Referral of Cases from International to National Criminal Jurisdictions

Lena Lindemann

doi:10.5771/9783845242439

Summary

Die beiden Ad-hoc-Tribunale zur Verfolgung völkerrechtlicher Verbrechen im ehemaligen Jugoslawien und in Ruanda befinden sich in einer Phase der Abwicklung. Die sogenannten „Completion Strategy“ soll dazu führen, dass beide Gerichtshöfe möglichst bald Ihre Arbeit einstellen können. Zu dieser Strategie gehört mit dem Instrument der sogenannten Referrals (Abgabe) auch die Möglichkeit, dass die beiden Tribunale bei Ihnen anhängige Strafverfahren an die nationale Gerichtsbarkeit von Staaten abgeben, die zu einer Strafverfolgung bereit sind. Mit einer solchen Abgabe kehrt sich das Verhältnis zwischen nationaler und internationaler Strafgerichtsbarkeit in gewisser Weise um: Stand bislang die Abgabe von Strafverfahren aus der nationalen Gerichtsbarkeit zu den internationalen Strafgerichtshöfen im Vordergrund, so geht es nun darum, die internationalen Gerichte dadurch zu entlasten, dass die Verfahren an nationalen Gerichten zu Ende geführt werden. Das neue Instrument der Abgabe wirft zahlreiche völkerrechtliche und strafverfahrensrechtliche Fragen auf, die diese Studie systematisch untersucht.

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2013
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8329-7742-9
ISBN-Online: 978-3-8452-4243-9
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Schriften zum Internationalen und Europäischen Strafrecht
Volume: 3
Language: English
Pages: 300
Product type: Book Titles

Titelei No access Pages 2 - 6
Vorwort No access Pages 7 - 8
Summary Table of Contents No access Pages 9 - 10
Table of Contents No access Pages 11 - 18
List of Abbreviations No access Pages 19 - 20
Introduction No access Pages 21 - 23
1. 1. Genocide No access Pages 24 - 26
  2. Crimes Against Humanity No access Pages 26 - 26
  3. War Crimes No access Pages 26 - 27
2. 1. 1. 1. Establishment of the ICTY No access
      2. Structure of the ICTY No access
      3. Jurisdiction of the ICTY No access
    2. 1. Establishment of the ICTR No access
      2. Structure of the ICTR No access
      3. Jurisdiction of the ICTR No access
    3. 1. Establishment of the ICC No access
      2. Structure of the ICC No access
      3. Jurisdiction of the ICC No access
  2. 1. Legal Grounds of Jurisdiction No access
    2. 1. Prosecution on the Basis of International Crimes in National Law No access
        Direct Application of International Law No access
      2. Prosecution on the Basis of Ordinary Crimes No access
3. 1. Primary International Jurisdiction No access Pages 44 - 47
  2. Complementary International Jurisdiction No access Pages 47 - 48
  3. Transfer of Jurisdiction: “Deferral” and “Referral” No access Pages 48 - 48
1. 1. Raison d’Être of the Completion Strategies No access Pages 49 - 52
  2. 1. Expert Group to Conduct a Review for the Effective Operation and Function of the ICTY and the ICTR No access
    2. The 2000 Report on the Operation of the ICTY No access
    3. UN Security Council Resolution 1329 No access
    4. The 2001 Progress Report No access
    5. The 2002 Report on the Judicial Status of the ICTY and on the Prospects for Referring Cases to National Courts No access
    6. UN Security Council Resolution 1503 of 28 August 2003 No access
    7. The October 2003 Reports No access
    8. UN Security Council Resolution 1534 of 26 March 2004 No access
  3. 1. 1. Prosecution No access
      2. Chambers No access
    2. External Measures of Implementation No access
2. 1. 1. Legal Basis for the Prosecutor’s Decision No access
    2. Relevant Factors to be Considered No access
  2. 1. 1. First Amendment of 1998 No access
        Second Amendment of 2002 No access
        Third Amendment of 2004 No access
        Fourth Amendment of 2005 No access
      2. Adoption in 2002 No access
        First Amendment of 2004 No access
        Second Amendment of 2005 No access
    2. Competence of the Tribunals to adopt Rule 11bis No access
    3. 1. ICTY No access
      2. ICTR No access
  3. 1. 1. Competence to Issue a Referral Decision No access
      2. The Course of Referral Proceedings No access
      3. Parties No access
        States No access
      4. Appeal of the Referral Decision No access
        Monitoring of Proceedings No access
        Locus Standi No access
        Opportunity to be Heard No access
        Substantive Requirements of a Revocation No access
    2. 1. Criminal Conduct No access
        Modes of Criminal Responsibility No access
        Adequate Punishment No access
        Conclusion No access
        Background of the Case No access
        Referral Attempt to the Kingdom of Norway No access
        Referral to the Netherlands No access
        All is Well that Ends Well: Trial at the ICTR and Imprisonment in Sweden No access
        Referral Requests to France No access
        Subject Matter Jurisdiction No access
        Modes of Responsibility No access
        Conclusion No access
        Construction of Rule 11bis according to its Ordinary Meaning No access
        Construction of Rule 11bis in its Context No access
        Construction of Rule 11bis in Light of its Object and Purpose No access
        Supplementary Means of Interpretation No access
        Conclusion No access
        Willingness and Preparedness to Prosecute No access
        Content of the Fair Trial Requirement No access
        Right to be Tried Within a Reasonable Time No access
        Availability and Protection of Defence Witnesses No access
        Right to Counsel of Own Choosing No access
        Right to be Tried by an Impartial and Independent Tribunal No access
        Right to Adequate Case Preparation No access
        Detention Conditions and Length No access
        Fairness Towards Other Parties No access
        Analysis No access
        Content of the Right to a Fair Trial No access
        De Jure Review No access
        Availability and Protection of Defence Witnesses No access
        Adequate Penalty Structure No access
        Right to be Tried by an Impartial and Independent Tribunal No access
        Detention Conditions No access
        Analysis No access
        Criticism of the Different Standards Applied No access
        The Correct Uniform Standard to be Applied No access
        Non-Imposition of the Death Penalty No access
      2. Particular Circumstances of the Case and Context of Crimes No access
        Comparison to Other Cases No access
        Formal Position of the Accused No access
        Actual Role of the Accused No access
        Degree of Participation No access
        Evaluation No access
    3. 1. Candidate States for Referral No access
      2. Positive Conflicts of Jurisdiction No access
      3. The Approach of the ICTR No access
      4. The Approach of the ICTY: Comparative Nexus No access
      5. Evaluation No access
    4. 1. Extradition Requirements No access
        Grounds of Refusal No access
        The Rule of Specialty No access
        The Prohibition Against Re-Extradition No access
        The Extradition Procedure No access
      2. Applicability to the Transfer of an Accused to the ICTY and ICTR for Trial No access
        The Opinion of the Referral Bench No access
        Scope of the Duty to Cooperate No access
        Applicability of Extradition Law No access
  4. 1. Bosnia and Herzegovina No access
    2. Rwanda No access
    3. Conclusion No access
  5. 1. 1. Background of the Case No access
      2. The Law No access
        Test Applied No access
        Assessment No access
    2. France No access
    3. Germany No access
    4. Finland No access
    5. Switzerland No access
    6. 1. Background of the Case No access
      2. The Supreme Court Decision No access
      3. The Governmental Decision No access
      4. Ahorugeze’s Individual Application to the ECtHR and the Interim Measures of the ECtHR No access
      5. Criticism No access
    7. 1. Applicability of Article 6 ECHR on Extradition Decisions No access
      2. Flagrant Denial of a Fair Trial No access
1. 1. The Principle of Complementarity No access Pages 236 - 238
  2. The System of Admissibility of a Case No access Pages 238 - 240
2. 1. 1. 1. Unwillingness No access
      2. Inability No access
    2. 1. Ordinary Meaning No access
      2. Context No access
      3. Object and Purpose No access
      4. Drafting History No access
  2. No Prosecution due to Lack of Criminalization No access Pages 256 - 257
3. 1. 1. 1. Principle of Due Process Recognized by International Law No access
        Delay, Independence, Impartiality No access
      2. Inability No access
      3. Genuineness No access
    2. Object and Purpose No access
    3. Drafting History No access
    4. Conclusion No access
  2. 1. Anti-Fair Trial-Approach No access
    2. Fair Trial Approach No access
    3. Moderate Fair Trial Approach No access
4. 1. Relevance of ICC Referrals to National Jurisdictions No access Pages 276 - 279
  2. 1. Revision of Admissibility by the Court Proprio Motu No access
    2. Revision on Request of the Prosecutor No access
  3. Conclusion No access Pages 279 - 282
5. Synthesis No access Pages 282 - 286
Bibliography No access Pages 287 - 296
1. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia No access Pages 297 - 298
2. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda No access Pages 298 - 299
3. International Criminal Court No access Pages 299 - 300
4. European Court of Human Rights No access Pages 300 - 300