for resolution before different dispute settlement fora of limited jurisdiction and in doing so it contributes to the discussion on international procedural law and interaction of treaties and dispute settlement mechanisms.

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2021
Publication date: 19.05.2021
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-7746-4
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-2142-4
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Studies of the Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for International, European and Regulatory Procedural Law
Volume: 23
Language: English
Pages: 714
Product type: Book Titles

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages 1 - 32
1. 1. Linked to the Phenomenon of Competing Jurisdictions No access
  2. Why the Regulation of Competing Jurisdictions is Good No access
  3. The Focus of the Dissertation – the Interplay between the WTO Treaty and the UNCLOS No access
  4. The Context of the Discussion – the Fragmentation of International Law No access
  5. Tension Surrounding the Fragmentation – Stems from the Lack of Clarity on the Rules that Can Govern Multiple Proceedings and the Interaction among International Courts No access
  6. Study of the Procedural Challenges with the Purpose of Identifying the Problems and Look for Solutions/Rules No access
  7. Res Judicata No access
  8. Why the Interplay between the UNCLOS and the WTO Agreement No access
2. II. Scope of Research No access
3. 1. Jurisdiction: Research Questions and Methodology No access
  2. Applicable Law: Research Questions and Methodology No access
4. III. Objectives No access
1. I. Introduction No access
2. 1. 1. EU-Chilean Swordfish Dispute No access
    2. Atlanto-Scandian Herring Dispute No access
  2. 2. Article XX of GATT 1994 Potentially Inviting Assessment of Obligations under the UNCLOS or Other Law of the Sea Related Instruments No access
  3. 3. Article 2.1 Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade Inviting Assessment of Obligations under the UNCLOS or Other Law of the Sea Related Instruments No access
  4. 4. The Area: UNCLOS Part XI and the Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI incorporating GATT rules No access
  5. 5. Summary No access
3. 1. 1. 1. Clarification of the Existing Provisions No access
      2. 1.1.2. Jurisdiction and Applicable Law: the WTO No access
      3. 1.1.3.1. The Debate No access
        The Explicit References to the Covered Agreements in Articles 7.1, 3.2, 11, 19.2 of the DSU No access
        Inconclusive Provisions No access
        Opposing Arguments No access
        The Entitlement to Apply the Customary Rules of Interpretation of Public International Law No access
        Whether the Requirement that the ‘Rulings of the DSB Cannot Add or Diminish the Rights and Obligations’ Precludes the Application of Non-WTO Rules No access
        Can Bilateral/Multilateral Agreements be Regarded as inter Se-Modifications, Would They Have the Effect of Adding and Diminishing the Rights and Obligations of WTO Members and are Inter Se-Modificatio... No access
        Article 3.2 DSU: A Conflict Rule? No access
        The Empowerment ‘to Examine in the Light of the Relevant Provisions in (Name of the Covered Agreement(s) Cited by the Parties to the Dispute)’ No access
        The purpose of Article 7 of the DSU: to Define the Subject-Matter Jurisdiction of WTO Panels No access
        Article 7.3 of the DSU as the Context of Article 7.1 of the DSU No access
        The Empowerment to Make Such Findings as Will Assist the DSB in Making the Recommendations or in Giving the Rulings Provided in the Covered Agreements No access
        1.1.3.5. Article 11 of the DSU No access
        1.1.3.6. Article 23 DSU No access
    2. 1. 1.2.1. Function and Purposes of the UNCLOS Dispute Settlement System No access
      2. 1.2.2. Jurisdiction and Applicable Law: the UNCLOS No access
      3. 1.2.3. The UNCLOS and Applicable Law – a closer look No access
  2. 1. 1. Preserve Rights and Obligations No access
      2. Maintenance of the Balance of Interests Incorporated in the UNCLOS Through Continuity No access
      3. Special Hierarchy of Norms as Indicating an Intention to Preserve the Integrity of the Legal Regime No access
    2. 2.2. Distinct Fora Operating within Each of the Distinct Dispute Settlement Systems: Internal and External Competition of Jurisdictions No access
    3. 1. Other Agreement No access
        Forum Prorogatum No access
        Competing Jurisdictions as a Result of Extended Jurisdictions No access
      2. How far Can the Term ‘Concerning’ be Stretched No access
        Incidental Jurisdiction v Mainline Jurisdiction No access
    4. 2.4. Special Rules on Applicable Law: Applicable Law Overlap? No access
    5. 2.5. WTO and UNCLOS Adjudicatory Bodies as Part of a Single System of International Law No access
4. IV. Conclusions No access
1. I. Introduction No access
2. 1. 1. Distinction between Jurisdiction and Applicable Law No access
  2. 2. Distinction between Interpretation and Application of the Law No access
  3. 3. Interpretation by Reference to Other Rules of International Law – Article 31 (3) (c) VCLT No access
3. 1. 1. The Importance of Systemic Coherence No access
  2. 2. Method of Increasing Systemic Coherence No access
  3. 3. The Alternative: Balancing the Downsides of Inconsistent Jurisprudence with its Potential to Catalyse Legal Development No access
4. 1. 1. The Importance of Delineation of Jurisdictions: Legal and Policy Considerations No access
  2. 2. Means for Preserving the Delineation of Jurisdictions and the Division of Labour: the Role Mutual Respect, Comity and Lex Specialis No access
  3. 1. 3.1. The ICJ Approach to Limited Jurisdictions No access
    2. 3.2. The Approach of WTO and UNCLOS Adjudicatory Bodies No access
5. V. Summary No access
1. I. Introduction No access
2. 1. 1. a. Canadian Tuna (Aspect of a broader dispute) No access
    2. b. United States – Import of Sugar from Nicaragua No access
  2. 1. c. Mexico – Taxes on Soft Drinks No access
    2. d. EC and Certain Member States -Civil Aircraft (Relinquish procedural rights) No access
    3. e. EC-Bananas III (Article 21.5 – Ecuador II)/EC-Bananas III (Article 21.5 – US) (Relinquish procedural rights) No access
    4. f. Argentina-Poultry No access
    5. g. US-FSC No access
    6. h. Peru-Agricultural Products No access
  3. 3. Conclusions No access
3. 1. 1. 1.1. Interpreting the ‘Silence’ Within the DSU and the Role of the Rulings of Other International Courts and Tribunals No access
    2. 1. 1.2.1. Rules of General International Law No access
      2. 1.2.2. Other Rules Not Part of the WTO Covered Agreements No access
  2. 1. 2.1. Procedural Rules and Substantive Law No access
    2. 1. 2.2.1. Arguendo Approach No access
      2. 2.2.2. Customary International Law Applies Generally to the Economic Relations between Member States to the Extent the WTO Treaty Agreements Do Not ‘Contract Out’ from It. Derogation Could be Justifie... No access
      3. 2.2.3. Reference to the Implied Powers of the WTO Adjudicators No access
    3. 2.3. Conclusions No access
  3. 1. 3.1. General Observations No access
    2. 1. a. Canadian Tuna No access
        b. Salmon-Herring No access
        c. Tuna-Dolphin No access
        d. Tuna-Dolphin I No access
      2. a. US-Shrimp No access
        b. China–Raw Materials No access
        c. EC and Certain Member States-Large Civil Aircraft No access
    3. 1. a. US-Shrimp No access
      2. b. EC-Biotech No access
      3. c. China-Raw Materials No access
      4. d. EC -Seal Products No access
      5. e. US-Tuna II (Mexico) No access
    4. 1. a. EC-Bananas III No access
        b. Argentina – Textiles and Apparel No access
        c. US- Sections 301 Trade Act No access
      2. a. US-Tuna II (Mexico) No access
        b. EC -Seal Products No access
        c. US-Shrimp No access
        To Determine a WTO Member`s Obligation No access
        a. Argentina – Footwear No access
        b. EC-Poultry No access
        To Determine whether a WTO Panel or the Appellate Body has Jurisdiction to deal with a Dispute No access
        a. India – Automotive Sector No access
        b. Argentina-Poultry No access
        c. US-FSC No access
        d. Mexico – Taxes on Soft Drinks No access
        e. EC Bananas III (Article 21.5-Ecuador II)/EC-Bananas III (Article 21.5-US) No access
4. 1. 1. The DSU No access
  2. 1. 2.1. Use of General International Law No access
    2. 2.2. Use of Non-WTO Legal Instruments No access
  3. 3. Summary of Conclusions No access
  4. 4. The Trend Discerned in the WTO Jurisprudence No access
1. I. Introduction No access
2. 1. 1. Distinction between claims under the UNCLOS and claims under other rules of international law No access
    2. Concerning the Interpretation and Application of the UNCLOS No access
    3. Concerning – How far Can this Term Be Stretched? No access
    4. Link between the Facts and the Provisions of the UNCLOS – Following the ICJ Approach No access
  2. 1. 1. a.1. Factual Background No access
      2. a.2. Legal Arguments and Controversy No access
      3. The ITLOS No access
        The Arbitral Tribunal No access
    2. 1. b.1. Factual Background No access
      2. The ITLOS No access
        The Arbitral Tribunal No access
    3. 1. c.1. Factual Background No access
      2. c.2. Legal Positions – Controversy No access
      3. c.3. The Tribunal`s Decision No access
    4. 1. d.1. Factual Background No access
      2. Mauritius No access
        The UK No access
        d.2.2. The Arbitral Tribunal`s Decision No access
        d.2.2.1.2. What the Core of the Dispute Is/where the Relative Weight Lies/ Identify the Primary and the Ancillary Dispute No access
        d.2.2.2. The Methodology as Applied No access
        d.2.2.3. Conclusions No access
    5. 1. e.1.1. The Philippines` Position No access
        e.1.2. China`s Position No access
      2. e.2.1. Existence of a Dispute No access
        e.2.2.1. Methodology No access
        a/ Aim of the characterisation of the dispute – to isolate the real issue in the claim and identify the object of the claim No access
        b/ How to determine the nature of the dspute – characterisation of the dispute No access
        b.1/ Interpret the submissions, i. e. it is for the Court itself to determine the dispute dividing the parties No access
        b.2/ Take into consideration the context of the submissions – diplomatic exchanges, public statements and other pertinent evidence No access
        b.3/ Distinguish between the dispute itself and the arguments used by the parties to sustain their submissions No access
        c/ Identification of the scope of the dispute No access
        e.2.2.1.2. Additional considerations No access
        In Assessing whether the Dispute Should Be Characterized as Maritime Delimitation Dispute No access
        In Assessing whether the Dispute Involves Concurrent Consideration of a Sovereignty Dispute No access
        In Assessing whether the Potential Relevance of Another Treaty to the Factual Allegations Could Affect the Characterisation of the Dispute as One Concerning the Interpretation and Application of the U... No access
        In Assessing whether a Dispute Concerning the Interaction of the UNCLOS and Another Instrument or Body of Law is a Dispute Concerning the Interpretation and Application of the UNCLOS No access
  3. 1. Implications for the Notion of Causa Petendi and Res Judicata No access
3. 1. 1. The Role of Articles 2, 5, 11, 31 and 33 of the ILC Draft Articles on Responsibility of States in Determining Rights and Obligations under Article 139 UNCLOS No access
    2. The Role of the Precautionary Approach in Determining the Responsibility and Obligations of States Parties with Respect to Activities Conducted in the Area No access
    3. Enforcement of Fisheries Law and Article 73 UNCLOS No access
    4. Articles 192 and 194 UNCLOS in the Context of the Provisions of the CBD and the CITES and International Environmental Law No access
  2. 1. The Role of Articles 2, 5, 11, 31 and 33 of the ILC Draft Articles on Responsibility of States in Determining Rights and Obligations under Article 1 UNCLOS No access
    2. The Role of Article 14 ILC Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection in Clarifying Article 295 UNCLOS No access
    3. Law Enforcement at Sea – no UNLOS rule on Use of Force No access
    4. Authority to Conclude a Legally Binding Agreement (Article 7 (2) VCLT) and Article 15 UNCLOS No access
  3. 1. Reparation and Article 304 UNCLOS: Customary International Law Complementing the UNCLOS Rules No access
    2. Immunity of Warships and Article 32 UNCLOS No access
    3. The Principle of Public Interest and Articles 56 and 58 (3) UNCLOS No access
  4. 1. Maritime Delimitation and Articles 74 and 83 UNCLOS No access
    2. Proprio Motu Decision No access
    3. Non-Appearance No access
    4. Dispute under Article 288 UNCLOS No access
    5. Legal Question under Article 191 UNCLOS No access
    6. Estoppel No access
  5. 5. Other Rules International Law as Evidence No access
4. III. Conclusions No access
1. I.Introduction No access
2. 1. 1. General Subject-Matter Jurisdiction: Article 7 No access
  2. 1. General Subject Matter-Jurisdiction: Article 288 UNCLOS No access
    2. Article 288 (1) – Disputes Concerning the Interpretation and Application of the UNCLOS No access
  3. 3. Conclusions No access
3. 1. 1. 1.1. Rule Governing the External Competition of Jurisdictions: Exclusive Jurisdiction Provision as a Forum Selection Rule (Article 23 DSU) No access
    2. 1.2. Rules governing the internal competition of jurisdictions No access
  2. 1. 1. 2.1.1. Part XV Article 287 No access
      2. 2.1.2. Article 287 (2): Reference to Part XI No access
    2. 1. 2.2.1. Articles 280–281 UNCLOS No access
      2. ‘General, Regional or Bilateral Agreements’ No access
        ‘Otherwise’ No access
      3. 2.2.3. Articles 297, 298 and 299 UNCLOS No access
  3. 3. Conclusions No access
4. 1. 1. 1. Origin of the Doctrine and Essential Components No access
        Convergence and Certainty No access
        Lack of Coherence and Uncertainty No access
      2. General Observations No access
        The Generally Agreed Concept of Res Judicata as Distilled from the PCIJ/ICJ Case Law No access
        Subject (-Matter) of a Dispute or Scope of a Dispute No access
        Persona, Petitum and Causa Petendi: Strict Identity No access
        Effect of the Reasoning:‘Incidental Questions’ and Res Judicata No access
      3. 1.1.3. Summary of Conclusions on Res Judicata as Reflected in the ICJ Case Law No access
      4. 1.1.4. A More Flexible Approach to Causa Petendi? No access
      5. Collateral Estoppel (Issue Estoppel/Issue Preclusion): Origin of the Doctrine No access
        Res Judicata at Common Law: Claim preclusion, Issue Preclusion and an Extended Doctrine No access
        The Concept of Collateral Estoppel and the Requirements for its Application No access
        Collateral Estoppel v. Claim Preclusion No access
        Res Judicata in Civil Law Countries: Claim Preclusion, Potentially Extended Claim Preclusion or Issue Preclusion? No access
        The International Legal Order and the Domestic Judicial Systems No access
        The Notion of Estoppel in Public International Law No access
        The Effect of the Reasoning in the Context of the ICJ Jurisprudence No access
      6. 1.1.6. Applicability and Limitations in the Context of Multifaceted Disputes and Related Proceedings No access
    2. 1. Negative Formulation ‘Has no Binding Force Except’ No access
        Limited to the Parties: ‘Between the Parties’ No access
        Confined to the Particular Case: ‘and in respect to that particular case’ No access
        Restricted to the Decision of the Court: ‘Decision’ No access
        1.2.1.2. Finality and Nonappealability – Article 60, Sentence 1 of the ICJ Statute No access
        1.2.1.3. Interpretation (Article 60, Sentence 2 of the ICJ Statute) and Revision (Article 62 of the ICJ Statute) No access
        Intervention in Case of a Construction of a Convention under Article 63 of the ICJ Statute No access
        Intervention in Cases of an ‘Interest of a Legal Nature’ under Article 62 of the ICJ Statute No access
      2. 1.2.2.1.1. General Rules of Procedure under Part XV UNCLOS No access
        Binding Force and Finality under Article 296 of the UNCLOS No access
        Revision and Interpretation No access
        Intervention No access
        1.2.2.1.2. Res Judicata under the ITLOS Statute (Annex VI) and the ITLOS Rules No access
        Binding Force and Finality No access
        Appeal No access
        Interpretation and Revision No access
        Intervention No access
        a. Intervention in Case of an ‘Interest of a Legal Nature’ No access
        a.1. ‘Interest of a Legal Nature’ No access
        a.2. ‘Status of the Intervener’ No access
        a.3. ICJ Statute – No Mentioning of the Status of the Intervener and the Effect of the Judgement No access
        a.4. The ITLOS Statute on the Effect of the Decision upon the Intervener No access
        a.5. Conclusion No access
        b. Intervention in Cases of Interpretation No access
        1.2.2.1.3. Res Judicata in Arbitral Tribunals` Proceedings under Annexes VII and VIII No access
        Arbitral Tribunals under Article 287 UNCLOS No access
        Appeal No access
        Interpretation and Revision No access
        Intervention No access
        1.2.2.2. Res judicata in the Jurisprudence of the ITLOS No access
        1.2.2.3. Conclusions No access
      3. Intervention, No Interpretation and No Revision No access
        a. India – Autos No access
        b. US-Shrimp (Article 21.5 – Malaysia) No access
        c. EC -Bed Linen (Article 21.5 – India) No access
        d. US -Gambling (Article 21.5 -Antigua and Barbuda) No access
        1.2.3.3. Conclusions No access
    3. 1.3. Summary of Conclusions on Res Judicata No access
  2. 1. 1. General Observations No access
        What is Lis Pendens? No access
        2.1.1.1. Lis Pendens: a General Principle of Law No access
        Is Lis Pendens a General Principle of Law or a Rule of General International Law? No access
        a. Domestic Legal Orders No access
        b. Private International Law No access
        c. International Arbitration No access
        d. International Law No access
        2.1.1.2. Essential Components No access
        Evolution of the Doctrine No access
        Articulation in Treaties No access
      2. Certain German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia No access
        a. Mexico – Taxes on Soft Drinks No access
        b. EU – Herring No access
        c. Chile – Swordfish No access
        Camouco Case No access
        2.1.2.4. Conclusions on Lis Pendens No access
      3. 2.1.3. Applicability and Limitations in the Context of Multifaceted Disputes and Related Proceedings No access
      4. Same Dispute No access
        Res Judicata and Lis Pendens are Helpful in Cases of Successive, Respectively Parallel Litigation of the Same Dispute. No access
        Related Disputes No access
    2. 1. Waiver in the WTO Jurisprudence No access
      2. Acquiescence in the WTO Jurisprudence No access
      3. Estoppel No access
      4. Estoppel in the Jurisprudence of the WTO Adjudicators No access
      5. Acquiescence in the Jurisprudence of UNCLOS Courts and Tribunals No access
      6. Estoppel in the Jurisprudence of UNCLOS Courts and Tribunals No access
      7. Conclusion on Estoppel and Acquiescence No access
    3. 2.2.2. Forum Non Conveniens No access
    4. 1. MOX Plant No access
5. IV. Summary of Conclusions No access
1. I.Introduction No access
2. 1. 1. The Notion of ‘Interpretation’ No access
  2. 2. Rules of Interpretation: Articles 31–33 VCLT Applicable by Virtue of Article 3.2 DSU and Article 298 UNCLOS No access
3. 1. 1. 1.1. Accumulation v. Conflict of Norms No access
    2. 1.2. Presumption against Conflict and the Principle of Systemic Integration in Conjunction No access
    3. 1.3. Rights and Obligations Stemming from Different Treaties Should be Read Harmoniously to Extent Possible but Should not be Leveled No access
  2. 1. 1. UNCLOS – General Conflict Clause and Inter se Modification No access
        WTO Treaty -No General Conflict Clause, no Rule on Inter Se Modification No access
      2. 2.1.2. Jurisdictional Provisions and Forum Selection Rules (Applicable to Conflicts of Jurisdictions) No access
    2. 1. Article 30 VCLT and the Lex Posterior Rule No access
        Article 30 and other Conflict of Laws Rules No access
      2. 2.2.2. Lex Specialis Derogat Legi Generali No access
      3. Article 41 VCLT and the Customary International Law Rule on Inter Se Modification No access
        Inter Se Modification and the UNCLOS and the WTO Agreement No access
        Effect of the Inter Se Modification No access
4. IV. Conclusions No access
1. I. Introduction No access
2. 1. 1. 1. 1.1.1. Principles Concerning the Concept of Dispute and the Existence of a Dispute No access
      2. 1.1.2.1. It is for the Court to Determine the Dispute No access
        1.1.2.2.1. The Submissions, while Giving Particular Attention to the Formulation Chosen by the Applicant No access
        1.1.2.2.2. Other Evidence No access
        If the Dispute Forms Part of a Broader Dispute or an Aspect of a Multifaceted Dispute No access
        Assess the Possible Implications of its Pronouncements for the Other Aspects of the Multifaceted Dispute, i.e., for the Dispute, that Falls Outside the Scope of the Subject-Matter Jurisdiction (Applic... No access
    2. 1. 1.2.1. The Mandate No access
      2. 1.2.2. Parallelism of Treaties No access
      3. 1.2.3. Pacta Sunt Servanda No access
      4. 1.2.4. Res Judicata, Lis Pendens. Causa Petendi No access
      5. 1.2.5. Responsibility and Limitations Stemming from the Limited Subject-Matter Jurisdiction No access
      6. 1.2.6. The Practice No access
  2. 1. 2.1. Limited General Jurisdiction: Concerning the Interpretation and Application or the Rights and Obligations under a Treaty; How far Can the Term ‘Concerning’ be Stretched No access
    2. 2.2. Partially Overlapping Jurisdictions: the Case of Competing Limited Jurisdiction and Incidental Jurisdiction No access
    3. 2.3. The possibility for Enlarging the Limited Jurisdiction and the Possibility for Competing Jurisdictions Resulting Therefrom No access
  3. 1. 3.1. Rules within the Constituent Instrument: Forum Selection Provisions, Exclusive Jurisdiction Provisions as Conflict Resolution Rules No access
    2. 1. 3.2.1.1. Article 31 (3) (c) VCLT No access
        3.2.1.2. Competence-Competence No access
        3.2.1.3. Other Agreements as Inter Se Modifications No access
        3.2.2.1. Res Judicata, Lis Pendens No access
        3.2.2.2. Waiver No access
        3.2.2.3. Estoppel, Acquiescence No access
        3.2.2.4. Comity No access
        3.2.3. Convergence in the Approach to Competing Jurisdictions No access
  4. 4. Counter-Claims No access
  5. 5. Conclusions No access
3. 1. 1. Evidence No access
  2. 1. 2.1. ‘Rules’-Types and Nature No access
    2. 2.2. The Manner in which Article 31 (3) (c) VCLT Has Been Operationalised No access
    3. 2.3. Implications for Causa Petendi No access
  3. 1. 1. 3.1.1. Inherent Jurisdiction over Issues Incidental to the Mainline Dispute No access
      2. 3.1.2. Applicable Law No access
    2. 1. 3.2.1.1. Treaty Rules No access
        Article 30 and Lex Posterior; Lex Specialis Derogat Legi Generali No access
        Article 41 VCLT and Inter Se Modification No access
        Inter-Se Modification: the UNCLOS and the WTO Agreement No access
      2. 3.2.2. Inherent Conflict – No Rule Prevails, Both Apply No access
    3. 3.3. Does the Legality of State`s Act Under One a Treaty Nullify its Illegality under Another No access
    4. 1. Close Scrutiny No access
  4. 4. Conclusions No access
4. 1. 1. 1.1. The ICJ Practice No access
    2. 1.2. The Law Relevant to Res Judicata – the ICJ Statute No access
  2. 1. 2.1. The UNCLOS Dispute Settlement System No access
    2. 2.2. The WTO Dispute Settlement System No access
  3. 3. Effect of a Decision on Incidental Questions No access
  4. 4. Conclusions No access
Bibliography No access Pages 689 - 714