Liability for AI

Sebastian Lohsse; Reiner Schulze; Dirk Staudenmayer

doi:10.5771/9783748942030

Summary

The book analyses in-depth the issues raised by the European Parliament resolution of October 20, 2020 calling for an “EU Regulation on Liability for the Operation of Artificial Intelligence-Systems” which have now been followed up by the legislative proposals for an AI Liability Directive and a revised Product Liability Directive, published by the European Commission on September 28, 2022. These proposed new legal acts, which may lead to a far-reaching reshaping of liability law at European and national level, were discussed at the colloquium as the first expert event on this subjectWith contributions byGeorg Borges | Jean-Sébastien Borghetti | Eugenia Dacoronia | Lars Entelmann | Helmut Heiss | Bernhard A. Koch | Sebastian Lohsse | Miquel Martín-Casals | Karl Ortmann | Reiner Schulze | Frederico Oliveira da Silva | Gerald Spindler | Dirk Staudenmayer | Christiane Wendehorst | Herbert Zech

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2023
ISBN-Print: 978-3-7560-0677-9
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-4203-0
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Language: English
Pages: 289
Product type: Edited Book

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages 1 - 6
Sebastian Lohsse, Reiner Schulze, Dirk Staudenmayer
1. 1. I. Specific challenges by AI No access
  2. 1. 1. Other options? No access
    2. 1. a) Holistic approach No access
      2. b) Targeted approach No access
      3. c) Coherent approach No access
2. 1. I. Setting the scene: Liability systems and the AILD and PLD proposals No access
  2. II. Product Liability and Operator Liability No access
  3. III. Burden of Proof and Causality No access
  4. IV. Regress and Insurance No access
3. C. Outlook No access
1. Bernhard A. Koch
  1. I. Introduction No access
  2. II. The grey zone between fault and strict liability No access
  3. 1. 1. Arguments focusing on the damage No access
    2. 2. Arguments focusing on causation No access
    3. 3. Arguments focusing on the activity causing harm No access
    4. 4. Arguments focusing on the interests of the defendant No access
    5. 5. Arguments focusing on loss adjustment No access
    6. 6. Public policy arguments No access
  4. IV. Preliminary conclusions No access
2. Gerald Spindler
  1. I. Introduction No access
  2. II. Basic issues of liability No access
  3. 1. 1. aa) Software as a product No access
        bb) Extension to data and services No access
        cc) Exception for open source software No access
      2. B) Protected legal interests extended to data loss or corruption No access
      3. aa) Principles No access
        bb) Self-learning (AI) systems No access
        cc) Interaction with other components No access
        dd) Cybersecurity and product safety No access
        ee) Development errors No access
        ff) Updates and upgrades, machine learning No access
      4. aa) Manufacturers, especially software developers No access
        bb) Suppliers, in particular service providers No access
        cc) Extension of the concept of importers to fulfilment providers No access
        dd) Online platforms No access
        ee) No exception for SMEs No access
        ff) Modification of products, especially recycled products No access
      5. E) Liability exceptions No access
      6. aa) Principles No access
        bb) Disclosure obligations No access
        cc) Facilitation of evidence, in particular rebuttable presumptions No access
      7. G) Joint and several liability No access
      8. H) No liability caps (maximum liability amounts) No access
      9. I) Limitation No access
      10. J) Relationship PL-D to the liability of internet intermediaries No access
    2. 1. A) Overview No access
      2. aa) Definition of AI No access
        bb) Restriction to non-contractual fault-based liability No access
        cc) Excluded areas No access
        dd) No restriction to certain legal interests or certain injured parties No access
        ee) Only minimum harmonisation No access
      3. aa) Disclosure of information on high-risk AI systems No access
        bb) Presumption of non-compliance with obligations No access
      4. aa) Basic rebuttable presumption of causality No access
        bb) Presumption of causality towards operators of high-risk AI systems No access
        cc) Presumption of causality for users of high-risk AI systems No access
        dd) Non-professional users of AI systems No access
        ee) Presumption of causality for non-high-risk AI systems No access
      5. E) Collective law enforcement No access
      6. F) Evaluation of the AIL-D No access
  4. 1. 1. Strict or negligence-based liability? No access
    2. 2. Strict liability only for producers? No access
    3. 3. Liability for AI-systems based on member-states negligence tort liability? No access
    4. 4. Common issues for both liability proposals No access
1. Christiane Wendehorst
  1. 1. Introduction No access
  2. 1. 1. 2.1.1. Stand-alone software No access
      2. 2.1.2. Software updates or their absence and machine learning No access
      3. 2.1.3. Digital elements as product components No access
      4. 2.1.4. Proof of defect and causation No access
      5. 2.1.5. New types of damage No access
      6. 2.1.6. Defendants in the EU No access
    2. 2.2. A stronger link with product safety law, including the AIA? No access
    3. 2.3. Interim findings No access
  3. 1. 1. 3.1.1. Autonomous driving No access
      2. 3.1.2. The Expert Group Report No access
      3. 3.1.3. The Proposal by the European Parliament (EP Draft) No access
      4. 3.1.4. Evaluation No access
    2. 1. 3.2.1. The real ‘accountability gap’ No access
      2. 3.2.2. Vicarious Operator Liability – new EU rules on attribution No access
      3. 3.2.3. Operator Liability for Non-Compliance No access
  4. 4. Conclusions No access
2. Jean-Sebastien Borghetti
  1. I. Introduction No access
  2. 1. 1. The Definition of “Product” No access
    2. 2. Compensable Damage No access
    3. 1. a) The Cascade No access
      2. b) Refurbishers No access
  3. 1. 1. Defectiveness No access
    2. 1. a) Exemptions of Liability No access
      2. b) Limitation Periods No access
  4. 1. 1. Disclosure No access
    2. 2. Burden of Proof No access
  5. V. Conclusion No access
3. Georg Borges
  1. I. Introduction: contrasting concepts of liability for AI systems No access
  2. 1. 1. Characteristics of AI systems No access
    2. 2. Implications for liability law No access
  3. 1. 1. a. Disclosure of evidence, Art. 3 AIL-D No access
      2. b. Presumption of causality of a breach of the duty of care, Art. 4 AIL-D No access
      3. c. Interim result No access
    2. 2. Monitoring duties of the operator and user of AI systems No access
    3. 3. The relevance of protective norms for the liability of the operator No access
    4. 4. Operator liability by way of attribution? No access
    5. 5. Strict liability of the manufacturer No access
    6. 6. Strict liability No access
  4. IV. Operator or manufacturer as liability addressee? No access
  5. V. Summary and conclusion No access
1. Herbert Zech
  1. I. Introduction No access
  2. II. Complexity, autonomy, opacity No access
  3. III. Causality concept of the AI Liability Directive No access
  4. IV. Causal link between actors and AI No access
  5. V. Causal link between AI output and damage No access
  6. VI. Product Liability Directive No access
  7. VII. Suggestions No access
2. Eugenia Dacoronia
  1. I. Introduction No access
  2. ΙΙ. Importance of the burden of proof No access
  3. ΙΙΙ. The specific characteristics of AI No access
  4. IV. Need to facilitate the victim’s burden of proof for AI damage No access
  5. V. Relation of the AI Liability Directive (AID) to the Revised Liability for Defective Products Directive (PLD) No access
  6. VI. Conclusion - Critique No access
1. Miquel Martin-Casals
  1. 1. 1. Terminology No access
    2. 2. Solidary liability and liability in solidum No access
    3. 3. When does solidary liability arise? No access
  2. 1. 1. Causing damage by acting in concert No access
    2. 2. The so-called ‘commercial and technological unit’ as a form a concerted action No access
  3. 1. 1. National rules on contribution or recourse claims not affected by the Directive No access
    2. 1. a) Meaning of the ‘same damage’ No access
      2. b) Economic operators who can be jointly and severally liable No access
    3. 3. Liability of an economic operator when a third party is also liable No access
  4. 1. 1. a) Contractual agreements regarding apportionment of liability No access
      2. b) When the contribution claim can be brought No access
      3. c) Contribution for the costs incurred and for the interests of the advanced payment. No access
      4. d) How are the internal shares of each of the joint and several tortfeasors established No access
      5. e) Effects of the redistribution of insolvency of one of the codebtors in case of vicarious liability No access
    2. 2. Prescription No access
  5. V. Facilitation of Proof and ‘inequality of arms’ in recourse claims No access
  6. VI. Conclusion No access
2. Helmut Heiss
  1. I. The European Rules Governing AI Liability No access
  2. 1. 1. General business and professional liability insurance No access
    2. 2. Product liability insurance No access
    3. 3. Cyber insurance No access
    4. 4. A brief digression: Liability cover for immaterial damage in general No access
  3. 1. 1. The issue concerning mandatory insurance No access
    2. 2. “Appropriate insurance” cover under the AIR Proposal No access
    3. 3. Deferred introduction of an insurance obligation in the AILD Proposal No access
    4. 4. PLD Proposal: Commission avoids the issue of compulsory insurance No access
    5. 5. Contractual liability and insurance: Double silence in the SGD and DCSD No access
    6. 6. Interim findings No access
  4. 1. 1. The issue concerning a need for insurance obligations under Union law is not directly related to the issue of harmonising liability law No access
    2. 1. a) Economic reasons favouring the introduction of compulsory insurance No access
      2. b) Compulsory insurance and other types of guarantees No access
      3. c) Need for compulsory insurance in relation to artificial intelligence liability No access
    3. 1. a) The problem of “bare” insurance obligations in Union law No access
      2. b) Horizontal rules for all types of compulsory insurance No access
  5. 1. 1. The new, yet old discussion about no-fault solutions No access
    2. 2. Compensation funds as an add-on to liability solutions involving compulsory insurance No access
    3. 3. Advantages and disadvantages of such compensation schemes No access
  6. VI. Summary in theses No access
1. Lars Entelmann
  1. I. The Proposals of the European Parliament and the European Commission No access
  2. II. Criteria for Regulation – Taking the Normalfall as a starting point No access
2. Karl Ortmann
  1. 1. 1. Burden of proof, obligations to disclose evidence (Art. 8, 9 PLD-P) No access
    2. 2. Defences (Art. 10 PLD-P) No access
    3. 1. a) German Pharmaceutical liability (sections 84ff. of the German Pharmaceuticals Act – Arzneimittelgesetz, AMG) No access
      2. b) Priority of specific liability provisions in other Union legislation No access
      3. c) Clinical studies and trials No access
      4. d) Hospitals as producers No access
    4. 4. Updates No access
    5. 5. Striking of the lower threshold for property damage No access
  2. II. Proposal for a Directive on AI Liability (AILD-P) No access
3. Frederico Oliveira da Silva
  1. I. A Tale of Two Proposals No access
  2. II. Fault-based regime and AI No access
  3. III. Disclosure of evidence and presumption of causality No access