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Soft Law and its Importance in Ensuring Member States' Compliance with Union Law

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Publisher:
 02.02.2024

Summary

Soft law and its role in the enforcement of EU law: Apart from the Treaty infringement procedure there are more and more procedures, mostly laid down in secondary law, by which the EU – often using soft law – ensures Member States’ compliance with EU law. This development entails a considerable transforming power. It deserves not only a foundational, mainly competence-oriented analysis of EU soft law, but also a systemic and legal account of these procedures in which it is often EU agencies – instead of the Commission and the European Court of Justice, as provided for in the TFEU – which, largely beyond public attention, interpret EU law and, on this basis, try to enforce it vis-à-vis the Member States.

Keywords

Bibliographic data

Publication year
2024
Publication date
02.02.2024
ISBN-Print
978-3-7560-0008-1
ISBN-Online
978-3-7489-3586-5
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series
Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht
Volume
321
Language
English
Pages
714
Product type
Book Titles

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 - 20 Download chapter (PDF)
  2. Abbreviations 21 - 26 Download chapter (PDF)
  3. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. Court of Justice Download chapter (PDF)
    2. Court of Justice: Opinions of the Advocates General Download chapter (PDF)
    3. Court of First Instance / General Court Download chapter (PDF)
    4. Permanent Court of International Justice / International Court of Justice Download chapter (PDF)
    5. Other judicial bodies Download chapter (PDF)
  4. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. Council, European Parliament or European Parliament and Council (together) Download chapter (PDF)
    2. Commission Download chapter (PDF)
    3. Other actors Download chapter (PDF)
  5. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. 1. Ambition and structure Download chapter (PDF)
    2. 2. Methodology and embedding in legal scholarship Download chapter (PDF)
    3. 3. Some technicalities Download chapter (PDF)
  6. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. 1.1.1. Terminology, recognition and occurrence in practice: an approximation Download chapter (PDF)
        2. 1.1.2. The challenges of using public international law as a starting point Download chapter (PDF)
      2. 1.2. Different concepts of soft law Download chapter (PDF)
      3. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. 1.3.1. Different schools of thought Download chapter (PDF)
        2. 1.3.2. On legal (non-)bindingness as distinctive feature Download chapter (PDF)
        3. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. 1.3.3.1. On the difference between public and private legal action Download chapter (PDF)
          2. 1.3.3.2. Non-binding norms: public and private creators Download chapter (PDF)
        4. 1.3.4. A concept of ‘soft law’ Download chapter (PDF)
    2. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. 2.1.1.1. On the issue of enforceability Download chapter (PDF)
          2. 2.1.1.2. On the issue of effectiveness Download chapter (PDF)
        2. 2.1.2. The recognition of law, soft law and other output of public authority: relevant indicators Download chapter (PDF)
        3. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. 2.1.3.1. General examples Download chapter (PDF)
          2. Download chapter (PDF)
            1. 2.1.3.2.1. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
            2. 2.1.3.2.2. The effect of UN law in the EU legal order, exemplified in the Kadi cases Download chapter (PDF)
            3. 2.1.3.2.3. The effect of WTO law in the EU legal order Download chapter (PDF)
            4. 2.1.3.2.4. Discussion Download chapter (PDF)
      2. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. 2.2.1. Custom and customary law Download chapter (PDF)
        2. 2.2.2. Morals Download chapter (PDF)
        3. 2.2.3. Regulation by private actors: the example of standards Download chapter (PDF)
      3. 2.3. From other output of public bodies Download chapter (PDF)
  7. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. 1.1. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
      2. 1.2. Overview of the historical and current use of EU soft law Download chapter (PDF)
    2. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. 2.1. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
      2. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. 2.2.1. On the question of assignment Download chapter (PDF)
        2. 2.2.2. The EU’s institutions Download chapter (PDF)
        3. 2.2.3. The EU’s bodies, offices and agencies Download chapter (PDF)
        4. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. 2.2.4.1. Acts relating to different legal orders Download chapter (PDF)
          2. Download chapter (PDF)
            1. 2.2.4.2.1. Contextualisation in between EU law and public international law Download chapter (PDF)
            2. 2.2.4.2.2. On the question of legal bindingness Download chapter (PDF)
      3. 2.3. Addressees Download chapter (PDF)
      4. 2.4. Legally non-binding acts other than soft law Download chapter (PDF)
    3. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. 3.1.1. The difference between recommendations and opinions Download chapter (PDF)
        2. 3.1.2. Is there a numerus clausus of EU soft law acts? Download chapter (PDF)
      2. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. 3.2.1. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
        2. 3.2.2. The principle of conferral – an interpretation of the relevant terms Download chapter (PDF)
        3. 3.2.3. The case law of the CJEU Download chapter (PDF)
        4. 3.2.4. Résumé Download chapter (PDF)
      3. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. 3.3.1. The implied powers doctrine and powers implied in competence clauses Download chapter (PDF)
        2. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. 3.3.2.1. The argumentum a maiore ad minus in EU law Download chapter (PDF)
          2. 3.3.2.2. The (lack of an) argumentum a maiore (law) ad minus (soft law) in selected Treaty provisions Download chapter (PDF)
        3. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. 3.3.3.1. The phenomenon of internal soft law Download chapter (PDF)
          2. 3.3.3.2. The competence to adopt internal soft law Download chapter (PDF)
      4. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. 3.4.1. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
        2. 3.4.2. Article 288 TFEU – a general competence clause? Download chapter (PDF)
        3. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. 3.4.3.1. The power to adopt recommendations of the Council and of the Council and the EP, respectively Download chapter (PDF)
          2. 3.4.3.2. The power to adopt recommendations of the Commission and of the ECB, respectively Download chapter (PDF)
        4. 3.4.4. Article 127 para 4 and Article 132 para 1 (3rd indent) TFEU Download chapter (PDF)
        5. 3.4.5. Opinions of committees Download chapter (PDF)
        6. 3.4.6. Limits to a ‘general’ competence to adopt soft law Download chapter (PDF)
      5. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. 3.5.1. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
        2. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. Download chapter (PDF)
            1. 3.5.2.1.1. Support of decision-making/rule-making Download chapter (PDF)
            2. 3.5.2.1.2. Initiation of (soft) decision-making/rule-making Download chapter (PDF)
            3. 3.5.2.1.3. Soft decision-making/rule-making Download chapter (PDF)
          2. Download chapter (PDF)
            1. 3.5.2.2.1. Support of decision-making Download chapter (PDF)
            2. 3.5.2.2.2. Initiation of decision-making Download chapter (PDF)
            3. 3.5.2.2.3. Soft decision-making/rule-making Download chapter (PDF)
          3. 3.5.2.3. European Council – soft rule-making Download chapter (PDF)
          4. 3.5.2.4. European Parliament – support of decision-making/rule-making Download chapter (PDF)
          5. 3.5.2.5. Court of Justice of the European Union (and its components) – support and initiation of and actual (soft) decision-making/rule-making? Download chapter (PDF)
          6. Download chapter (PDF)
            1. 3.5.2.6.1. Support and initiation of rule-making Download chapter (PDF)
            2. 3.5.2.6.2. Soft decision-making Download chapter (PDF)
        3. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. 3.5.3.1. EU-internal actors Download chapter (PDF)
          2. 3.5.3.2. EU-external actors Download chapter (PDF)
      6. 3.6. Competences to adopt EU soft law other than recommendations and opinions Download chapter (PDF)
      7. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. 3.7.1. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
        2. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. 3.7.2.1. Regulation 182/2011 Download chapter (PDF)
          2. 3.7.2.2. Council Regulation 168/2007 Download chapter (PDF)
        3. 3.7.3. Special competence clauses in public international law Download chapter (PDF)
      8. 3.8. The effects of a lack of a legal basis Download chapter (PDF)
      9. 3.9. The revisitation of the above approaches on the difference between recommendations and opinions, on whether there is a numerus clausus of EU soft law acts, and on the principle of conferral Download chapter (PDF)
      10. 3.10. Résumé and transition Download chapter (PDF)
    4. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. 4.1. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
      2. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. 4.2.1. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
        2. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. Download chapter (PDF)
            1. 4.2.2.1.1. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
            2. 4.2.2.1.2. The effects on the legislative, the executive, and the judiciary of the MS Download chapter (PDF)
            3. 4.2.2.1.3. Prima facie soft law which turns out to be legally binding Download chapter (PDF)
          2. Download chapter (PDF)
            1. 4.2.2.2.1. Administrative cooperation according to Article 197 TFEU Download chapter (PDF)
            2. Download chapter (PDF)
              1. 4.2.2.2.2.1. Overview Download chapter (PDF)
              2. 4.2.2.2.2.2. The consequences for soft law Download chapter (PDF)
            3. 4.2.2.2.3. The principle of interpretation of national law in line with Union law Download chapter (PDF)
            4. 4.2.2.2.4. Legal certainty, legitimate expectations, equality and effectiveness Download chapter (PDF)
        3. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. 4.2.3.1. The effects of soft law according to the Court’s case law Download chapter (PDF)
          2. Download chapter (PDF)
            1. 4.2.3.2.1. Sincere cooperation (‘loyalty’) according to Article 13 para 2 TEU Download chapter (PDF)
            2. 4.2.3.2.2. Article 296 para 2 TFEU Download chapter (PDF)
            3. 4.2.3.2.3. Legal certainty, legitimate expectations, equality and effectiveness Download chapter (PDF)
      3. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. 4.3.1. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
        2. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. 4.3.2.1. The steering effects of ‘nudging’ Download chapter (PDF)
          2. 4.3.2.2. EU soft law created by MS officials Download chapter (PDF)
      4. 4.4. Mixed effects Download chapter (PDF)
    5. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. 5.1. On the categorisation of soft law in general Download chapter (PDF)
      2. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. 5.2.1. Accepted purposes of EU soft law Download chapter (PDF)
        2. 5.2.2. Avoiding law as a purpose of EU soft law Download chapter (PDF)
    6. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. 6.1. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
      2. 6.2. The annulment procedure Download chapter (PDF)
      3. 6.3. The preliminary reference procedure Download chapter (PDF)
      4. 6.4. Other procedures Download chapter (PDF)
  8. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. 1. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
    2. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. 2.1.1. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
        2. 2.1.2. The procedure in short Download chapter (PDF)
        3. 2.1.3. Soft and hard elements of the procedure Download chapter (PDF)
      2. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. Download chapter (PDF)
            1. 2.2.1.1.1. Article 106 para 3 TFEU Download chapter (PDF)
            2. 2.2.1.1.2. Article 108 TFEU Download chapter (PDF)
            3. 2.2.1.1.3. Article 114 TFEU Download chapter (PDF)
            4. 2.2.1.1.4. Article 348 TFEU Download chapter (PDF)
            5. 2.2.1.1.5. Article 144 TFEU Download chapter (PDF)
          2. Download chapter (PDF)
            1. 2.2.1.2.1. Article 13 para 1 of Directive 2001/95/EC Download chapter (PDF)
            2. 2.2.1.2.2. Articles 70 f of Regulation 2018/1139 Download chapter (PDF)
            3. 2.2.1.2.3. Article 29 para 2 of Regulation 806/2014 Download chapter (PDF)
            4. 2.2.1.2.4. Article 63 of Regulation 2019/943 Download chapter (PDF)
            5. 2.2.1.2.5. Articles 18 and 19 of Regulation 1093/2010 Download chapter (PDF)
            6. 2.2.1.2.6. Safeguard clauses Download chapter (PDF)
          3. 2.2.1.3. Summary and résumé Download chapter (PDF)
        2. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. Download chapter (PDF)
            1. 2.2.2.1.1. Articles 116 and 117 TFEU Download chapter (PDF)
            2. 2.2.2.1.2. Article 126 TFEU Download chapter (PDF)
            3. 2.2.2.1.3. Article 271 lit a and d TFEU Download chapter (PDF)
          2. Download chapter (PDF)
            1. 2.2.2.2.1. Article 63 of Directive 2019/944 Download chapter (PDF)
            2. 2.2.2.2.2. Articles 22 f and 28 of Council Regulation 2015/1589 Download chapter (PDF)
            3. 2.2.2.2.3. Article 17 of Regulation 1093/2010 Download chapter (PDF)
            4. 2.2.2.2.4. The excessive imbalance procedure laid down in Regulations 1176/2011 and 1174/2011 Download chapter (PDF)
            5. 2.2.2.2.5. Article 7 para 4 of Regulation 806/2014 Download chapter (PDF)
            6. 2.2.2.2.6. Article 25 of Regulation 2016/796 Download chapter (PDF)
          3. 2.2.2.3. Summary and résumé Download chapter (PDF)
        3. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. Download chapter (PDF)
            1. 2.2.3.1.1. Article 121 TFEU Download chapter (PDF)
            2. 2.2.3.1.2. Article 148 para 4 TFEU Download chapter (PDF)
          2. Download chapter (PDF)
            1. 2.2.3.2.1. Article 6 paras 5–7 of Regulation 2019/942 Download chapter (PDF)
            2. 2.2.3.2.2. Article 53 of Directive 2019/944 Download chapter (PDF)
            3. 2.2.3.2.3. Article 33 of Directive 2018/1972 Download chapter (PDF)
            4. 2.2.3.2.4. Article 3 para 7 of Regulation 472/2013 Download chapter (PDF)
            5. 2.2.3.2.5. Articles 16 and 17 of Regulation 1092/2010 Download chapter (PDF)
            6. 2.2.3.2.6. Article 6 of Regulation 2019/452 Download chapter (PDF)
          3. 2.2.3.3. Summary and résumé Download chapter (PDF)
  9. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. 1. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
    2. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. 2.1. The EU actors involved in compliance mechanisms Download chapter (PDF)
      2. 2.2. The policy fields and the primary legal bases concerned Download chapter (PDF)
      3. 2.3. The sequence and addressees of acts in compliance mechanisms Download chapter (PDF)
      4. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. 2.4.1. The question of command Download chapter (PDF)
        2. 2.4.2. The Treaty infringement procedure Download chapter (PDF)
        3. 2.4.3. The purpose of preparation – not always a matter of course Download chapter (PDF)
        4. 2.4.4. The purpose of company (‘accompagnement’) and the right to be heard Download chapter (PDF)
        5. 2.4.5. Substitution or permanent alternative – two purposes which often overlap Download chapter (PDF)
        6. 2.4.6. Institutional transformation as a purpose of soft law? Download chapter (PDF)
      5. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. 2.5.1. The ubiquity of the Treaty infringement procedure Download chapter (PDF)
        2. 2.5.2. Time of intervention, discretion, and confidentiality Download chapter (PDF)
        3. 2.5.3. Efficiency concerns and EU Pilot Download chapter (PDF)
        4. 2.5.4. The MS’ right to be heard Download chapter (PDF)
      6. 2.6. Why the compliance mechanisms ‘look the way they look’ Download chapter (PDF)
    3. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. 3.1.1.1. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
          2. Download chapter (PDF)
            1. Download chapter (PDF)
              1. 3.1.1.2.1.1. Primary aim, time of intervention, and the discretion granted under Article 291 TFEU Download chapter (PDF)
              2. 3.1.1.2.1.2. Different approaches towards ensuring compliance: concretisation and determination Download chapter (PDF)
              3. 3.1.1.2.1.3. The indicative value of the material scope of and institutional questions relating to compliance mechanisms Download chapter (PDF)
            2. 3.1.1.2.2. The preliminary reference procedure, the procedure pursuant to Article 218 para 11 TFEU, and the excessive deficit procedure – special cases Download chapter (PDF)
            3. 3.1.1.2.3. Two further aspects: soft law and sanctions Download chapter (PDF)
            4. 3.1.1.2.4. Conclusion Download chapter (PDF)
        2. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. 3.1.2.1. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
          2. 3.1.2.2. Hard mechanisms Download chapter (PDF)
          3. 3.1.2.3. Mixed mechanisms Download chapter (PDF)
          4. 3.1.2.4. Soft mechanisms Download chapter (PDF)
      2. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. 3.2.1. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
        2. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. 3.2.2.1. Overview Download chapter (PDF)
          2. 3.2.2.2. An appropriate legal basis for compliance mechanisms? Download chapter (PDF)
        3. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. 3.2.3.1. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
          2. 3.2.3.2. Hard and mixed mechanisms Download chapter (PDF)
          3. 3.2.3.3. Soft mechanisms Download chapter (PDF)
        4. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. 3.2.4.1. Hard mechanisms Download chapter (PDF)
          2. 3.2.4.2. Mixed mechanisms Download chapter (PDF)
          3. 3.2.4.3. Soft mechanisms Download chapter (PDF)
      3. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. 3.3.1. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
        2. 3.3.2. The Treaty infringement procedure Download chapter (PDF)
        3. 3.3.3. Judicial review Download chapter (PDF)
        4. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. 3.3.4.1. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
          2. 3.3.4.2. European agencies and Article 291 para 2 TFEU Download chapter (PDF)
      4. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. 3.4.1. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
        2. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. 3.4.2.1. Compliance mechanisms in general Download chapter (PDF)
          2. 3.4.2.2. Implementing and enforcement mechanisms in particular Download chapter (PDF)
          3. 3.4.2.3. On the issue of soft law Download chapter (PDF)
        3. Download chapter (PDF)
          1. 3.4.3.1. The Treaty infringement procedure as the elephant in the room Download chapter (PDF)
          2. 3.4.3.2. The specific compliance mechanisms Download chapter (PDF)
          3. 3.4.2.3. Inter-institutional proportionality considerations in the legislative process and the final decision-making power of the Court Download chapter (PDF)
      5. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. 3.5.1. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
        2. 3.5.2. Degrees of authority or mere legislative wordiness? Download chapter (PDF)
        3. 3.5.3. Considerations in the legislative process and conclusions Download chapter (PDF)
      6. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. 3.6.1. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
        2. 3.6.2. The action for annulment and the action for failure to act Download chapter (PDF)
        3. 3.6.3. The MS’ motivation to seek judicial protection Download chapter (PDF)
  10. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. 1. Summary Download chapter (PDF)
    2. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. 2.1. Soft law Download chapter (PDF)
      2. 2.2. Compliance mechanisms Download chapter (PDF)
  11. Bibliography 651 - 708 Download chapter (PDF)
  12. 709 - 714 Download chapter (PDF)

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