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Sammelband Kein Zugriff
The main lines of the jurisprudence of the Hungarian Constitutional Court
30 case studies from the 30 years of the Constitutional Court (1990 to 2020)- Herausgeber:innen:
- |
- Verlag:
- 2022
Zusammenfassung
Die verfassungsrechtlichen Umbrüche Ungarns waren in den letzten Jahrzehnten enorm. Der Band untersucht die Rechtsprechung des ungarischen Verfassungsgerichtshofs und bietet damit die Möglichkeit eines tiefen Verständnisses des demokratischen Systems.
Schlagworte
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Bibliographische Angaben
- Copyrightjahr
- 2022
- ISBN-Print
- 978-3-8487-8561-2
- ISBN-Online
- 978-3-7489-2982-6
- Verlag
- Nomos, Baden-Baden
- Sprache
- Englisch
- Seiten
- 548
- Produkttyp
- Sammelband
Inhaltsverzeichnis
KapitelSeiten
- Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis Kein Zugriff Seiten 1 - 16
- Autor:innen: |
- 1. Introduction Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 2. The constitutional regulation of the HCC in the Constitution and the Fundamental Law Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 3. Organisation of the HCC Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 4.1.1. Preliminary and posterior norm control Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 4.1.2. The judicial initiative and the constitutional complaint Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 4.1.3. Interpretation of the FL and other competences Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 4.2. Legal consequences Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 5. Epilogue Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen:
- 1. Background Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. In Hungary, every human being, regardless of their citizenship, has the inherent, inviolable and inalienable fundamental right to life and human dignity. Since the essential content of fundamenta... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. Human life and human dignity are values preceding the law that can only be construed in unity: one is a condition for the other. The protection of these values, which are untouchable for the law,... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. Clash of the deontologist and utilitarian concepts of the unconstitutionality of the death penalty in the concurring opinions Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.2. The role of the right to dignity—the joint conception of the life and dignity Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. Background Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. The interrelation of the right to life and the right to dignity (self-determination) with abortion requires that abortion be provided for by law. On the one hand, the exclusion of abortion direct... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. The legal status of the human being includes two fundamental rights of substance which fill the formal category of legal capacity and express the human quality of the person: the right to life an... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.3. The protection of the life of the foetus is the state’s duty from the moment of conception. It follows from the state’s objective, institutional duty to protect life that the State cannot constit... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.4. The right of freedom of conscience in the context of abortion means that the State may not force anyone into a situation which is incompatible with an essential conviction which defines his or he... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. Formal unconstitutionality with substantive findings: right of self-determination versus the objective, institutional duty of the state to protect Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.2. The preliminary question of the legal status of the foetus Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.3. Additional substantive findings Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.4. The relationship between freedom of conscience and abortion Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 5.1. Decision 48/1998. (XI. 23.) AB – Abortion II. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5.2. Protection of the foetus in the FL Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. Background Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. The rule of law cannot be established against the rule of law (and in particular against legal certainty). It is also part of the constitutional principle of the rule of law that the limits and c... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. The re-criminalisation of offences for which the statute of limitations has already expired, the extension of the statutory limitation period for offences not yet statute-barred, the interruption... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.3. From the point of view of the limitation period, no constitutional distinction can be drawn between political and other reasons why the State has not asserted its criminal claim. Because of its i... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.4. Excluding the possibility of a full pardon (and limiting it to mitigation of the punishment) is unconstitutional [Article 30/A (1) (k) of the Constitution]. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. Objective-teleological reasoning vs. natural law Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.2. The self-regulatory nature of the legal system Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.3. Conflict between legal certainty and justice in the specific historical context of the transition to the rule of law Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.4. Doctrinal maximalism Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 1.1. Domestic legal background Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 1.2. International legal background Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 3. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 4.1. Generally recognised norms of international law become parts of Hungarian law by means of general transformation, international treaties do so by means of a specific transformation, through promu... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 4.2. The constitutionality of a rule connected to international law must be scrutinized from additional perspectives compared to a rule related exclusively to Hungarian law [Article 7 (1) of the Const... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 4.3. Exclusion of statutory limitations may happen either according to Hungarian law, or by international law if there is an international legal obligation binding for Hungary [Article 7 (1) of the Co... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 4.4. The rules on the punishment of war crimes and crimes against humanity, as they fundamentally endanger humanity and international coexistence, are peremptory rules of international law [Article 7 ... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 5.1. The relation between international law and domestic law Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 5.2. Constitutional review of norms deriving from international law Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 5.3. The assessment of the findings on statute of limitations Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 5.4. Classification of international crimes Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 6. Aftermaths of the Decision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen:
- 1. Background Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. Information on persons exercising public authority or participating in political life, related to the fact that they were previously engaged in activities, or were members of an organization enga... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. Maintaining the confidentiality of political police records generated under a non-rule-of-law regime shall not restrict the right to informational self-determination of data subjects and other ri... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. Data protection and data of public interest Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.2. Informational self-determination: rights of persons under surveillance Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen: |
- 1. Background Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 3.1. The decision of a terminally ill patient not to live until the natural end of his/her life when it is filled with suffering is part of the patient’s right to self-determination. This right can be... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 3.2. The desire of a terminally ill patient to end their life with the active help of a physician cannot be regarded as such part of their right to self-determination that cannot be withdrawn, even in... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 4.1. The doctrine of indivisibility and the doctrine of ‘living law’ Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 4.2. Active euthanasia: an eternal dream? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.1. Registered Partnerships Act I Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.2. The notion of marriage in the Hungarian legal order and according to the interpretation of the HCC Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. Marriage is protected as an institution by the state and this protection is to be maintained in the future (Article 15 of Constitution). Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. The formation of a cohabitation is related to the right to self-autonomy [Article 54 (1) of the Constitution]. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.3. As same-sex persons cannot marry, their registered partnership does not hurt and endanger the protected heterosexual marriage (Article 15 of the Constitution). Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.4. The registered partnership for heterosexual partners has factually the same legal consequences as marriage and this is contrary to Article 15 of the Constitution and it may empty the constitution... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. The priority of the protection of marriage Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.2. The merging of the definition of cohabitation and registered partnership into each other and the protection of cohabitation Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.3. The registered partnership as an independent legal institution Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.4. The registered partnership for different-sex partners Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 5.1. Registered partnerships Act II Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5.2. Decision 32/2010. (III. 25.) AB – Registered Partnership II. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5.3. The registered partnership and the Act on the protection of the family in the decisions of the HCC Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5.4. Decision 3003/2021. (I. 14.) AB on the close relative status of registered partners Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.1. Decision 184/2010. (X. 28.) AB – Special Tax I. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.2. New constitutional framework and new special tax rules Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. According to the Constitutional Court’s established case law, the tax’s primary function is to make natural and legal persons contribute to public burdens. Secondarily, it is also the means of st... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. The retroactive taxation that applies to incomes given by law and earned without abuse in a tax year closed by a tax return violates the right to human dignity [Articles 54 (1) and 70/I (2) of th... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. Limits of tax as a regulatory instrument Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.2. Limits of retroactive taxation Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. Background Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3. Decision and its reasoning Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4. Doctrinal analysis Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. Background Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. If there is only a formal legal remedy against a provision of a statute, then this statute is a directly effective statute for the purposes of Article 26 (2) of the HCC Act, and there is a right ... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. The reference to the historical constitution in Article R (3) of the FL means that the historical background of each institution must be taken into account in its interpretation. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.3. Article R (3) of the FL also implies that when interpreting constitutional provisions, not only the individual provisions must be examined, but also their context, so that the FL remains a unifie... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.4. The retirement age for judges cannot be deduced from Article 26 (1) of the FL (judicial independence and immovability). This is a matter for the legislature to decide, and there is no obstacle to... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. The issues of admissibility Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.2. The achievements of the historical constitution as a mean of interpretation Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.3. The content and scope of the principle of judicial independence Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.4. The integrity of the FL—managing the tension between constitutional provisions Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 5.1. Influence on legislation Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5.2. Influence on the judges effected Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5.3. Influence on the jurisprudence of the HCC Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen: |
- 1. Background Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 3.1. The declaration of a regulatory offence must also comply with the requirements of the rule of law in connection with the declaration of a criminal offence, the criminal law intervention and the c... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 3.2. By declaring the use of public areas for permanent living to be a regulatory offence, without a legitimate aim, the legislator criminalized a forced life situation threatening a serious crisis, e... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 3.3. Regulatory Offences Act does not meet the requirement of the ‘clarity of norms’ as an increased requirement against the norms establishing the punishment, if the act creates, in essence, practica... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 3.4. The authorization given to the local authority to create sanctions (fines) meets the requirement of the rule of law only with the substantive legal guarantees and clear framework prescribed by la... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 4.1. Rule of law requirements for constitutional law of regulatory offences Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 4.2. Fundamental issues of sanctioning the use of public areas for long-term living Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 4.3. The principle of the ‘clarity of norms’ and the question of strict liability Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 4.4. The basic conditions of the rule of law in the creation of local authority sanctions Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.1. The previous practice of the HCC Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.2. Legal background Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. The TP cannot be classified as any source of law in the Hungarian legal system. The TP act as a ‘slide’ capable of continuously depriving the HCC of its review powers [Articles R (1) and T) of th... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. Transitory provisions cannot be regarded as amendments to the FL [Articles B) (1) and S) of the FL]. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.3. It is a requirement stemming from the rule of law that the scope and content of the FL in force can be clearly found at any time. The amendments must be incorporated into the constitutional text ... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.4. The legislature included non-transitory rules in the Transitory Provisions, thus exceeding the scope of the authorization granted by the FL [Articles B (1) and S) of the FL]. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. The TP to the FL cannot be regarded as part of the FL Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.2. Transitional Provisions cannot be considered as amendments to the FL Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.3. The ‘coherency of substance and structure’ of the FL is a requirement of the rule of law Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.4. The rules of the TP exceeding the authorization are invalid under public law Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen: |
- 1. Background Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 3.1. Registration as a general mandatory requirement of the exercise of the right to vote is an unnecessary and disproportionate restriction on the right to vote; however, such a measure may be consti... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 3.2. The ban on publishing political advertisements during electoral campaign periods in certain branches of the media as well as the ban on publishing the results of political surveys during the last... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 4.1. Whether the justification of registration is convincing and whether the new constitutional context of fundamental rights is taken into account Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 4.2. Whether advance electoral registration and the campaign-related restrictions amount to a limitation on exercising certain fundamental rights Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen:
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- 1.1. Legal background and the former praxis of the HCC Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.2. International outlook Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. The decision of ECtHR containing statements regarding the legal provisions examined by the HCC was a substantial circumstance from a legal perspective that necessitated a second revision process ... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. The criminalization of the use of totalitarian symbols may be justified, because behaviours related to the symbols of 20th century extremist political dictatorships may violate human dignity and ... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.3. A requirement resulting from the provisions of the FL is a clear expression of what the legislative authority considers to be the protected legal interest and punishable conduct. The phrasing mus... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.4. The HCC attaches great importance to whether the issue under consideration is subject to an already established judicial practice (case law) which is absolutely necessary to aid the enforcement a... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. On the necessity of repeated posterior norm control Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.2. On the criminalization of the use of totalitarian symbols and the protection of human dignity Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.3. On the clear articulation of the legislative intention Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.4. On judicial practice (case law) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. Background Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. It is a constitutional requirement that the legislative procedure takes place in accordance with the provisions of the Rules of the House [Articles B, 4 (1) and 5 (7) of the FL]. However, grantin... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. It is a constitutional requirement for the state to ensure the acquisition of church status, enabling religious communities to function independently and to acquire entitlements available to chur... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.3. The Parliament may establish specific rules for the operation of religious communities that allow greater freedom of internal organisation and regulation than associations. However, it is not a c... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. Constitutional justification for terminating church legal status Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.2. Dilemmas in the religious activity and public law definition of churches Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.3. Two-level regulation instead of one-level regulation Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.1. The regulation in Hungary Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.2. Practice of the HCC Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.3. International outlook Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. In cases of exceptional constitutional complaint, which is directed at a norm, the examination of personal involvement is exceptionally important, since it is the personal, direct, and present ha... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. The right to private life and the right to human dignity are tied to each other exceptionally closely. The right to human dignity forms the foundation of the protection of the inviolable sphere o... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.3. Secret intelligence gathering enables a forcible intrusion into all segments of private life (including the intimate ones) and might affect people other than the target of the observation; theref... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. Differentiating between Exceptional Constitutional Complaint and Actio Popularis Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.2. The Foundations of the Right to Private Life Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.3. The Conflict between the Right to Private Life and National Security Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
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- 1.1. Evolution of the Hungarian legislation Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.2. International outlook Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. The designation of the acting court by a discretionary decision of the President of the NOJ violates the requirement of a fair process [Article XXVIII (1) of the FL]. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. The power of the President of the NOJ to transfer court cases does not comply with the right to a lawful judge either [Article 6 (1) of the ECHR]. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.3. The definitive nature of the decision of the President of the NOJ violates the right to remedy [Article XXVIII (7) of the FL, Article 13 of the ECHR]. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.4. The decision of the President of the NOJ to transfer a court case does not qualify as an on‑the‑merits decision (Article 27 of the HCC Act). Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. The so‑called objective test of the impartial administration of justice as one of the assessment criteria of the right to a fair trial Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.2. The right to a lawful judge Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.3. The qualification of the decision of the President of the NOJ and the right to remedy Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. Background Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. The carrying out of the commercial sale of tobacco products—in itself—does not entail that the said economic activity would constitute an acquired possession or a constitutionally protected propr... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. The commercial retail of tobacco products carried out for a longer period is protected by the freedom of enterprise. The monopolisation of that activity by the state on general interest grounds d... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. The constitutional protection of private property Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.2. The constitutional protection of the freedom of enterprise Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.1. The regulation of concurrent three strikes Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.2. International outlook Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. It is contrary to the requirement of legal certainty if it is unpredictable in which cases the stricter concurrent sentences—constituting even mandatory life imprisonment—may be imposed [Article ... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. The threat of similar punishment for criminal offences of different material gravity undermines legal certainty by breaching the principle of proportionality, besides, narrowing judicial discreti... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. Concurrent three strikes and the requirement of predictability arising from the requirement of legal certainty Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.2. Concurrent three strikes and the constitutional criteria with respect to the penalty system governed by the rule of law Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen: |
- 1. Background Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 3.1. It is the task of the HCC to examine whether the protection of human dignity justifies the restriction of the freedom of the press in the case at hand, i.e. whether the judgment complained of cre... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 3.2. Any reports of an assembly shall constitute a direct manifestation of the freedom of the press, the unencumbered provision of information, and of the role the press has in creating ‘a democratic ... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 3.3. Image rights protect the external manifestation of the human personality and—broadcasting essential traits of personality—are indirectly used to identify it. Consequently, image rights are to be ... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 3.4. As long as certain ways of providing information do not abuse the freedom of the press, references to image rights might rarely serve as grounds to limit the exercise of the freedom of the press.... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 4.1. The extent of constitutional review of judicial decisions in civil law cases Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 4.2. The scope of the freedom of the press Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 4.3. The scope of the right to one’s image Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 4.4. Limiting the scope of the freedom of the press in order to protect the right to human dignity Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.1. Introductory remarks Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.2. International outlook Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. According to the consistent practice of the HCC, if the petitioner claims that the content of a new provision is unconstitutional, the HCC does not examine the unconstitutionality of the law enac... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. The absolute prohibition of inhuman or degrading treatment laid down in the ECHR and the FL requires that the space for life and movement provided for prisoners in multiple-person cells must in a... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. Examination of the legislation incorporating the new provision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.2. Determination of the minimum amount of space to be provided for detainees Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen: |
- 1. Background Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 3.1. In the event of a serious crisis affecting the fundamental rights of the masses of the weaker parties, the protection of consumers’ rights and the duty to help the victims are the primary duty of... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 3.2. When assessing whether the rule of law infringes legal certainty, the calculation of the sufficient period of preparation and the assessment of retroactivity may also take into account whether it... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 3.3. The time limit for bringing an action and the length of the procedure are related to the fundamental right of access to a court, but do not violate the right to a fair trial [Articles XXVIII and ... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 3.4. Although the set of special procedural rules creates a special procedural order which, due to the accumulation of legal restrictions, raises constitutional doubts as to the fairness of the proced... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 3.5. EU law is not international law, so the HCC has no jurisdiction to examine whether a law is in breach of EU law, or whether it has been adopted in conformity with EU law in form or substance [Art... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 4.1. Consumer protection in a financial crisis Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 4.2. Criteria for legal certainty Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 4.3. The content of the right to a fair trial Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 4.4. Procedural obstacles—significant impediment to the exercise of fundamental rights Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 4.5. Relationship between EU law and domestic law Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen:
- 1. Background Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. The Internet is not an area exempt from the law; the communication taking place there may be subject to legal regulation, and the enforcement of the rights and obligations enshrined in the FL is ... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. The ‘web 2.0’ sites are outside the scope of the services examined in the case, as in the specific case typical private expressions were published, addressing communication to a specific stakehol... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.3. It constitutes a restriction of the freedom of the press if the operator of a website may be held liable for any post published without moderation that is otherwise infringing (Article IX of the ... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.4. The assessment of proportionality depends on the amount of damages awarded for the infringement (Article IX of the FL). Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.5. The liability of the website operator is based solely on the fact of the infringement and the moderation of comments or its absence is not a decisive factor; after the occurrence of the infringem... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. Regulation of Internet communication Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.2. The need for differentiation between online content services Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.3. Liability for the content of the comment Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.4. The question of proportionality Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.5. The importance of the infringing nature of the comment Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. Background Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3. Decision and its reasoning Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4. Doctrinal analysis Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Aftermath of the decision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen: | |
- 1. Background Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: | |
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: | |
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- 3.1. In exercising its powers, the HCC may examine whether the joint exercise of certain powers by the EU violates human dignity, other fundamental rights, Hungary’s sovereignty or self-identity based... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: | |
- 3.2. The HCC attributes great importance to the constitutional dialogue within the EU [Article E) (2) of the FL]. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: | |
- Autor:innen: | |
- 4.1. The new competence and the three tests Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: | |
- 4.2. The weaknesses of comparative analyses: constitutional dialogue in action Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: | |
- 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: | |
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: | |
- Autor:innen:
- 1. Background Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. The duty to preserve biodiversity has become a constitutional value, which should be taken into consideration when defining regulations within sectoral policies. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. When interpreting Article P) (1) of the FL, one should not forget the natural law foundations of biodiversity protection and the international commitments of Hungary. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.3. In connection with the state of natural assets, an absolute contextual canon results from Article P) of FL (rights of future generations and the subsequent obligations, the importance of long-ter... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.4. The alienation of the state-owned nature conservation areas is possible, but along the lines of strict legal guarantees, which are capable for the qualitative and quantitative protection of the v... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. Rights of future generations and the associated obligations Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.2. Precautions and long-term thinking Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.3. Protecting biodiversity Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. Background Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. The scope of freedom of speech covers communicative acts which are part of the public social dialogue [Article IX (1) of the FL]. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. Freedom of speech may cover non-verbal expressions. A necessary but not sufficient condition to this is that the perpetrator acts with the aim of expressing his or her opinion. In addition, the a... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.3. A specific act of disfigurement of public works of art and monuments may be considered political speech, falling within the scope of freedom of expression, but in other cases it may qualify as ba... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. Scope of freedom of speech Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.2. Non-verbal expression of opinion, symbolic speech Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.3. Pouring paint over a monument and freedom of speech Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. Background Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. The facts of each offence must be determined by law. There is insufficient basis for inference with regard to the new facts of this Article of the Criminal Code to conclude that certain decisions... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. The criminal facts of supporting illegal immigration should not include altruistic conduct which fulfils the obligation to help the vulnerable and the poor and which is not related to a prohibite... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. Nullum crimen sine legerule Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.2. The constitutional requirement Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. Background Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. Only the HCC can find that national law violates the ECHR [Article 24 (2) f) of the FL]. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. The Constitutional Court may directly apply findings of the ECtHR’s judgment, in case those were made in respect of the petitioner’s case (Article Q of the FL). Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.3. Benefits are insurance-type benefits which fall under the scope of the 1st Additional Protocol. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.4. Signatory states have a wide margin of appreciation in setting the conditions for paying the benefit. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.5. Even if the law appied in the concrete case does not violate the international agreement, its application may exceptionally result in a situation that is contrary to the ECHR as an international ... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.6. The period of the payment of the benefit must be taken into consideration when calculating the insurance period for eligibility [Article Q (2) of the FL]. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. Leeway of the HCC to resolve the situation in contravention with the judgment of the ECtHR Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.2. Adoption of a constitutional requirement instead of annulment of the contested provision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.3. Casuistic nature of the constitutional requirement adopted by the HCC Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.4. Violations through continuous infringements following the decision of an international judicial forum Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.5. An alternative to the HCC’s ‘bell rope’ practice? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.6. Factual and temporal intricacies of the case Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen: |
- 1. Background Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 2. Petition Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 3.1. The cases of special legal order constitute a special constitutional situation where certain fundamental rights, such as the freedom of expression, may be restricted to a greater extent than is g... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 3.2. It is not a breach of the principle of nullum crimen sine lege if a new criminal offence does not contain elements that are inherently unintelligible and therefore inapplicable, so that the lawma... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 4.1. Restrictions on expression during special legal regimes Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 4.2. The new statutory definition of fear-mongering, the principle of nullum crimen sine lege and legal certainty Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 5. The aftermath of the Decision Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Bibliography Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Statistical Account Kein Zugriff Seiten 539 - 544
- List of Authors Kein Zugriff Seiten 545 - 548
