The main lines of the jurisprudence of the Hungarian Constitutional Court

Prof. Dr. Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz; Asst. Prof. Dr. Kinga Zakariás

doi:10.5771/9783748929826

Zusammenfassung

Die verfassungsrechtlichen Umbrüche Ungarns waren in den letzten Jahrzehnten enorm. Der Band untersucht die Rechtsprechung des ungarischen Verfassungsgerichtshofs und bietet damit die Möglichkeit eines tiefen Verständnisses des demokratischen Systems.

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Copyrightjahr: 2022
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-8561-2
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-2982-6
Verlag: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Sprache: Englisch
Seiten: 548
Produkttyp: Sammelband

Inhaltsverzeichnis

KapitelSeiten

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis Kein Zugriff Seiten 1 - 16
Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz, Kinga Zakariás
1. 1. Introduction Kein Zugriff Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz, Kinga Zakariás
2. 2. The constitutional regulation of the HCC in the Constitution and the Fundamental Law Kein Zugriff Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz, Kinga Zakariás
3. 3. Organisation of the HCC Kein Zugriff Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz, Kinga Zakariás
4. Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz, Kinga Zakariás
  1. Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz, Kinga Zakariás
    1. 4.1.1. Preliminary and posterior norm control Kein Zugriff Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz, Kinga Zakariás
    2. 4.1.2. The judicial initiative and the constitutional complaint Kein Zugriff Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz, Kinga Zakariás
    3. 4.1.3. Interpretation of the FL and other competences Kein Zugriff Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz, Kinga Zakariás
  2. 4.2. Legal consequences Kein Zugriff Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz, Kinga Zakariás
5. 5. Epilogue Kein Zugriff Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz, Kinga Zakariás
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz, Kinga Zakariás
Zoltán Tóth J.
1. 1. Background Kein Zugriff Zoltán Tóth J.
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff Zoltán Tóth J.
3. Zoltán Tóth J.
  1. 3.1. In Hungary, every human being, regardless of their citizenship, has the inherent, inviolable and inalienable fundamental right to life and human dignity. Since the essential content of fundamenta... Kein Zugriff Zoltán Tóth J.
  2. 3.2. Human life and human dignity are values preceding the law that can only be construed in unity: one is a condition for the other. The protection of these values, which are untouchable for the law,... Kein Zugriff Zoltán Tóth J.
4. Zoltán Tóth J.
  1. 4.1. Clash of the deontologist and utilitarian concepts of the unconstitutionality of the death penalty in the concurring opinions Kein Zugriff Zoltán Tóth J.
  2. 4.2. The role of the right to dignity—the joint conception of the life and dignity Kein Zugriff Zoltán Tóth J.
5. 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein Zugriff Zoltán Tóth J.
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff Zoltán Tóth J.
Kinga Zakariás
1. 1. Background Kein Zugriff Kinga Zakariás
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff Kinga Zakariás
3. Kinga Zakariás
  1. 3.1. The interrelation of the right to life and the right to dignity (self-determination) with abortion requires that abortion be provided for by law. On the one hand, the exclusion of abortion direct... Kein Zugriff Kinga Zakariás
  2. 3.2. The legal status of the human being includes two fundamental rights of substance which fill the formal category of legal capacity and express the human quality of the person: the right to life an... Kein Zugriff Kinga Zakariás
  3. 3.3. The protection of the life of the foetus is the state’s duty from the moment of conception. It follows from the state’s objective, institutional duty to protect life that the State cannot constit... Kein Zugriff Kinga Zakariás
  4. 3.4. The right of freedom of conscience in the context of abortion means that the State may not force anyone into a situation which is incompatible with an essential conviction which defines his or he... Kein Zugriff Kinga Zakariás
4. Kinga Zakariás
  1. 4.1. Formal unconstitutionality with substantive findings: right of self-determination versus the objective, institutional duty of the state to protect Kein Zugriff Kinga Zakariás
  2. 4.2. The preliminary question of the legal status of the foetus Kein Zugriff Kinga Zakariás
  3. 4.3. Additional substantive findings Kein Zugriff Kinga Zakariás
  4. 4.4. The relationship between freedom of conscience and abortion Kein Zugriff Kinga Zakariás
5. Kinga Zakariás
  1. 5.1. Decision 48/1998. (XI. 23.) AB – Abortion II. Kein Zugriff Kinga Zakariás
  2. 5.2. Protection of the foetus in the FL Kein Zugriff Kinga Zakariás
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff Kinga Zakariás
András Jakab
1. 1. Background Kein Zugriff András Jakab
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff András Jakab
3. András Jakab
  1. 3.1. The rule of law cannot be established against the rule of law (and in particular against legal certainty). It is also part of the constitutional principle of the rule of law that the limits and c... Kein Zugriff András Jakab
  2. 3.2. The re-criminalisation of offences for which the statute of limitations has already expired, the extension of the statutory limitation period for offences not yet statute-barred, the interruption... Kein Zugriff András Jakab
  3. 3.3. From the point of view of the limitation period, no constitutional distinction can be drawn between political and other reasons why the State has not asserted its criminal claim. Because of its i... Kein Zugriff András Jakab
  4. 3.4. Excluding the possibility of a full pardon (and limiting it to mitigation of the punishment) is unconstitutional [Article 30/A (1) (k) of the Constitution]. Kein Zugriff András Jakab
4. András Jakab
  1. 4.1. Objective-teleological reasoning vs. natural law Kein Zugriff András Jakab
  2. 4.2. The self-regulatory nature of the legal system Kein Zugriff András Jakab
  3. 4.3. Conflict between legal certainty and justice in the specific historical context of the transition to the rule of law Kein Zugriff András Jakab
  4. 4.4. Doctrinal maximalism Kein Zugriff András Jakab
5. 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein Zugriff András Jakab
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff András Jakab
Tamás Ádány, Réka Varga
1. Tamás Ádány, Réka Varga
  1. 1.1. Domestic legal background Kein Zugriff Tamás Ádány, Réka Varga
  2. 1.2. International legal background Kein Zugriff Tamás Ádány, Réka Varga
2. 3. Petition Kein Zugriff Tamás Ádány, Réka Varga
3. Tamás Ádány, Réka Varga
  1. 4.1. Generally recognised norms of international law become parts of Hungarian law by means of general transformation, international treaties do so by means of a specific transformation, through promu... Kein Zugriff Tamás Ádány, Réka Varga
  2. 4.2. The constitutionality of a rule connected to international law must be scrutinized from additional perspectives compared to a rule related exclusively to Hungarian law [Article 7 (1) of the Const... Kein Zugriff Tamás Ádány, Réka Varga
  3. 4.3. Exclusion of statutory limitations may happen either according to Hungarian law, or by international law if there is an international legal obligation binding for Hungary [Article 7 (1) of the Co... Kein Zugriff Tamás Ádány, Réka Varga
  4. 4.4. The rules on the punishment of war crimes and crimes against humanity, as they fundamentally endanger humanity and international coexistence, are peremptory rules of international law [Article 7 ... Kein Zugriff Tamás Ádány, Réka Varga
4. Tamás Ádány, Réka Varga
  1. 5.1. The relation between international law and domestic law Kein Zugriff Tamás Ádány, Réka Varga
  2. 5.2. Constitutional review of norms deriving from international law Kein Zugriff Tamás Ádány, Réka Varga
  3. 5.3. The assessment of the findings on statute of limitations Kein Zugriff Tamás Ádány, Réka Varga
  4. 5.4. Classification of international crimes Kein Zugriff Tamás Ádány, Réka Varga
5. 6. Aftermaths of the Decision Kein Zugriff Tamás Ádány, Réka Varga
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff Tamás Ádány, Réka Varga
Miklós Könczöl
1. 1. Background Kein Zugriff Miklós Könczöl
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff Miklós Könczöl
3. Miklós Könczöl
  1. 3.1. Information on persons exercising public authority or participating in political life, related to the fact that they were previously engaged in activities, or were members of an organization enga... Kein Zugriff Miklós Könczöl
  2. 3.2. Maintaining the confidentiality of political police records generated under a non-rule-of-law regime shall not restrict the right to informational self-determination of data subjects and other ri... Kein Zugriff Miklós Könczöl
4. Miklós Könczöl
  1. 4.1. Data protection and data of public interest Kein Zugriff Miklós Könczöl
  2. 4.2. Informational self-determination: rights of persons under surveillance Kein Zugriff Miklós Könczöl
5. 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein Zugriff Miklós Könczöl
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff Miklós Könczöl
Máté Jenő Kiss, Mihály Filó
1. 1. Background Kein Zugriff Máté Jenő Kiss, Mihály Filó
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff Máté Jenő Kiss, Mihály Filó
3. Máté Jenő Kiss, Mihály Filó
  1. 3.1. The decision of a terminally ill patient not to live until the natural end of his/her life when it is filled with suffering is part of the patient’s right to self-determination. This right can be... Kein Zugriff Máté Jenő Kiss, Mihály Filó
  2. 3.2. The desire of a terminally ill patient to end their life with the active help of a physician cannot be regarded as such part of their right to self-determination that cannot be withdrawn, even in... Kein Zugriff Máté Jenő Kiss, Mihály Filó
4. Máté Jenő Kiss, Mihály Filó
  1. 4.1. The doctrine of indivisibility and the doctrine of ‘living law’ Kein Zugriff Máté Jenő Kiss, Mihály Filó
  2. 4.2. Active euthanasia: an eternal dream? Kein Zugriff Máté Jenő Kiss, Mihály Filó
5. 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein Zugriff Máté Jenő Kiss, Mihály Filó
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff Máté Jenő Kiss, Mihály Filó
Orsolya Szeibert
1. Orsolya Szeibert
  1. 1.1. Registered Partnerships Act I Kein Zugriff Orsolya Szeibert
  2. 1.2. The notion of marriage in the Hungarian legal order and according to the interpretation of the HCC Kein Zugriff Orsolya Szeibert
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff Orsolya Szeibert
3. Orsolya Szeibert
  1. 3.1. Marriage is protected as an institution by the state and this protection is to be maintained in the future (Article 15 of Constitution). Kein Zugriff Orsolya Szeibert
  2. 3.2. The formation of a cohabitation is related to the right to self-autonomy [Article 54 (1) of the Constitution]. Kein Zugriff Orsolya Szeibert
  3. 3.3. As same-sex persons cannot marry, their registered partnership does not hurt and endanger the protected heterosexual marriage (Article 15 of the Constitution). Kein Zugriff Orsolya Szeibert
  4. 3.4. The registered partnership for heterosexual partners has factually the same legal consequences as marriage and this is contrary to Article 15 of the Constitution and it may empty the constitution... Kein Zugriff Orsolya Szeibert
4. Orsolya Szeibert
  1. 4.1. The priority of the protection of marriage Kein Zugriff Orsolya Szeibert
  2. 4.2. The merging of the definition of cohabitation and registered partnership into each other and the protection of cohabitation Kein Zugriff Orsolya Szeibert
  3. 4.3. The registered partnership as an independent legal institution Kein Zugriff Orsolya Szeibert
  4. 4.4. The registered partnership for different-sex partners Kein Zugriff Orsolya Szeibert
5. Orsolya Szeibert
  1. 5.1. Registered partnerships Act II Kein Zugriff Orsolya Szeibert
  2. 5.2. Decision 32/2010. (III. 25.) AB – Registered Partnership II. Kein Zugriff Orsolya Szeibert
  3. 5.3. The registered partnership and the Act on the protection of the family in the decisions of the HCC Kein Zugriff Orsolya Szeibert
  4. 5.4. Decision 3003/2021. (I. 14.) AB on the close relative status of registered partners Kein Zugriff Orsolya Szeibert
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff Orsolya Szeibert
Bernadette Somody
1. Bernadette Somody
  1. 1.1. Decision 184/2010. (X. 28.) AB – Special Tax I. Kein Zugriff Bernadette Somody
  2. 1.2. New constitutional framework and new special tax rules Kein Zugriff Bernadette Somody
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff Bernadette Somody
3. Bernadette Somody
  1. 3.1. According to the Constitutional Court’s established case law, the tax’s primary function is to make natural and legal persons contribute to public burdens. Secondarily, it is also the means of st... Kein Zugriff Bernadette Somody
  2. 3.2. The retroactive taxation that applies to incomes given by law and earned without abuse in a tax year closed by a tax return violates the right to human dignity [Articles 54 (1) and 70/I (2) of th... Kein Zugriff Bernadette Somody
4. Bernadette Somody
  1. 4.1. Limits of tax as a regulatory instrument Kein Zugriff Bernadette Somody
  2. 4.2. Limits of retroactive taxation Kein Zugriff Bernadette Somody
5. 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein Zugriff Bernadette Somody
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff Bernadette Somody
Gábor Polyák
1. 1. Background Kein Zugriff Gábor Polyák
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff Gábor Polyák
3. 3. Decision and its reasoning Kein Zugriff Gábor Polyák
4. 4. Doctrinal analysis Kein Zugriff Gábor Polyák
5. 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein Zugriff Gábor Polyák
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff Gábor Polyák
Lóránt Csink
1. 1. Background Kein Zugriff Lóránt Csink
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff Lóránt Csink
3. Lóránt Csink
  1. 3.1. If there is only a formal legal remedy against a provision of a statute, then this statute is a directly effective statute for the purposes of Article 26 (2) of the HCC Act, and there is a right ... Kein Zugriff Lóránt Csink
  2. 3.2. The reference to the historical constitution in Article R (3) of the FL means that the historical background of each institution must be taken into account in its interpretation. Kein Zugriff Lóránt Csink
  3. 3.3. Article R (3) of the FL also implies that when interpreting constitutional provisions, not only the individual provisions must be examined, but also their context, so that the FL remains a unifie... Kein Zugriff Lóránt Csink
  4. 3.4. The retirement age for judges cannot be deduced from Article 26 (1) of the FL (judicial independence and immovability). This is a matter for the legislature to decide, and there is no obstacle to... Kein Zugriff Lóránt Csink
4. Lóránt Csink
  1. 4.1. The issues of admissibility Kein Zugriff Lóránt Csink
  2. 4.2. The achievements of the historical constitution as a mean of interpretation Kein Zugriff Lóránt Csink
  3. 4.3. The content and scope of the principle of judicial independence Kein Zugriff Lóránt Csink
  4. 4.4. The integrity of the FL—managing the tension between constitutional provisions Kein Zugriff Lóránt Csink
5. Lóránt Csink
  1. 5.1. Influence on legislation Kein Zugriff Lóránt Csink
  2. 5.2. Influence on the judges effected Kein Zugriff Lóránt Csink
  3. 5.3. Influence on the jurisprudence of the HCC Kein Zugriff Lóránt Csink
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff Lóránt Csink
István Ambrus, Attila Lápossy
1. 1. Background Kein Zugriff István Ambrus, Attila Lápossy
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff István Ambrus, Attila Lápossy
3. István Ambrus, Attila Lápossy
  1. 3.1. The declaration of a regulatory offence must also comply with the requirements of the rule of law in connection with the declaration of a criminal offence, the criminal law intervention and the c... Kein Zugriff István Ambrus, Attila Lápossy
  2. 3.2. By declaring the use of public areas for permanent living to be a regulatory offence, without a legitimate aim, the legislator criminalized a forced life situation threatening a serious crisis, e... Kein Zugriff István Ambrus, Attila Lápossy
  3. 3.3. Regulatory Offences Act does not meet the requirement of the ‘clarity of norms’ as an increased requirement against the norms establishing the punishment, if the act creates, in essence, practica... Kein Zugriff István Ambrus, Attila Lápossy
  4. 3.4. The authorization given to the local authority to create sanctions (fines) meets the requirement of the rule of law only with the substantive legal guarantees and clear framework prescribed by la... Kein Zugriff István Ambrus, Attila Lápossy
4. István Ambrus, Attila Lápossy
  1. 4.1. Rule of law requirements for constitutional law of regulatory offences Kein Zugriff István Ambrus, Attila Lápossy
  2. 4.2. Fundamental issues of sanctioning the use of public areas for long-term living Kein Zugriff István Ambrus, Attila Lápossy
  3. 4.3. The principle of the ‘clarity of norms’ and the question of strict liability Kein Zugriff István Ambrus, Attila Lápossy
  4. 4.4. The basic conditions of the rule of law in the creation of local authority sanctions Kein Zugriff István Ambrus, Attila Lápossy
5. 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein Zugriff István Ambrus, Attila Lápossy
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff István Ambrus, Attila Lápossy
Tímea Drinóczi
1. Tímea Drinóczi
  1. 1.1. The previous practice of the HCC Kein Zugriff Tímea Drinóczi
  2. 1.2. Legal background Kein Zugriff Tímea Drinóczi
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff Tímea Drinóczi
3. Tímea Drinóczi
  1. 3.1. The TP cannot be classified as any source of law in the Hungarian legal system. The TP act as a ‘slide’ capable of continuously depriving the HCC of its review powers [Articles R (1) and T) of th... Kein Zugriff Tímea Drinóczi
  2. 3.2. Transitory provisions cannot be regarded as amendments to the FL [Articles B) (1) and S) of the FL]. Kein Zugriff Tímea Drinóczi
  3. 3.3. It is a requirement stemming from the rule of law that the scope and content of the FL in force can be clearly found at any time. The amendments must be incorporated into the constitutional text ... Kein Zugriff Tímea Drinóczi
  4. 3.4. The legislature included non-transitory rules in the Transitory Provisions, thus exceeding the scope of the authorization granted by the FL [Articles B (1) and S) of the FL]. Kein Zugriff Tímea Drinóczi
4. Tímea Drinóczi
  1. 4.1. The TP to the FL cannot be regarded as part of the FL Kein Zugriff Tímea Drinóczi
  2. 4.2. Transitional Provisions cannot be considered as amendments to the FL Kein Zugriff Tímea Drinóczi
  3. 4.3. The ‘coherency of substance and structure’ of the FL is a requirement of the rule of law Kein Zugriff Tímea Drinóczi
  4. 4.4. The rules of the TP exceeding the authorization are invalid under public law Kein Zugriff Tímea Drinóczi
5. 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein Zugriff Tímea Drinóczi
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff Tímea Drinóczi
Boldizsár Szentgáli-Tóth, András László Pap
1. 1. Background Kein Zugriff Boldizsár Szentgáli-Tóth, András László Pap
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff Boldizsár Szentgáli-Tóth, András László Pap
3. Boldizsár Szentgáli-Tóth, András László Pap
  1. 3.1. Registration as a general mandatory requirement of the exercise of the right to vote is an unnecessary and disproportionate restriction on the right to vote; however, such a measure may be consti... Kein Zugriff Boldizsár Szentgáli-Tóth, András László Pap
  2. 3.2. The ban on publishing political advertisements during electoral campaign periods in certain branches of the media as well as the ban on publishing the results of political surveys during the last... Kein Zugriff Boldizsár Szentgáli-Tóth, András László Pap
4. Boldizsár Szentgáli-Tóth, András László Pap
  1. 4.1. Whether the justification of registration is convincing and whether the new constitutional context of fundamental rights is taken into account Kein Zugriff Boldizsár Szentgáli-Tóth, András László Pap
  2. 4.2. Whether advance electoral registration and the campaign-related restrictions amount to a limitation on exercising certain fundamental rights Kein Zugriff Boldizsár Szentgáli-Tóth, András László Pap
5. 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein Zugriff Boldizsár Szentgáli-Tóth, András László Pap
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff Boldizsár Szentgáli-Tóth, András László Pap
Gergely Deli
1. Gergely Deli
  1. 1.1. Legal background and the former praxis of the HCC Kein Zugriff Gergely Deli
  2. 1.2. International outlook Kein Zugriff Gergely Deli
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff Gergely Deli
3. Gergely Deli
  1. 3.1. The decision of ECtHR containing statements regarding the legal provisions examined by the HCC was a substantial circumstance from a legal perspective that necessitated a second revision process ... Kein Zugriff Gergely Deli
  2. 3.2. The criminalization of the use of totalitarian symbols may be justified, because behaviours related to the symbols of 20th century extremist political dictatorships may violate human dignity and ... Kein Zugriff Gergely Deli
  3. 3.3. A requirement resulting from the provisions of the FL is a clear expression of what the legislative authority considers to be the protected legal interest and punishable conduct. The phrasing mus... Kein Zugriff Gergely Deli
  4. 3.4. The HCC attaches great importance to whether the issue under consideration is subject to an already established judicial practice (case law) which is absolutely necessary to aid the enforcement a... Kein Zugriff Gergely Deli
4. Gergely Deli
  1. 4.1. On the necessity of repeated posterior norm control Kein Zugriff Gergely Deli
  2. 4.2. On the criminalization of the use of totalitarian symbols and the protection of human dignity Kein Zugriff Gergely Deli
  3. 4.3. On the clear articulation of the legislative intention Kein Zugriff Gergely Deli
  4. 4.4. On judicial practice (case law) Kein Zugriff Gergely Deli
5. 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein Zugriff Gergely Deli
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff Gergely Deli
Gábor Schweitzer
1. 1. Background Kein Zugriff Gábor Schweitzer
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff Gábor Schweitzer
3. Gábor Schweitzer
  1. 3.1. It is a constitutional requirement that the legislative procedure takes place in accordance with the provisions of the Rules of the House [Articles B, 4 (1) and 5 (7) of the FL]. However, grantin... Kein Zugriff Gábor Schweitzer
  2. 3.2. It is a constitutional requirement for the state to ensure the acquisition of church status, enabling religious communities to function independently and to acquire entitlements available to chur... Kein Zugriff Gábor Schweitzer
  3. 3.3. The Parliament may establish specific rules for the operation of religious communities that allow greater freedom of internal organisation and regulation than associations. However, it is not a c... Kein Zugriff Gábor Schweitzer
4. Gábor Schweitzer
  1. 4.1. Constitutional justification for terminating church legal status Kein Zugriff Gábor Schweitzer
  2. 4.2. Dilemmas in the religious activity and public law definition of churches Kein Zugriff Gábor Schweitzer
  3. 4.3. Two-level regulation instead of one-level regulation Kein Zugriff Gábor Schweitzer
5. 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein Zugriff Gábor Schweitzer
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff Gábor Schweitzer
Kinga Zakariás
1. Kinga Zakariás
  1. 1.1. The regulation in Hungary Kein Zugriff Kinga Zakariás
  2. 1.2. Practice of the HCC Kein Zugriff Kinga Zakariás
  3. 1.3. International outlook Kein Zugriff Kinga Zakariás
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff Kinga Zakariás
3. Kinga Zakariás
  1. 3.1. In cases of exceptional constitutional complaint, which is directed at a norm, the examination of personal involvement is exceptionally important, since it is the personal, direct, and present ha... Kein Zugriff Kinga Zakariás
  2. 3.2. The right to private life and the right to human dignity are tied to each other exceptionally closely. The right to human dignity forms the foundation of the protection of the inviolable sphere o... Kein Zugriff Kinga Zakariás
  3. 3.3. Secret intelligence gathering enables a forcible intrusion into all segments of private life (including the intimate ones) and might affect people other than the target of the observation; theref... Kein Zugriff Kinga Zakariás
4. Kinga Zakariás
  1. 4.1. Differentiating between Exceptional Constitutional Complaint and Actio Popularis Kein Zugriff Kinga Zakariás
  2. 4.2. The Foundations of the Right to Private Life Kein Zugriff Kinga Zakariás
  3. 4.3. The Conflict between the Right to Private Life and National Security Kein Zugriff Kinga Zakariás
5. 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein Zugriff Kinga Zakariás
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff Kinga Zakariás
András Osztovits
1. András Osztovits
  1. 1.1. Evolution of the Hungarian legislation Kein Zugriff András Osztovits
  2. 1.2. International outlook Kein Zugriff András Osztovits
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff András Osztovits
3. András Osztovits
  1. 3.1. The designation of the acting court by a discretionary decision of the President of the NOJ violates the requirement of a fair process [Article XXVIII (1) of the FL]. Kein Zugriff András Osztovits
  2. 3.2. The power of the President of the NOJ to transfer court cases does not comply with the right to a lawful judge either [Article 6 (1) of the ECHR]. Kein Zugriff András Osztovits
  3. 3.3. The definitive nature of the decision of the President of the NOJ violates the right to remedy [Article XXVIII (7) of the FL, Article 13 of the ECHR]. Kein Zugriff András Osztovits
  4. 3.4. The decision of the President of the NOJ to transfer a court case does not qualify as an on‑the‑merits decision (Article 27 of the HCC Act). Kein Zugriff András Osztovits
4. András Osztovits
  1. 4.1. The so‑called objective test of the impartial administration of justice as one of the assessment criteria of the right to a fair trial Kein Zugriff András Osztovits
  2. 4.2. The right to a lawful judge Kein Zugriff András Osztovits
  3. 4.3. The qualification of the decision of the President of the NOJ and the right to remedy Kein Zugriff András Osztovits
5. 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein Zugriff András Osztovits
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff András Osztovits
Márton Varju
1. 1. Background Kein Zugriff Márton Varju
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff Márton Varju
3. Márton Varju
  1. 3.1. The carrying out of the commercial sale of tobacco products—in itself—does not entail that the said economic activity would constitute an acquired possession or a constitutionally protected propr... Kein Zugriff Márton Varju
  2. 3.2. The commercial retail of tobacco products carried out for a longer period is protected by the freedom of enterprise. The monopolisation of that activity by the state on general interest grounds d... Kein Zugriff Márton Varju
4. Márton Varju
  1. 4.1. The constitutional protection of private property Kein Zugriff Márton Varju
  2. 4.2. The constitutional protection of the freedom of enterprise Kein Zugriff Márton Varju
5. 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein Zugriff Márton Varju
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff Márton Varju
István Ambrus
1. István Ambrus
  1. 1.1. The regulation of concurrent three strikes Kein Zugriff István Ambrus
  2. 1.2. International outlook Kein Zugriff István Ambrus
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff István Ambrus
3. István Ambrus
  1. 3.1. It is contrary to the requirement of legal certainty if it is unpredictable in which cases the stricter concurrent sentences—constituting even mandatory life imprisonment—may be imposed [Article ... Kein Zugriff István Ambrus
  2. 3.2. The threat of similar punishment for criminal offences of different material gravity undermines legal certainty by breaching the principle of proportionality, besides, narrowing judicial discreti... Kein Zugriff István Ambrus
4. István Ambrus
  1. 4.1. Concurrent three strikes and the requirement of predictability arising from the requirement of legal certainty Kein Zugriff István Ambrus
  2. 4.2. Concurrent three strikes and the constitutional criteria with respect to the penalty system governed by the rule of law Kein Zugriff István Ambrus
5. 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein Zugriff István Ambrus
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff István Ambrus
Márton Sulyok, Kinga Zakariás
1. 1. Background Kein Zugriff Márton Sulyok, Kinga Zakariás
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff Márton Sulyok, Kinga Zakariás
3. Márton Sulyok, Kinga Zakariás
  1. 3.1. It is the task of the HCC to examine whether the protection of human dignity justifies the restriction of the freedom of the press in the case at hand, i.e. whether the judgment complained of cre... Kein Zugriff Márton Sulyok, Kinga Zakariás
  2. 3.2. Any reports of an assembly shall constitute a direct manifestation of the freedom of the press, the unencumbered provision of information, and of the role the press has in creating ‘a democratic ... Kein Zugriff Márton Sulyok, Kinga Zakariás
  3. 3.3. Image rights protect the external manifestation of the human personality and—broadcasting essential traits of personality—are indirectly used to identify it. Consequently, image rights are to be ... Kein Zugriff Márton Sulyok, Kinga Zakariás
  4. 3.4. As long as certain ways of providing information do not abuse the freedom of the press, references to image rights might rarely serve as grounds to limit the exercise of the freedom of the press.... Kein Zugriff Márton Sulyok, Kinga Zakariás
4. Márton Sulyok, Kinga Zakariás
  1. 4.1. The extent of constitutional review of judicial decisions in civil law cases Kein Zugriff Márton Sulyok, Kinga Zakariás
  2. 4.2. The scope of the freedom of the press Kein Zugriff Márton Sulyok, Kinga Zakariás
  3. 4.3. The scope of the right to one’s image Kein Zugriff Márton Sulyok, Kinga Zakariás
  4. 4.4. Limiting the scope of the freedom of the press in order to protect the right to human dignity Kein Zugriff Márton Sulyok, Kinga Zakariás
5. 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein Zugriff Márton Sulyok, Kinga Zakariás
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff Márton Sulyok, Kinga Zakariás
György Vókó
1. György Vókó
  1. 1.1. Introductory remarks Kein Zugriff György Vókó
  2. 1.2. International outlook Kein Zugriff György Vókó
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff György Vókó
3. György Vókó
  1. 3.1. According to the consistent practice of the HCC, if the petitioner claims that the content of a new provision is unconstitutional, the HCC does not examine the unconstitutionality of the law enac... Kein Zugriff György Vókó
  2. 3.2. The absolute prohibition of inhuman or degrading treatment laid down in the ECHR and the FL requires that the space for life and movement provided for prisoners in multiple-person cells must in a... Kein Zugriff György Vókó
4. György Vókó
  1. 4.1. Examination of the legislation incorporating the new provision Kein Zugriff György Vókó
  2. 4.2. Determination of the minimum amount of space to be provided for detainees Kein Zugriff György Vókó
5. 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein Zugriff György Vókó
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff György Vókó
Péter Gárdos, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
1. 1. Background Kein Zugriff Péter Gárdos, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff Péter Gárdos, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
3. Péter Gárdos, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
  1. 3.1. In the event of a serious crisis affecting the fundamental rights of the masses of the weaker parties, the protection of consumers’ rights and the duty to help the victims are the primary duty of... Kein Zugriff Péter Gárdos, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
  2. 3.2. When assessing whether the rule of law infringes legal certainty, the calculation of the sufficient period of preparation and the assessment of retroactivity may also take into account whether it... Kein Zugriff Péter Gárdos, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
  3. 3.3. The time limit for bringing an action and the length of the procedure are related to the fundamental right of access to a court, but do not violate the right to a fair trial [Articles XXVIII and ... Kein Zugriff Péter Gárdos, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
  4. 3.4. Although the set of special procedural rules creates a special procedural order which, due to the accumulation of legal restrictions, raises constitutional doubts as to the fairness of the proced... Kein Zugriff Péter Gárdos, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
  5. 3.5. EU law is not international law, so the HCC has no jurisdiction to examine whether a law is in breach of EU law, or whether it has been adopted in conformity with EU law in form or substance [Art... Kein Zugriff Péter Gárdos, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
4. Péter Gárdos, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
  1. 4.1. Consumer protection in a financial crisis Kein Zugriff Péter Gárdos, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
  2. 4.2. Criteria for legal certainty Kein Zugriff Péter Gárdos, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
  3. 4.3. The content of the right to a fair trial Kein Zugriff Péter Gárdos, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
  4. 4.4. Procedural obstacles—significant impediment to the exercise of fundamental rights Kein Zugriff Péter Gárdos, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
  5. 4.5. Relationship between EU law and domestic law Kein Zugriff Péter Gárdos, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
5. 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein Zugriff Péter Gárdos, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff Péter Gárdos, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
András Koltay
1. 1. Background Kein Zugriff András Koltay
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff András Koltay
3. András Koltay
  1. 3.1. The Internet is not an area exempt from the law; the communication taking place there may be subject to legal regulation, and the enforcement of the rights and obligations enshrined in the FL is ... Kein Zugriff András Koltay
  2. 3.2. The ‘web 2.0’ sites are outside the scope of the services examined in the case, as in the specific case typical private expressions were published, addressing communication to a specific stakehol... Kein Zugriff András Koltay
  3. 3.3. It constitutes a restriction of the freedom of the press if the operator of a website may be held liable for any post published without moderation that is otherwise infringing (Article IX of the ... Kein Zugriff András Koltay
  4. 3.4. The assessment of proportionality depends on the amount of damages awarded for the infringement (Article IX of the FL). Kein Zugriff András Koltay
  5. 3.5. The liability of the website operator is based solely on the fact of the infringement and the moderation of comments or its absence is not a decisive factor; after the occurrence of the infringem... Kein Zugriff András Koltay
4. András Koltay
  1. 4.1. Regulation of Internet communication Kein Zugriff András Koltay
  2. 4.2. The need for differentiation between online content services Kein Zugriff András Koltay
  3. 4.3. Liability for the content of the comment Kein Zugriff András Koltay
  4. 4.4. The question of proportionality Kein Zugriff András Koltay
  5. 4.5. The importance of the infringing nature of the comment Kein Zugriff András Koltay
5. 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein Zugriff András Koltay
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff András Koltay
Zoltán Pozsár-Szentmiklósy
1. 1. Background Kein Zugriff Zoltán Pozsár-Szentmiklósy
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff Zoltán Pozsár-Szentmiklósy
3. 3. Decision and its reasoning Kein Zugriff Zoltán Pozsár-Szentmiklósy
4. 4. Doctrinal analysis Kein Zugriff Zoltán Pozsár-Szentmiklósy
5. 5. Aftermath of the decision Kein Zugriff Zoltán Pozsár-Szentmiklósy
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff Zoltán Pozsár-Szentmiklósy
Nóra Chronowski, Boldizsár Szentgáli-Tóth, Attila Vincze
1. 1. Background Kein Zugriff Nóra Chronowski, Boldizsár Szentgáli-Tóth, Attila Vincze
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff Nóra Chronowski, Boldizsár Szentgáli-Tóth, Attila Vincze
3. Nóra Chronowski, Boldizsár Szentgáli-Tóth, Attila Vincze
  1. 3.1. In exercising its powers, the HCC may examine whether the joint exercise of certain powers by the EU violates human dignity, other fundamental rights, Hungary’s sovereignty or self-identity based... Kein Zugriff Nóra Chronowski, Boldizsár Szentgáli-Tóth, Attila Vincze
  2. 3.2. The HCC attributes great importance to the constitutional dialogue within the EU [Article E) (2) of the FL]. Kein Zugriff Nóra Chronowski, Boldizsár Szentgáli-Tóth, Attila Vincze
4. Nóra Chronowski, Boldizsár Szentgáli-Tóth, Attila Vincze
  1. 4.1. The new competence and the three tests Kein Zugriff Nóra Chronowski, Boldizsár Szentgáli-Tóth, Attila Vincze
  2. 4.2. The weaknesses of comparative analyses: constitutional dialogue in action Kein Zugriff Nóra Chronowski, Boldizsár Szentgáli-Tóth, Attila Vincze
5. 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein Zugriff Nóra Chronowski, Boldizsár Szentgáli-Tóth, Attila Vincze
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff Nóra Chronowski, Boldizsár Szentgáli-Tóth, Attila Vincze
Gyula Bándi
1. 1. Background Kein Zugriff Gyula Bándi
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff Gyula Bándi
3. Gyula Bándi
  1. 3.1. The duty to preserve biodiversity has become a constitutional value, which should be taken into consideration when defining regulations within sectoral policies. Kein Zugriff Gyula Bándi
  2. 3.2. When interpreting Article P) (1) of the FL, one should not forget the natural law foundations of biodiversity protection and the international commitments of Hungary. Kein Zugriff Gyula Bándi
  3. 3.3. In connection with the state of natural assets, an absolute contextual canon results from Article P) of FL (rights of future generations and the subsequent obligations, the importance of long-ter... Kein Zugriff Gyula Bándi
  4. 3.4. The alienation of the state-owned nature conservation areas is possible, but along the lines of strict legal guarantees, which are capable for the qualitative and quantitative protection of the v... Kein Zugriff Gyula Bándi
4. Gyula Bándi
  1. 4.1. Rights of future generations and the associated obligations Kein Zugriff Gyula Bándi
  2. 4.2. Precautions and long-term thinking Kein Zugriff Gyula Bándi
  3. 4.3. Protecting biodiversity Kein Zugriff Gyula Bándi
5. 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein Zugriff Gyula Bándi
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff Gyula Bándi
Bernát Török
1. 1. Background Kein Zugriff Bernát Török
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff Bernát Török
3. Bernát Török
  1. 3.1. The scope of freedom of speech covers communicative acts which are part of the public social dialogue [Article IX (1) of the FL]. Kein Zugriff Bernát Török
  2. 3.2. Freedom of speech may cover non-verbal expressions. A necessary but not sufficient condition to this is that the perpetrator acts with the aim of expressing his or her opinion. In addition, the a... Kein Zugriff Bernát Török
  3. 3.3. A specific act of disfigurement of public works of art and monuments may be considered political speech, falling within the scope of freedom of expression, but in other cases it may qualify as ba... Kein Zugriff Bernát Török
4. Bernát Török
  1. 4.1. Scope of freedom of speech Kein Zugriff Bernát Török
  2. 4.2. Non-verbal expression of opinion, symbolic speech Kein Zugriff Bernát Török
  3. 4.3. Pouring paint over a monument and freedom of speech Kein Zugriff Bernát Török
5. 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein Zugriff Bernát Török
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff Bernát Török
Ádám Békés
1. 1. Background Kein Zugriff Ádám Békés
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff Ádám Békés
3. Ádám Békés
  1. 3.1. The facts of each offence must be determined by law. There is insufficient basis for inference with regard to the new facts of this Article of the Criminal Code to conclude that certain decisions... Kein Zugriff Ádám Békés
  2. 3.2. The criminal facts of supporting illegal immigration should not include altruistic conduct which fulfils the obligation to help the vulnerable and the poor and which is not related to a prohibite... Kein Zugriff Ádám Békés
4. Ádám Békés
  1. 4.1. Nullum crimen sine legerule Kein Zugriff Ádám Békés
  2. 4.2. The constitutional requirement Kein Zugriff Ádám Békés
5. 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein Zugriff Ádám Békés
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff Ádám Békés
Petra Lea Láncos
1. 1. Background Kein Zugriff Petra Lea Láncos
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff Petra Lea Láncos
3. Petra Lea Láncos
  1. 3.1. Only the HCC can find that national law violates the ECHR [Article 24 (2) f) of the FL]. Kein Zugriff Petra Lea Láncos
  2. 3.2. The Constitutional Court may directly apply findings of the ECtHR’s judgment, in case those were made in respect of the petitioner’s case (Article Q of the FL). Kein Zugriff Petra Lea Láncos
  3. 3.3. Benefits are insurance-type benefits which fall under the scope of the 1st Additional Protocol. Kein Zugriff Petra Lea Láncos
  4. 3.4. Signatory states have a wide margin of appreciation in setting the conditions for paying the benefit. Kein Zugriff Petra Lea Láncos
  5. 3.5. Even if the law appied in the concrete case does not violate the international agreement, its application may exceptionally result in a situation that is contrary to the ECHR as an international ... Kein Zugriff Petra Lea Láncos
  6. 3.6. The period of the payment of the benefit must be taken into consideration when calculating the insurance period for eligibility [Article Q (2) of the FL]. Kein Zugriff Petra Lea Láncos
4. Petra Lea Láncos
  1. 4.1. Leeway of the HCC to resolve the situation in contravention with the judgment of the ECtHR Kein Zugriff Petra Lea Láncos
  2. 4.2. Adoption of a constitutional requirement instead of annulment of the contested provision Kein Zugriff Petra Lea Láncos
  3. 4.3. Casuistic nature of the constitutional requirement adopted by the HCC Kein Zugriff Petra Lea Láncos
  4. 4.4. Violations through continuous infringements following the decision of an international judicial forum Kein Zugriff Petra Lea Láncos
  5. 4.5. An alternative to the HCC’s ‘bell rope’ practice? Kein Zugriff Petra Lea Láncos
  6. 4.6. Factual and temporal intricacies of the case Kein Zugriff Petra Lea Láncos
5. 5. Aftermath of the Decision Kein Zugriff Petra Lea Láncos
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff Petra Lea Láncos
István Ambrus, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
1. 1. Background Kein Zugriff István Ambrus, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
2. 2. Petition Kein Zugriff István Ambrus, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
3. István Ambrus, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
  1. 3.1. The cases of special legal order constitute a special constitutional situation where certain fundamental rights, such as the freedom of expression, may be restricted to a greater extent than is g... Kein Zugriff István Ambrus, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
  2. 3.2. It is not a breach of the principle of nullum crimen sine lege if a new criminal offence does not contain elements that are inherently unintelligible and therefore inapplicable, so that the lawma... Kein Zugriff István Ambrus, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
4. István Ambrus, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
  1. 4.1. Restrictions on expression during special legal regimes Kein Zugriff István Ambrus, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
  2. 4.2. The new statutory definition of fear-mongering, the principle of nullum crimen sine lege and legal certainty Kein Zugriff István Ambrus, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
5. 5. The aftermath of the Decision Kein Zugriff István Ambrus, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
6. Bibliography Kein Zugriff István Ambrus, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz
Statistical Account Kein Zugriff Seiten 539 - 544
List of Authors Kein Zugriff Seiten 545 - 548