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In Search of Collective Action

The Case of Shipping in the Arctic Ocean
Autor:innen:
Verlag:
 2024

Zusammenfassung

Die Arktis wird voraussichtlich noch in diesem Jahrhundert nicht mehr ganzjährig von Eis bedeckt sein, sodass die Schifffahrt in der Region zunehmen wird. Es ist damit an der Zeit, die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen dieser Entwicklung zu untersuchen. Die Arbeit bedient sich der Theorie des kollektiven Handelns und fragt, inwiefern die Arktis als Allgemeingut geschützt und reguliert werden kann. Dabei werden (inter)nationale Regelungen sowie regionales Soft Law und privat gesetztes Recht in die Analyse einbezogen. Es wird argumentiert, dass ein umfassender Regulierungsrahmen geschaffen werden muss, in dem die verschiedenen rechtlichen Instrumente ineinandergreifen und interagieren.

Schlagworte

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Bibliographische Angaben

Auflage
1/2024
Copyrightjahr
2024
ISBN-Print
978-3-7560-1073-8
ISBN-Online
978-3-7489-4185-9
Verlag
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Reihe
Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht
Band
330
Sprache
Englisch
Seiten
431
Produkttyp
Monographie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

KapitelSeiten
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis Kein Zugriff 1 - 24
        1. 1) Economic Expectations and Environmental Hazards Kein Zugriff
          1. a) The Northwest Passage Kein Zugriff
          2. b) The Northern Sea Route Kein Zugriff
      2. II An Overview of Arctic Law and Governance: Arctic Treaty or De-Centralised Governance Framework? Kein Zugriff
        1. 1) Commons and the Arctic Kein Zugriff
          1. a) Governance Theory Kein Zugriff
          2. b) Regime Theory Kein Zugriff
            1. aa) Promoting Effectiveness Through Legitimacy Kein Zugriff
            2. bb) Promoting Effectiveness Through Compliance Kein Zugriff
        3. 3) Analytical Approach Kein Zugriff
        1. 1) Common Interests in International Law Kein Zugriff
        2. 2) The United Nations Convention for the Law of the Sea Kein Zugriff
          1. a) General Obligation to Protect the Marine Environment Kein Zugriff
          2. b) General Protection Against Pollution Kein Zugriff
          3. c) General Co-operation Obligations Kein Zugriff
        2. 2) Generally Accepted Rules and Standards Kein Zugriff
        3. 3) Regulations Addressing Vessel-Source Pollution Kein Zugriff
        1. 1) State Consent and Community Interests in UNCLOS Kein Zugriff
          1. a) Implementation Through Flag States Kein Zugriff
          2. b) Implementation Through Coastal States Kein Zugriff
            1. aa) Port State Jurisdiction Kein Zugriff
            2. bb) Cooperation of Port States Kein Zugriff
      4. IV Conclusion: International Law of the Sea as the Basis for Regulating Arctic Shipping Kein Zugriff
        1. 1) A Short Introduction to International Organizations Kein Zugriff
        2. 2) A Short Introduction to the International Maritime Organization Kein Zugriff
          1. a) Pollution Prevention through MARPOL Kein Zugriff
          2. b) Pollution Prevention in Special Areas Kein Zugriff
          1. a) CDEM Standards in SOLAS Kein Zugriff
          2. b) MARPOL and Double-Hull Tankers Kein Zugriff
          1. a) General Regulations Kein Zugriff
          2. b) Navigational Safety in SOLAS Kein Zugriff
          3. c) Routeing in the Arctic Kein Zugriff
          1. a) Emission Limits and Fuel Oils Kein Zugriff
          2. b) Energy Efficiency and the Reduction of GHG Emissions Kein Zugriff
          3. c) Ban of Heavy Fuel Oil in Arctic Waters Kein Zugriff
          1. a) The Adoption of the Polar Code Kein Zugriff
          2. b) Regulations in the Polar Code Kein Zugriff
          3. c) Shipping in Ice-Covered Areas and the Polar Code Kein Zugriff
          1. a) General Remarks about the Legitimacy of International Organizations Kein Zugriff
              1. (1) Member States Kein Zugriff
              2. (2) Non-State Actors Kein Zugriff
              3. (3) International Organizations Kein Zugriff
              1. (1) Organs of the International Maritime Organization Kein Zugriff
              2. (2) Development of the Polar Code Kein Zugriff
              3. (3) Consensus and Tacit Acceptance Procedure Kein Zugriff
          1. a) Inspection and Monitoring System Kein Zugriff
          2. b) Sub-Committee on Implementation Kein Zugriff
          3. c) Audit Scheme Kein Zugriff
          4. d) Port State Control and MoUs Kein Zugriff
          5. e) Implementation Efforts of the International Maritime Organization Kein Zugriff
      4. IV Conclusion: The Contributions of the International Maritime Organization to International Law of the Sea and Arctic Shipping Kein Zugriff
          1. a) Territorial Sea Kein Zugriff
          2. b) Contiguous Zone Kein Zugriff
          3. c) Exclusive Economic Zone Kein Zugriff
          4. d) International Straits Kein Zugriff
          5. e) Overview of Coastal State Jurisdiction Kein Zugriff
          1. a) Geographical Scope: “Within the Limits of the EEZ” and Application to International Straits Kein Zugriff
          2. b) Spatial Scope: “Where” Severe Climatic Conditions and the Presence of Ice Causes Exceptional Hazards to Navigation Kein Zugriff
          3. c) Temporal Scope: Ice-Cover for “Most of the Year” Kein Zugriff
          4. d) Functional Scope: “Due Regard to Navigation and the Preservation of the Marine Environment” Kein Zugriff
          5. e) Overview of the Scope of Art. 234 UNCLOS Kein Zugriff
            1. aa) The Canadian Northern Territories Kein Zugriff
            2. bb) The Archipelago as Historic Waters Kein Zugriff
            3. cc) The Drawing of Straight Baselines Around the Archipelago Kein Zugriff
              1. (1) The NWP as an International Strait Kein Zugriff
              2. (2) Innocent Passage Through the NWP Kein Zugriff
            1. aa) The Canadian Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act 1970 Kein Zugriff
            2. bb) Northern Canada Vessel Traffic Services Zone Kein Zugriff
            1. aa) Claims Based on the Sector Theory Kein Zugriff
            2. bb) Russia’s Historic Waters Claim Kein Zugriff
            3. cc) The Drawing of Straight Baselines by the Russian Federation Kein Zugriff
              1. (1) The Northern Sea Route as an International Strait Kein Zugriff
              2. (2) Innocent Passage in Straits Connecting the Regional Seas Along the Route Kein Zugriff
              3. (3) Transit Passage Through the Bering Strait Kein Zugriff
            1. aa) Northern Sea Route Regulations Kein Zugriff
            2. bb) Strategies and Plans for the Russian Arctic Policies Kein Zugriff
        1. 1) Unilateralism and Stewardship Kein Zugriff
            1. aa) Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act Kein Zugriff
            2. bb) Northern Canada Vessel Traffic Services Zone Kein Zugriff
            1. aa) Prior Permission to Navigate the Northern Sea Route Kein Zugriff
            2. bb) Compulsory Pilotage and Icebreaker Assistance Kein Zugriff
            3. cc) Fees Charged by the Northern Sea Route Administration Kein Zugriff
          3. c) The Compatibility of Canadian and Russian Legislation with Art. 234 UNCLOS Kein Zugriff
        3. 3) Implementation of National Regulations in the Arctic Kein Zugriff
      4. IV Conclusion: The Contribution of Unilateral Action to Arctic Shipping Regulations Kein Zugriff
        1. 1) Regional Cooperation in the International Law of the Sea Framework and the Debate about the Arctic Ocean as a Semi-Enclosed Sea Kein Zugriff
          1. a) Establishment and Development of the Arctic Council Kein Zugriff
            1. aa) Member States Kein Zugriff
            2. bb) Permanent Participants Kein Zugriff
            3. cc) Observers Kein Zugriff
            1. aa) Chair Kein Zugriff
            2. bb) Working Groups Kein Zugriff
            3. cc) Senior Arctic Officials Kein Zugriff
            4. dd) Secretariat Kein Zugriff
          1. a) The Barents Region Cooperation Kein Zugriff
          2. b) The Northern Forum Kein Zugriff
        4. 4) Regional Cooperation Among the Arctic 5 Kein Zugriff
        1. 1) Soft Law adopted by High-Level Forums Kein Zugriff
          1. a) Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response in the Arctic Kein Zugriff
          2. b) Guidelines Issued by the Arctic Council Kein Zugriff
            1. aa) General Introduction to Scientific Assessments Kein Zugriff
            2. bb) General Introduction to Arctic Council Scientific Assessments Kein Zugriff
            3. cc) The Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment Kein Zugriff
            4. dd) The Relevance of Scientific Assessments for the Arctic Council Kein Zugriff
        1. 1) Constraints to Regional Cooperation Kein Zugriff
          1. a) The Ad Hoc Structure and Continuities of the Arctic Council Kein Zugriff
          2. b) Participation, Membership and Decision-Making in the Arctic Council Kein Zugriff
          1. a) Agreements and Guidelines as Decisions of the Arctic Council Kein Zugriff
          2. b) Scientific Assessments as Decision-Shaping Instruments Kein Zugriff
      4. IV Conclusion: Regional Cooperation in the Arctic Regulatory Framework Kein Zugriff
        1. 1) Classification Societies and their Role in the Regulation of Maritime Safety Kein Zugriff
          1. a) Classification Surveys Kein Zugriff
          2. b) Statutory Services Kein Zugriff
        3. 3) The International Association of Classifications Societies Kein Zugriff
        1. 1) Adoption of Standards through the International Association of Classifications Societies Kein Zugriff
          1. a) Unified Requirements by the International Association of Classifications Societies Kein Zugriff
          2. b) Transformation of Classification Rules to Canadian and Russian Legislation Kein Zugriff
          3. c) Classification and the Polar Code Kein Zugriff
          1. a) Implementation of Classification Standards Kein Zugriff
          2. b) Use of Classification Societies for Flag State Control Kein Zugriff
          1. a) The Public/Private Divide Kein Zugriff
          2. b) Private Regulations and the Question of Legitimacy Kein Zugriff
          3. c) Classification Societies as Private Actors Serving Public Interests Kein Zugriff
          4. d) Market-Pressure and Reputation of Classification Societies Kein Zugriff
          5. e) The Performance and Legitimacy of Classification Societies Kein Zugriff
      4. IV Conclusion: The Contribution of Classification Societies to the Regulatory Framework of Arctic Shipping Kein Zugriff
            1. aa) General Conditions Kein Zugriff
            2. bb) Warranties Kein Zugriff
          2. b) P&I Clubs Kein Zugriff
          1. a) The Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage Kein Zugriff
          2. b) Industry Standards for the Coverage of Oil Pollution Damage Kein Zugriff
        3. 3) Overview of Marine Insurance and Liability Law Kein Zugriff
            1. aa) General Availability of Insurance for Arctic Operations Kein Zugriff
              1. (1) Geographical Coverage Kein Zugriff
              2. (2) Ice as a Peril of the Sea Kein Zugriff
              3. (3) Seaworthiness and International Standards Kein Zugriff
          2. b) P&I Insurance Kein Zugriff
          3. c) Overview of Marine Insurance Cover in the Arctic Kein Zugriff
          1. a) Canadian Legislation Regarding Oil Pollution Damage Kein Zugriff
          2. b) Russian Legislation Regarding Oil Pollution Damage Kein Zugriff
          3. c) US Approach to Oil Pollution Damage Kein Zugriff
          4. d) Overview of National Liability Regimes in the Arctic Kein Zugriff
        1. 1) Marine Insurers as Regulators to Ensure Collective Action Kein Zugriff
          1. a) The Effectiveness of Liability Laws to Guarantee Maritime Safety Kein Zugriff
            1. aa) Risk-Avoidance Through Differentiated Premiums Kein Zugriff
            2. bb) Integration of Public Standards Through Warranties Kein Zugriff
            3. cc) High Safety Performance Through Mutuality Kein Zugriff
        3. 3) Summary of the Effect of Liability and Insurance Law Kein Zugriff
      4. IV Conclusion: Contributions of Liabilities and Marine Insurance Law to the Regulation of Arctic Shipping Kein Zugriff
      1. I Working Internationally and Collectively: International Law of the Sea Kein Zugriff
      2. II Acting Unilaterally Rather than Collectively: National Regulations by Canada and the Russian Federation Kein Zugriff
      3. III Cooperating Regionally: The Arctic Council Kein Zugriff
      4. IV Private Ordering: Classification Societies and Marine Insurance Law Kein Zugriff
      5. V Summary: Collective Action in the Arctic Kein Zugriff
        1. 1) Factual Harmonisation of Standards Kein Zugriff
        2. 2) Referral to Other Standards Kein Zugriff
        3. 3) Introduction of Goal-Based Standards Kein Zugriff
        4. 4) Consideration of Existing Standards Kein Zugriff
        5. 5) Equivalency and Mutual Recognition of Standards Kein Zugriff
        1. 1) Improvement of Flag State Performance and Shift to Other Implementation Possibilities Kein Zugriff
        2. 2) Regional Implementation of International Law Kein Zugriff
        3. 3) Implementation by Private Actors Kein Zugriff
      3. III Participating in Law-Making-Processes Kein Zugriff
        1. 1) Unilateral Action in International Law Kein Zugriff
        2. 2) Departure from Existing Regulations Kein Zugriff
        3. 3) Privatisation of Public Function Kein Zugriff
        4. 4) Different Regulatory Approaches Kein Zugriff
        5. 5) Overview of the Management of Conflicts in the Arctic Regulatory Framework Kein Zugriff
        1. 1) Unilateral Forerunners Kein Zugriff
        2. 2) Kicking-Off New International Regulations Kein Zugriff
        3. 3) Pioneering International Regulations Through Regional Cooperation Kein Zugriff
    3. Chapter 10: An Outlook for Arctic Shipping Regulations Kein Zugriff 375 - 376
  8. Case Law Kein Zugriff 377 - 378
  9. Conventions and Legislation Kein Zugriff 379 - 431

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