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The Implementation of Circumstancial Evidence pursuant to the European Union Competition Law, the German Cartel Law and the Indonesian Competition Law

Authors:
Publisher:
 2019

Summary

Notwithstanding the two decades that have passed since the implementation of Law Number 5 on the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition in 1999, the Indonesian Competition Authority or Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha (“KPPU”) continues to face profound difficulties in uncovering cartel activities and thus in imposing penalties. Therefore, the KPPU strives to use circumstantial (indirect) evidence in its judicial practice to prove cartel transgressions. In German Cartel Law, EU Competition Law and in the US Antitrust practice, the courts also employ indirect (circumstantial) evidence, namely ‘facilitating practices’ and ‘plus-factors’, to substantiate cartel infringements. This book compares the different approaches to implimenting indirect (circumstantial) evidence in the Indonesian Competition Law to the German and European Competition Law, both from a procedural as well as a substantial law perspective.

Bibliographic data

Copyright year
2019
ISBN-Print
978-3-8288-4127-7
ISBN-Online
978-3-8288-7337-7
Publisher
Tectum, Baden-Baden
Language
English
Pages
320
Product type
Book Titles

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access I - XVI
    1. 1.1 Research Background No access
    2. 1.2 Discourse of Analysis No access
      1. 2.1.1 Conceptual Framework No access
      2. 2.1.2 Cartels and The Oligopolistic Interdependence No access
      1. 2.2.1 Background and Objective No access
        1. 2.2.2.1 The Undertaking and Association of Undertakings No access
          1. 2.2.2.2.1 ‘Agreements’ No access
          2. 2.2.2.2.2 Decisions by Association of Undertakings No access
            1. 2.2.2.2.3.1 ‘Conscious Concertation’ No access
            2. 2.2.2.2.3.2 ‘Subsequent Market Conduct’ No access
            3. 2.2.2.2.3.3 ‘Causality’ No access
            4. 2.2.2.2.3.4 The Concerted Practices’ Main Instruments No access
              1. 2.2.2.2.3.5.1 Information Exchanges No access
              2. 2.2.2.2.3.5.2 Price Leadership No access
              3. 2.2.2.2.3.5.3 Basing Point Pricing No access
              4. 2.2.2.2.3.5.4 Most-Favoured Customer (MFC) Clauses in Buyer Seller Contracts No access
              5. 2.2.2.2.3.5.5 Governmental Action Encouraging the Facilitating Practices No access
          1. 2.2.2.3.1 Inter-States Clause No access
      1. 2.3.1 Objective, Systematic and Juridical Source No access
        1. 2.3.2.1 Introduction No access
          1. 2.3.2.2.1 Undertakings No access
            1. 2.3.2.2.2.1 Agreements No access
            2. 2.3.2.2.2.2 General Meaning No access
            3. 2.3.2.2.2.3 Model contract No access
            4. 2.3.2.2.2.4 General Terms and Conditions No access
            5. 2.3.2.2.2.5 Circular Letter No access
            6. 2.3.2.2.2.6 Hub and Spoke Cartels (“Sternvertrag”) No access
            7. 2.3.2.2.2.7 Decision of Association of Undertakings No access
            8. 2.3.2.2.2.8 Concerted Practices No access
        3. 2.3.2.2 Restriction of Competition No access
        4. 2.3.2.3 Appreciability (Substantial Effect) No access
        1. 2.3.3.1 Immanence Theory (Immanenztheorie) No access
        2. 2.3.3.2 Exempted Sectors of the Application of Sec. 1 GWB No access
      4. 2.3.4 Legal Exemptions Provisions pursuant to the provision of Sec. 1 GWB No access
      1. 2.4.1 Historical Background No access
      2. 2.4.2 Key Provisions of the Law Number 5/1999 No access
      3. 2.4.3 Objective of the Law Number 5/1999 No access
        1. 2.4.4.1 Per-se Illegal and Rule of Reason Approach No access
        2. 2.4.4.2 Product and Geographical Relevant Market No access
        3. 2.4.4.3 Oligopoly No access
      5. 2.4.5 Legislative Exemptions in the Law Number 5/1999 No access
        1. 2.4.6.1 The existence of an agreement between undertakings No access
        2. 2.4.6.2 Having intention to influence prices on the market No access
        3. 2.4.6.3 Arranging production and/or marketing of goods and/or services No access
        4. 2.4.6.4 Could resulting in the occurrence of monopolistic practice and/or unfair business competition No access
      1. 3.1.1 Introduction No access
        1. 3.1.2.1 Principle of Legality No access
        2. 3.1.2.2 Officiality Principle No access
        3. 3.1.2.3 Protection of the Fundamental Rights Principle No access
        4. 3.1.2.4 In dubio pro reoPrinciple No access
      3. 3.1.3 The Administrative Proceeding’s Phase and Principle No access
      4. 3.1.4 Judiciary Review by the Court of Justice of the EU No access
        1. 3.1.5.1 Burden and Standard of Proof No access
        2. 3.1.5.2 Evidentiary Evaluation and Category of Evidence No access
        3. 3.1.5.3 The Application of Evidentiary Rules and Principle No access
      1. 3.2.1 Introduction No access
        1. 3.2.2.1 General Principles No access
        2. 3.2.2.2 Evidentiary and Inquisitorial Principles No access
        1. 3.2.3.1 General Principles No access
          1. 3.2.3.2.1 Principle of the Unfettered Consideration of the Evidence (Grundsatz der freien Beweiwürdigung) No access
          2. 3.2.3.2.2 Principle of Presumption of Innocence (In Dubio Pro Reo) No access
        3. 3.2.3.2 The Appeal (Objection) Proceedings before the Oberlandesgericht (Kartell-OLG) No access
          1. 3.2.4.1.1 Principle of Free Party-Dispositions (Dispositionsgrundsatz) No access
          2. 3.2.4.1.2 Principle of Party Representation (Verhandlungsgrundsatz) No access
          3. 3.2.4.1.3 Principle of the Party’s Right to Due Process (ordnungsgemäßes Verfahren) No access
        2. 3.2.4.2 Evidentiary for Finding Material Truth Principles No access
      1. 3.3.1 Introduction No access
      2. 3.3.2 Administrative Proceedings before KPPU No access
      3. 2.3.3 Judiciary Review (Judicial Supervision) No access
      4. 3.3.3 Judiciary Review (Judicial Supervision) No access
        1. 3.3.4.1 General Evidentiary Rule No access
        2. 3.3.4.2 Evidentiary Principle According to the Judge's Conviction (Conviction Intime) No access
        3. 3.3.4.3 Evidentiary Principle According to the Positive Law (Positife Wettelijke Bewijstheorie) No access
        4. 3.3.4.4 Evidentiary Principle According to the Restricted Judges Conviction (La conviction raisonee) No access
        5. 3.3.4.5 Evidentiary Principle According to the Laws Negatively (Negatief Wettelijke) No access
          1. 3.3.4.2.1 Free evidentiary theory No access
          2. 3.3.4.2.2 Negative evidentiary theory No access
          3. 3.3.4.2.3 Positive-limited evidentiary theory No access
        7. 3.3.4.3 Specific Evidentiary Requirement No access
      1. 3.4.1 Application of the Indirect (Circumstantial) Evidences in the Cartel Enforcement Proceedings No access
      2. 3.4.2 Application of the “Plus Factors” (Parallelism Plus) for Consolidating the Evidences of Cartels No access
        1. 3.4.3.1 In the European Competition Law No access
        2. 3.4.3.2 In the German Cartel Law No access
        3. 3.4.3.3 In the Indonesian Competition Law Number 5/1999 No access
        1. 3.4.4.1 Introduction No access
          1. 3.4.4.2.1 Motive to Conspire No access
          2. 3.4.4.2.2 Behaviour against Self-Interest No access
          3. 3.4.4.2.3 Factual Plus-Factors No access
          4. 3.4.4.2.4 Economic Plus-Factors No access
            1. 3.4.4.2.5.1 Facilitating Practices in an Oligopolistic Market as the Plus-Factors No access
            2. 3.4.4.2.5.2 Price leadership No access
            3. 3.4.4.2.5.3 Exchanges of Information No access
            4. 3.4.4.2.5.4 Product standardisation No access
            5. 3.4.4.2.5.5 Regional Price Systems No access
            6. 3.4.4.2.5.6 Contingency Contract Provisions No access
    5. 3.5 Chapter Interim Result No access
    1. 4.1 Introduction No access
        1. 4.2.1.1 Bayer AG v Commission of the European Communities-Bayer Adalat Case (ECJ Joined Cases C-2/01 P and C-3/01 P) No access
        2. 4.2.1.2 Ahlström Osakeyhtiö and others v Commission (Woodpulp Case) (Joined Cases C-89/85, C-104/85, C-114/85, C-116/85, C-117/85 and C-125/85 to C-129/85, 31 March 1993) No access
        3. 4.2.1.3 Toshiba Corp. v European Union Commission (Gas Insulated Switchgear-GIS Cartel (ECJ Case C-180/16 P) No access
          1. Circumstance of the Case No access
          2. Adjudication of the Court No access
        5. 4.2.1.5 Total/OMV Tankstelle The German Supreme Court Decision (Bundesgerichtshof Beschluss vom 6. Dezember 2011 – KVR 95/10) No access
          1. Case summary No access
          2. The Decision No access
        2. 4.2.2.2 Amlodipine Anti-Hypertension Pharmaceutical Cartel [Case NO. 17/KPPU-I/2010] No access
        3. 4.2.2.3 Cement Loco Cartel [Decision Number 01/KPPU-I/2010] No access
        4. 4.2.2.4 Flight Airline Fuel Surcharges [Decision Number 25/KPPU-I/2009] No access
        5. 4.2.2.5 Short Message Service (SMS) Telecommunication [Decision Number 26/KPPU-I/2007] No access
    3. 4.3 Chapter Interim Result No access
    1. 5.1 The Judicial Praxis in the European Competition and the German Cartel Laws No access
      1. 5.2.1 The Implementation of Circumstantial (Indirect) Evidence versus the Real Economic and Business Circumstances in Indonesia No access
      2. 5.2.2 The Additional KPPU Regulation Related to Circumstantial or Indirect evidences to Complement Article 42 of the Law Number 5/1999 No access
      3. 5.2.3 The Contentious Implementation of Indirect or Circumstantial Evidences in the Indonesian Legislation and Court Practice No access
      4. 5.2.4 The Premature and Anomaly Decisions of the Circumstantial or Indirect Evidences in KPPU and the Court Praxis No access
      5. 5.2.5 The Leniency Programme’s Implementation in the Indonesia Competition Law and the Institutional Strengthening of KPPU for Eradicating Cartels No access
    1. Books and Monographs No access
    2. Commentaries No access
    3. Journal Articles No access
    4. National Competition Commission Document No access
    5. ASEAN Secretariat Document No access
    6. Theses and Dissertation No access
    7. Conference Papers and Presentations No access
      1. European Union (EU) No access
      2. Federal Republic of Germany No access
      3. Republic Indonesia No access
      4. United States of America No access
      1. European Union (EU) No access
      2. Federal Republic of Germany No access
      3. Republic Indonesia No access
      4. United States of America No access

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