The Right to Regulate in International Investment Law

Aikaterini Titi

doi:10.5771/9783845251783

Summary

Seit der Entstehung des Systems des internationalen Investitionsschutzrechts dienen Investitionsschutzabkommen der Förderung und dem Schutz von Auslandsinvestitionen. In diesen völkerrechtlichen Verträgen haben Staaten ihre politischen Handlungsspielräume begrenzt, um ausländische Investitionen anzulocken und eigene Investoren im Ausland zu schützen. Unlängst noch ein Randthema, ist das staatliche Recht der Regulierung weltweit immer mehr in den Fokus von Verhandlungen über neue Investitionsschutzabkommen gelangt. Staaten wie auch internationale Organisationen – inklusive der Europäischen Union und den Vereinigten Staaten – untersuchen verstärkt Wege, wie sie Regulierungsmöglichkeiten zur Verfolgung allgemeinpolitischer Ziele bewahren und gleichzeitig die Auslegungsmöglichkeiten von Schiedsgerichten lenken und limitieren können. Diese Arbeit diskutiert den Status Quo des Rechts der Regulierung als Bestandsaufnahme und Referenz für Verhandlungen neuer Investitionsschutzabkommen, um so zu einem besseren Verständnis des Konzepts und zur Akzeptanz des Investitionsschutzrechts beizutragen.

Die Autorin forscht in den Themengebieten des internationalen Investitionsschutzrechts und der internationalen Streitbeilegung.

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Bibliographic data

Edition: 1/2014
Copyright Year: 2014
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-1062-1
ISBN-Online: 978-3-8452-5178-3
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht
Volume: 10
Language: English
Pages: 376
Product Type: Monograph

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages 2 - 14
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List of principal abbreviations No access Pages 15 - 18
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Introduction No access Pages 19 - 31
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1. The right to regulate: what’s in a name… No access Pages 32 - 35
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2. 1. Limiting the scope of investment protection No access Pages 35 - 40
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  2. Deference afforded at tribunal discretion No access Pages 40 - 42
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  3. Clarifications and interpretative statements No access Pages 42 - 45
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  4. Doing away with investor-state dispute settlement No access Pages 45 - 48
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  5. Elimination of the umbrella clause No access Pages 48 - 50
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  6. Exceptions versus reservations No access Pages 50 - 52
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3. Concluding remarks No access Pages 52 - 52
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1. The pre-modern-investment-world regime No access Pages 53 - 56
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2. WTO law, EU law and the European Convention on Human Rights No access Pages 56 - 58
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3. Some developments at the bilateral level No access Pages 58 - 61
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4. Developments at the plurilateral level: the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement No access Pages 61 - 62
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5. Developments at the collective level: the right to regulate and European investment agreements No access Pages 62 - 66
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6. Concluding remarks No access Pages 66 - 66
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1. Arbitration as a perceived threat to state regulatory freedom No access Pages 67 - 72
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2. Policy space as a remedy to a systemic imbalance No access Pages 72 - 75
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3. Concluding remarks No access Pages 75 - 75
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1. General observations No access Pages 76 - 78
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2. 1. General observations on essential security interests No access Pages 78 - 82
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  2. Essential security interests, economic crises and economic security No access Pages 82 - 84
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  3. Essential security interests and access to strategic industries No access Pages 84 - 88
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  4. Essential interests No access Pages 88 - 90
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  5. International peace and security No access Pages 90 - 94
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  6. Circumstances of extreme emergency No access Pages 94 - 94
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3. Public order (ordre public) No access Pages 94 - 99
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4. Regulation in the public interest No access Pages 99 - 103
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5. Concluding remarks No access Pages 103 - 103
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1. Positive language No access Pages 104 - 111
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2. ‘Declaratory’ right to regulate No access Pages 111 - 115
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3. The right to regulate and the preamble No access Pages 115 - 122
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4. Concluding remarks No access Pages 122 - 122
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1. General observations No access Pages 123 - 125
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2. 1. General remarks No access Pages 125 - 126
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    1. General observations No access
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    2. The REIO exception in the contingent standards No access
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    3. Idiosyncratic exceptions to the non-discrimination standards No access
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    4. Non-extension of the MFN treatment to ISDS No access
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    5. The right to regulate and the ‘in like circumstances’ formula No access
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  3. The right to regulate and the fair and equitable treatment, the minimum standard of treatment and full protection and security No access Pages 143 - 148
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    1. The right to regulate and expropriation in general No access
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    2. Exception to the expropriation standard modelled on the ECHR – A consideration de lege ferenda? No access
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    1. Exceptions relating to bankruptcy, securities’ trading, criminal offences, compliance with adjudicatory proceedings and the soundness of financial institutions No access
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    2. Temporary derogations in case of balance-of-payments crises and difficulties for monetary and exchange rate policies No access
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    3. The REIO exception and capital transfers (EU/BIT Judgments-related exception) No access
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  6. The right to regulate and performance requirements No access Pages 164 - 166
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  7. The right to regulate and provisions on compensation for losses No access Pages 166 - 169
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3. 1. General remarks No access Pages 169 - 173
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    1. General exceptions clauses modelled after Article XX GATT No access
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    2. Relevance of GATT/WTO jurisprudence No access
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    3. Authors:
      1. Expropriation No access
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      2. National and most-favoured-nation treatment No access
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      3. Fair and equitable treatment, minimum standard of treatment and full protection and security No access
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      4. Transfers of capital No access
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      5. Performance requirements No access
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      6. The chapeau (or equivalent) and national security exceptions No access
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4. Concluding remarks No access Pages 188 - 189
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1. The nexus requirement No access Pages 190 - 195
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2. 1. General No access Pages 195 - 201
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  2. The standard of review of self-judging clauses No access Pages 201 - 202
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3. The standard of review in the absence of a self-judging clause No access Pages 202 - 204
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4. Concluding remarks No access Pages 204 - 205
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1. Essential security interests No access Pages 206 - 211
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2. Taxation No access Pages 211 - 216
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3. 1. Introduction No access Pages 216 - 219
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  2. The exception for cultural diversity No access Pages 219 - 222
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  3. Considerations for cultural policy outside the stricto sensu investment context No access Pages 222 - 224
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    1. The Multilateral Agreement on Investment and the exception for culture No access
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    2. France and ‘the framework of measures designed to preserve and promote cultural and linguistic diversity’ No access
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    3. The European Union and the promotion of cultural diversity No access
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    4. The Canadian approach: carving cultural industries out of the scope of the agreement No access
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4. Concluding remarks No access Pages 233 - 234
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1. 1. General No access Pages 235 - 237
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    1. Necessity and the criteria for its successful invocation No access
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    2. Practical availability of the necessity defence No access
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    3. Does customary international law provide a national security defence? No access
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  3. Force majeure and distress No access Pages 257 - 258
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    1. Legal nature and operation of the defence No access
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    2. Compensation No access
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  5. ILC defences and the right to regulate. Some further reflections No access Pages 265 - 270
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2. Ius cogens No access Pages 270 - 272
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3. The clausula rebus sic stantibus and bribery No access Pages 272 - 273
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4. Concluding remarks No access Pages 273 - 274
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1. General observations No access Pages 275 - 276
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2. 1. The fair and equitable treatment No access Pages 276 - 281
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  2. Expropriation No access Pages 281 - 288
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  3. Concluding remarks No access Pages 288 - 290
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3. The protection of essential security interests in the absence of an express treaty-based right to regulate No access Pages 290 - 293
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4. Are explicit treaty exceptions necessary to reserve policy space? No access Pages 293 - 294
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5. Is an explicit treaty-based right to regulate harmful to regulatory freedom? No access Pages 294 - 296
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6. Concluding remarks No access Pages 296 - 297
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Conclusion No access Pages 298 - 304
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Bibliography No access Pages 305 - 330
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Index of cases No access Pages 331 - 336
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Index of legislation No access Pages 337 - 338
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Index of treaties No access Pages 339 - 374
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Index No access Pages 375 - 376
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