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Soft Law and its Importance in Ensuring Member States' Compliance with Union Law

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 2024

Zusammenfassung

Soft Law und seine Rolle bei der Durchsetzung von Unionsrecht: Neben dem Vertragsverletzungsverfahren gibt es immer mehr, v.a. sekundärrechtlich geregelte Verfahren, mit denen die EU Rechtsdurchsetzung gegenüber Mitgliedstaaten betreibt, oft auch mittels Soft Law. Diese Entwicklung darf in ihrer transformatorischen Kraft nicht unterschätzt werden. Sie verdient nicht nur eine grundlegende, v.a. kompetenzrechtliche Analyse des EU-Soft Law, sondern auch eine systemische und rechtliche Einordnung der genannten Verfahren, in denen oftmals EU-Agenturen – statt, wie im AEUV vorgesehen, Kommission und EuGH – in öffentlich kaum beachteter Weise Unionsrecht auslegen und auf dieser Grundlage gegenüber den Mitgliedstaaten durchzusetzen versuchen.

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Bibliographische Angaben

Copyrightjahr
2024
ISBN-Print
978-3-7560-0008-1
ISBN-Online
978-3-7489-3586-5
Verlag
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Reihe
Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht
Band
321
Sprache
Englisch
Seiten
714
Produkttyp
Monographie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

KapitelSeiten
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 - 20
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  2. Abbreviations 21 - 26
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    1. Court of Justice
    2. Court of Justice: Opinions of the Advocates General
    3. Court of First Instance / General Court
    4. Permanent Court of International Justice / International Court of Justice
    5. Other judicial bodies
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    1. Council, European Parliament or European Parliament and Council (together)
    2. Commission
    3. Other actors
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    1. 1. Ambition and structure
    2. 2. Methodology and embedding in legal scholarship
    3. 3. Some technicalities
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        1. 1.1.1. Terminology, recognition and occurrence in practice: an approximation
        2. 1.1.2. The challenges of using public international law as a starting point
      2. 1.2. Different concepts of soft law
        1. 1.3.1. Different schools of thought
        2. 1.3.2. On legal (non-)bindingness as distinctive feature
          1. 1.3.3.1. On the difference between public and private legal action
          2. 1.3.3.2. Non-binding norms: public and private creators
        4. 1.3.4. A concept of ‘soft law’
          1. 2.1.1.1. On the issue of enforceability
          2. 2.1.1.2. On the issue of effectiveness
        2. 2.1.2. The recognition of law, soft law and other output of public authority: relevant indicators
          1. 2.1.3.1. General examples
            1. 2.1.3.2.1. Introduction
            2. 2.1.3.2.2. The effect of UN law in the EU legal order, exemplified in the Kadi cases
            3. 2.1.3.2.3. The effect of WTO law in the EU legal order
            4. 2.1.3.2.4. Discussion
        1. 2.2.1. Custom and customary law
        2. 2.2.2. Morals
        3. 2.2.3. Regulation by private actors: the example of standards
      3. 2.3. From other output of public bodies
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      1. 1.1. Introduction
      2. 1.2. Overview of the historical and current use of EU soft law
      1. 2.1. Introduction
        1. 2.2.1. On the question of assignment
        2. 2.2.2. The EU’s institutions
        3. 2.2.3. The EU’s bodies, offices and agencies
          1. 2.2.4.1. Acts relating to different legal orders
            1. 2.2.4.2.1. Contextualisation in between EU law and public international law
            2. 2.2.4.2.2. On the question of legal bindingness
      3. 2.3. Addressees
      4. 2.4. Legally non-binding acts other than soft law
        1. 3.1.1. The difference between recommendations and opinions
        2. 3.1.2. Is there a numerus clausus of EU soft law acts?
        1. 3.2.1. Introduction
        2. 3.2.2. The principle of conferral – an interpretation of the relevant terms
        3. 3.2.3. The case law of the CJEU
        4. 3.2.4. Résumé
        1. 3.3.1. The implied powers doctrine and powers implied in competence clauses
          1. 3.3.2.1. The argumentum a maiore ad minus in EU law
          2. 3.3.2.2. The (lack of an) argumentum a maiore (law) ad minus (soft law) in selected Treaty provisions
          1. 3.3.3.1. The phenomenon of internal soft law
          2. 3.3.3.2. The competence to adopt internal soft law
        1. 3.4.1. Introduction
        2. 3.4.2. Article 288 TFEU – a general competence clause?
          1. 3.4.3.1. The power to adopt recommendations of the Council and of the Council and the EP, respectively
          2. 3.4.3.2. The power to adopt recommendations of the Commission and of the ECB, respectively
        4. 3.4.4. Article 127 para 4 and Article 132 para 1 (3rd indent) TFEU
        5. 3.4.5. Opinions of committees
        6. 3.4.6. Limits to a ‘general’ competence to adopt soft law
        1. 3.5.1. Introduction
            1. 3.5.2.1.1. Support of decision-making/rule-making
            2. 3.5.2.1.2. Initiation of (soft) decision-making/rule-making
            3. 3.5.2.1.3. Soft decision-making/rule-making
            1. 3.5.2.2.1. Support of decision-making
            2. 3.5.2.2.2. Initiation of decision-making
            3. 3.5.2.2.3. Soft decision-making/rule-making
          3. 3.5.2.3. European Council – soft rule-making
          4. 3.5.2.4. European Parliament – support of decision-making/rule-making
          5. 3.5.2.5. Court of Justice of the European Union (and its components) – support and initiation of and actual (soft) decision-making/rule-making?
            1. 3.5.2.6.1. Support and initiation of rule-making
            2. 3.5.2.6.2. Soft decision-making
          1. 3.5.3.1. EU-internal actors
          2. 3.5.3.2. EU-external actors
      6. 3.6. Competences to adopt EU soft law other than recommendations and opinions
        1. 3.7.1. Introduction
          1. 3.7.2.1. Regulation 182/2011
          2. 3.7.2.2. Council Regulation 168/2007
        3. 3.7.3. Special competence clauses in public international law
      8. 3.8. The effects of a lack of a legal basis
      9. 3.9. The revisitation of the above approaches on the difference between recommendations and opinions, on whether there is a numerus clausus of EU soft law acts, and on the principle of conferral
      10. 3.10. Résumé and transition
      1. 4.1. Introduction
        1. 4.2.1. Introduction
            1. 4.2.2.1.1. Introduction
            2. 4.2.2.1.2. The effects on the legislative, the executive, and the judiciary of the MS
            3. 4.2.2.1.3. Prima facie soft law which turns out to be legally binding
            1. 4.2.2.2.1. Administrative cooperation according to Article 197 TFEU
              1. 4.2.2.2.2.1. Overview
              2. 4.2.2.2.2.2. The consequences for soft law
            3. 4.2.2.2.3. The principle of interpretation of national law in line with Union law
            4. 4.2.2.2.4. Legal certainty, legitimate expectations, equality and effectiveness
          1. 4.2.3.1. The effects of soft law according to the Court’s case law
            1. 4.2.3.2.1. Sincere cooperation (‘loyalty’) according to Article 13 para 2 TEU
            2. 4.2.3.2.2. Article 296 para 2 TFEU
            3. 4.2.3.2.3. Legal certainty, legitimate expectations, equality and effectiveness
        1. 4.3.1. Introduction
          1. 4.3.2.1. The steering effects of ‘nudging’
          2. 4.3.2.2. EU soft law created by MS officials
      4. 4.4. Mixed effects
      1. 5.1. On the categorisation of soft law in general
        1. 5.2.1. Accepted purposes of EU soft law
        2. 5.2.2. Avoiding law as a purpose of EU soft law
      1. 6.1. Introduction
      2. 6.2. The annulment procedure
      3. 6.3. The preliminary reference procedure
      4. 6.4. Other procedures
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    1. 1. Introduction
        1. 2.1.1. Introduction
        2. 2.1.2. The procedure in short
        3. 2.1.3. Soft and hard elements of the procedure
            1. 2.2.1.1.1. Article 106 para 3 TFEU
            2. 2.2.1.1.2. Article 108 TFEU
            3. 2.2.1.1.3. Article 114 TFEU
            4. 2.2.1.1.4. Article 348 TFEU
            5. 2.2.1.1.5. Article 144 TFEU
            1. 2.2.1.2.1. Article 13 para 1 of Directive 2001/95/EC
            2. 2.2.1.2.2. Articles 70 f of Regulation 2018/1139
            3. 2.2.1.2.3. Article 29 para 2 of Regulation 806/2014
            4. 2.2.1.2.4. Article 63 of Regulation 2019/943
            5. 2.2.1.2.5. Articles 18 and 19 of Regulation 1093/2010
            6. 2.2.1.2.6. Safeguard clauses
          3. 2.2.1.3. Summary and résumé
            1. 2.2.2.1.1. Articles 116 and 117 TFEU
            2. 2.2.2.1.2. Article 126 TFEU
            3. 2.2.2.1.3. Article 271 lit a and d TFEU
            1. 2.2.2.2.1. Article 63 of Directive 2019/944
            2. 2.2.2.2.2. Articles 22 f and 28 of Council Regulation 2015/1589
            3. 2.2.2.2.3. Article 17 of Regulation 1093/2010
            4. 2.2.2.2.4. The excessive imbalance procedure laid down in Regulations 1176/2011 and 1174/2011
            5. 2.2.2.2.5. Article 7 para 4 of Regulation 806/2014
            6. 2.2.2.2.6. Article 25 of Regulation 2016/796
          3. 2.2.2.3. Summary and résumé
            1. 2.2.3.1.1. Article 121 TFEU
            2. 2.2.3.1.2. Article 148 para 4 TFEU
            1. 2.2.3.2.1. Article 6 paras 5–7 of Regulation 2019/942
            2. 2.2.3.2.2. Article 53 of Directive 2019/944
            3. 2.2.3.2.3. Article 33 of Directive 2018/1972
            4. 2.2.3.2.4. Article 3 para 7 of Regulation 472/2013
            5. 2.2.3.2.5. Articles 16 and 17 of Regulation 1092/2010
            6. 2.2.3.2.6. Article 6 of Regulation 2019/452
          3. 2.2.3.3. Summary and résumé
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    1. 1. Introduction
      1. 2.1. The EU actors involved in compliance mechanisms
      2. 2.2. The policy fields and the primary legal bases concerned
      3. 2.3. The sequence and addressees of acts in compliance mechanisms
        1. 2.4.1. The question of command
        2. 2.4.2. The Treaty infringement procedure
        3. 2.4.3. The purpose of preparation – not always a matter of course
        4. 2.4.4. The purpose of company (‘accompagnement’) and the right to be heard
        5. 2.4.5. Substitution or permanent alternative – two purposes which often overlap
        6. 2.4.6. Institutional transformation as a purpose of soft law?
        1. 2.5.1. The ubiquity of the Treaty infringement procedure
        2. 2.5.2. Time of intervention, discretion, and confidentiality
        3. 2.5.3. Efficiency concerns and EU Pilot
        4. 2.5.4. The MS’ right to be heard
      6. 2.6. Why the compliance mechanisms ‘look the way they look’
          1. 3.1.1.1. Introduction
              1. 3.1.1.2.1.1. Primary aim, time of intervention, and the discretion granted under Article 291 TFEU
              2. 3.1.1.2.1.2. Different approaches towards ensuring compliance: concretisation and determination
              3. 3.1.1.2.1.3. The indicative value of the material scope of and institutional questions relating to compliance mechanisms
            2. 3.1.1.2.2. The preliminary reference procedure, the procedure pursuant to Article 218 para 11 TFEU, and the excessive deficit procedure – special cases
            3. 3.1.1.2.3. Two further aspects: soft law and sanctions
            4. 3.1.1.2.4. Conclusion
          1. 3.1.2.1. Introduction
          2. 3.1.2.2. Hard mechanisms
          3. 3.1.2.3. Mixed mechanisms
          4. 3.1.2.4. Soft mechanisms
        1. 3.2.1. Introduction
          1. 3.2.2.1. Overview
          2. 3.2.2.2. An appropriate legal basis for compliance mechanisms?
          1. 3.2.3.1. Introduction
          2. 3.2.3.2. Hard and mixed mechanisms
          3. 3.2.3.3. Soft mechanisms
          1. 3.2.4.1. Hard mechanisms
          2. 3.2.4.2. Mixed mechanisms
          3. 3.2.4.3. Soft mechanisms
        1. 3.3.1. Introduction
        2. 3.3.2. The Treaty infringement procedure
        3. 3.3.3. Judicial review
          1. 3.3.4.1. Introduction
          2. 3.3.4.2. European agencies and Article 291 para 2 TFEU
        1. 3.4.1. Introduction
          1. 3.4.2.1. Compliance mechanisms in general
          2. 3.4.2.2. Implementing and enforcement mechanisms in particular
          3. 3.4.2.3. On the issue of soft law
          1. 3.4.3.1. The Treaty infringement procedure as the elephant in the room
          2. 3.4.3.2. The specific compliance mechanisms
          3. 3.4.2.3. Inter-institutional proportionality considerations in the legislative process and the final decision-making power of the Court
        1. 3.5.1. Introduction
        2. 3.5.2. Degrees of authority or mere legislative wordiness?
        3. 3.5.3. Considerations in the legislative process and conclusions
        1. 3.6.1. Introduction
        2. 3.6.2. The action for annulment and the action for failure to act
        3. 3.6.3. The MS’ motivation to seek judicial protection
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    1. 1. Summary
      1. 2.1. Soft law
      2. 2.2. Compliance mechanisms
  11. Bibliography 651 - 708
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  12. 709 - 714
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