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In Search of Collective Action

The Case of Shipping in the Arctic Ocean
Authors:
Publisher:
 2024

Summary

Before the end of this century, the Arctic will no longer be covered by ice all year round, resulting in increased Arctic shipping. It is therefore time to examine the legal framework for Arctic shipping and in particular (inter)national regulations as well as regional soft law and privately set law. The existing regulations are examined in the publication from the perspective of the theory of collective action in order to determine the extent to which they can protect and regulate the Arctic as a common. The work comes to the conclusion that a comprehensive regulatory framework must be created in which the various regulations interact.

Keywords

Bibliographic data

Edition
1/2024
Copyright year
2024
ISBN-Print
978-3-7560-1073-8
ISBN-Online
978-3-7489-4185-9
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series
Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht
Volume
330
Language
English
Pages
431
Product type
Book Titles

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access 1 - 24
        1. 1) Economic Expectations and Environmental Hazards No access
          1. a) The Northwest Passage No access
          2. b) The Northern Sea Route No access
      2. II An Overview of Arctic Law and Governance: Arctic Treaty or De-Centralised Governance Framework? No access
        1. 1) Commons and the Arctic No access
          1. a) Governance Theory No access
          2. b) Regime Theory No access
            1. aa) Promoting Effectiveness Through Legitimacy No access
            2. bb) Promoting Effectiveness Through Compliance No access
        3. 3) Analytical Approach No access
        1. 1) Common Interests in International Law No access
        2. 2) The United Nations Convention for the Law of the Sea No access
          1. a) General Obligation to Protect the Marine Environment No access
          2. b) General Protection Against Pollution No access
          3. c) General Co-operation Obligations No access
        2. 2) Generally Accepted Rules and Standards No access
        3. 3) Regulations Addressing Vessel-Source Pollution No access
        1. 1) State Consent and Community Interests in UNCLOS No access
          1. a) Implementation Through Flag States No access
          2. b) Implementation Through Coastal States No access
            1. aa) Port State Jurisdiction No access
            2. bb) Cooperation of Port States No access
      4. IV Conclusion: International Law of the Sea as the Basis for Regulating Arctic Shipping No access
        1. 1) A Short Introduction to International Organizations No access
        2. 2) A Short Introduction to the International Maritime Organization No access
          1. a) Pollution Prevention through MARPOL No access
          2. b) Pollution Prevention in Special Areas No access
          1. a) CDEM Standards in SOLAS No access
          2. b) MARPOL and Double-Hull Tankers No access
          1. a) General Regulations No access
          2. b) Navigational Safety in SOLAS No access
          3. c) Routeing in the Arctic No access
          1. a) Emission Limits and Fuel Oils No access
          2. b) Energy Efficiency and the Reduction of GHG Emissions No access
          3. c) Ban of Heavy Fuel Oil in Arctic Waters No access
          1. a) The Adoption of the Polar Code No access
          2. b) Regulations in the Polar Code No access
          3. c) Shipping in Ice-Covered Areas and the Polar Code No access
          1. a) General Remarks about the Legitimacy of International Organizations No access
              1. (1) Member States No access
              2. (2) Non-State Actors No access
              3. (3) International Organizations No access
              1. (1) Organs of the International Maritime Organization No access
              2. (2) Development of the Polar Code No access
              3. (3) Consensus and Tacit Acceptance Procedure No access
          1. a) Inspection and Monitoring System No access
          2. b) Sub-Committee on Implementation No access
          3. c) Audit Scheme No access
          4. d) Port State Control and MoUs No access
          5. e) Implementation Efforts of the International Maritime Organization No access
      4. IV Conclusion: The Contributions of the International Maritime Organization to International Law of the Sea and Arctic Shipping No access
          1. a) Territorial Sea No access
          2. b) Contiguous Zone No access
          3. c) Exclusive Economic Zone No access
          4. d) International Straits No access
          5. e) Overview of Coastal State Jurisdiction No access
          1. a) Geographical Scope: “Within the Limits of the EEZ” and Application to International Straits No access
          2. b) Spatial Scope: “Where” Severe Climatic Conditions and the Presence of Ice Causes Exceptional Hazards to Navigation No access
          3. c) Temporal Scope: Ice-Cover for “Most of the Year” No access
          4. d) Functional Scope: “Due Regard to Navigation and the Preservation of the Marine Environment” No access
          5. e) Overview of the Scope of Art. 234 UNCLOS No access
            1. aa) The Canadian Northern Territories No access
            2. bb) The Archipelago as Historic Waters No access
            3. cc) The Drawing of Straight Baselines Around the Archipelago No access
              1. (1) The NWP as an International Strait No access
              2. (2) Innocent Passage Through the NWP No access
            1. aa) The Canadian Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act 1970 No access
            2. bb) Northern Canada Vessel Traffic Services Zone No access
            1. aa) Claims Based on the Sector Theory No access
            2. bb) Russia’s Historic Waters Claim No access
            3. cc) The Drawing of Straight Baselines by the Russian Federation No access
              1. (1) The Northern Sea Route as an International Strait No access
              2. (2) Innocent Passage in Straits Connecting the Regional Seas Along the Route No access
              3. (3) Transit Passage Through the Bering Strait No access
            1. aa) Northern Sea Route Regulations No access
            2. bb) Strategies and Plans for the Russian Arctic Policies No access
        1. 1) Unilateralism and Stewardship No access
            1. aa) Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act No access
            2. bb) Northern Canada Vessel Traffic Services Zone No access
            1. aa) Prior Permission to Navigate the Northern Sea Route No access
            2. bb) Compulsory Pilotage and Icebreaker Assistance No access
            3. cc) Fees Charged by the Northern Sea Route Administration No access
          3. c) The Compatibility of Canadian and Russian Legislation with Art. 234 UNCLOS No access
        3. 3) Implementation of National Regulations in the Arctic No access
      4. IV Conclusion: The Contribution of Unilateral Action to Arctic Shipping Regulations No access
        1. 1) Regional Cooperation in the International Law of the Sea Framework and the Debate about the Arctic Ocean as a Semi-Enclosed Sea No access
          1. a) Establishment and Development of the Arctic Council No access
            1. aa) Member States No access
            2. bb) Permanent Participants No access
            3. cc) Observers No access
            1. aa) Chair No access
            2. bb) Working Groups No access
            3. cc) Senior Arctic Officials No access
            4. dd) Secretariat No access
          1. a) The Barents Region Cooperation No access
          2. b) The Northern Forum No access
        4. 4) Regional Cooperation Among the Arctic 5 No access
        1. 1) Soft Law adopted by High-Level Forums No access
          1. a) Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response in the Arctic No access
          2. b) Guidelines Issued by the Arctic Council No access
            1. aa) General Introduction to Scientific Assessments No access
            2. bb) General Introduction to Arctic Council Scientific Assessments No access
            3. cc) The Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment No access
            4. dd) The Relevance of Scientific Assessments for the Arctic Council No access
        1. 1) Constraints to Regional Cooperation No access
          1. a) The Ad Hoc Structure and Continuities of the Arctic Council No access
          2. b) Participation, Membership and Decision-Making in the Arctic Council No access
          1. a) Agreements and Guidelines as Decisions of the Arctic Council No access
          2. b) Scientific Assessments as Decision-Shaping Instruments No access
      4. IV Conclusion: Regional Cooperation in the Arctic Regulatory Framework No access
        1. 1) Classification Societies and their Role in the Regulation of Maritime Safety No access
          1. a) Classification Surveys No access
          2. b) Statutory Services No access
        3. 3) The International Association of Classifications Societies No access
        1. 1) Adoption of Standards through the International Association of Classifications Societies No access
          1. a) Unified Requirements by the International Association of Classifications Societies No access
          2. b) Transformation of Classification Rules to Canadian and Russian Legislation No access
          3. c) Classification and the Polar Code No access
          1. a) Implementation of Classification Standards No access
          2. b) Use of Classification Societies for Flag State Control No access
          1. a) The Public/Private Divide No access
          2. b) Private Regulations and the Question of Legitimacy No access
          3. c) Classification Societies as Private Actors Serving Public Interests No access
          4. d) Market-Pressure and Reputation of Classification Societies No access
          5. e) The Performance and Legitimacy of Classification Societies No access
      4. IV Conclusion: The Contribution of Classification Societies to the Regulatory Framework of Arctic Shipping No access
            1. aa) General Conditions No access
            2. bb) Warranties No access
          2. b) P&I Clubs No access
          1. a) The Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage No access
          2. b) Industry Standards for the Coverage of Oil Pollution Damage No access
        3. 3) Overview of Marine Insurance and Liability Law No access
            1. aa) General Availability of Insurance for Arctic Operations No access
              1. (1) Geographical Coverage No access
              2. (2) Ice as a Peril of the Sea No access
              3. (3) Seaworthiness and International Standards No access
          2. b) P&I Insurance No access
          3. c) Overview of Marine Insurance Cover in the Arctic No access
          1. a) Canadian Legislation Regarding Oil Pollution Damage No access
          2. b) Russian Legislation Regarding Oil Pollution Damage No access
          3. c) US Approach to Oil Pollution Damage No access
          4. d) Overview of National Liability Regimes in the Arctic No access
        1. 1) Marine Insurers as Regulators to Ensure Collective Action No access
          1. a) The Effectiveness of Liability Laws to Guarantee Maritime Safety No access
            1. aa) Risk-Avoidance Through Differentiated Premiums No access
            2. bb) Integration of Public Standards Through Warranties No access
            3. cc) High Safety Performance Through Mutuality No access
        3. 3) Summary of the Effect of Liability and Insurance Law No access
      4. IV Conclusion: Contributions of Liabilities and Marine Insurance Law to the Regulation of Arctic Shipping No access
      1. I Working Internationally and Collectively: International Law of the Sea No access
      2. II Acting Unilaterally Rather than Collectively: National Regulations by Canada and the Russian Federation No access
      3. III Cooperating Regionally: The Arctic Council No access
      4. IV Private Ordering: Classification Societies and Marine Insurance Law No access
      5. V Summary: Collective Action in the Arctic No access
        1. 1) Factual Harmonisation of Standards No access
        2. 2) Referral to Other Standards No access
        3. 3) Introduction of Goal-Based Standards No access
        4. 4) Consideration of Existing Standards No access
        5. 5) Equivalency and Mutual Recognition of Standards No access
        1. 1) Improvement of Flag State Performance and Shift to Other Implementation Possibilities No access
        2. 2) Regional Implementation of International Law No access
        3. 3) Implementation by Private Actors No access
      3. III Participating in Law-Making-Processes No access
        1. 1) Unilateral Action in International Law No access
        2. 2) Departure from Existing Regulations No access
        3. 3) Privatisation of Public Function No access
        4. 4) Different Regulatory Approaches No access
        5. 5) Overview of the Management of Conflicts in the Arctic Regulatory Framework No access
        1. 1) Unilateral Forerunners No access
        2. 2) Kicking-Off New International Regulations No access
        3. 3) Pioneering International Regulations Through Regional Cooperation No access
    3. Chapter 10: An Outlook for Arctic Shipping Regulations No access 375 - 376
  8. Case Law No access 377 - 378
  9. Conventions and Legislation No access 379 - 431

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