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Regulation of Sexualized Speech in Europe and the United States

Authors:
Publisher:
 2016

Summary

Speech is messy. Sexualized speech is especially messy. Freedom of expression in abstraction is easily professed, yet often controversial and unsatisfying. As states attempt to balance the interest of liberty, speech is often at the intersection. In its practical application, it is easy to lose sight of the interest of expression, as the damage of the expression is much more concrete than that of the abstraction of speech ideals.

This work is a unique, comprehensive study of sexualized speech regulation, reviewing the paradigms of enforcement and looking forward to determine how governments will react to challenges in an interconnected world. A challenge will be to find a balance between freedom of expression and protection of societal interests. Challenges of the freedom of expression are many and often. Often restrictions seem reasonable and justified. The ideal of free expression is often more noble than the speech that is suppressed. It is particularly because of the unpopularity of some of this sexualized speech and some speakers that eternal vigilance may be required.

Bibliographic data

Edition
1/2016
Copyright Year
2016
ISBN-Print
978-3-8487-2554-0
ISBN-Online
978-3-8452-6660-2
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series
Luxemburger Juristische Studien - Luxembourg Legal Studies
Volume
6
Language
English
Pages
762
Product Type
Monograph

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access 1 - 22
    1. I. Of What We Speak No access 23 - 28
    2. II. Why Study the Regulation of Speech: The Canary in a Coal Mine No access 28 - 36
      1. 1. Social Control as a paradigm of Criminal Law No access
      2. 2. Moral Panic and Social Control No access
      3. 3. Economic Status Quo No access
    4. IV. Road Map No access 40 - 43
        1. a) Early Years of the Republic to the Civil War No access
        2. b) The Comstock Era No access
        3. c) Re-examination of Speech: the Inter-War Period to the 1950s No access
        1. a) Roth v. United States (1957) No access
          1. aa) Film Litigation No access
          2. bb) Print Litigation No access
        1. a) Miller v. California and Paris Adult Theatre v. Stanton (1973) No access
        2. b) Time, Place and Manner Restrictions No access
          1. aa) Art Funding: Mapplethorpe, the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) and the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) No access
          2. bb) Pornographic Music: Jell-O Biafra and As Nasty as We Wanna Be No access
          1. aa) Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997) and United States v. Playboy (2000) No access
          2. bb) American Civil Liberties Union v. Ashcroft (2002) No access
          3. cc) American Civil Liberties Union v. Ashcroft (Ashcroft II) (2004) No access
          4. dd) United States v. American Library Association (2003) No access
        3. c) Renewed Interest In Traditional Obscenity Prosecutions No access
      1. 1. Statutory Authority for Regulation of Child Pornography No access
        1. a) Ferber v. New York (1982) No access
        2. b) United States v. Dost and Wiegand / United States v. Knox (1986) No access
        3. c) Ohio v. Osborne (1990) No access
        4. d) United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc. (1994) No access
        5. e) Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (2002) No access
        6. f) United States v. Williams (2008) No access
        7. g) United States v. Whorley (2008) No access
        1. a) Pacifica: Seven Dirty Words (1978) No access
          1. aa) Act I: Fleeting Explicatives No access
          2. bb) Act II: Fleeting Nudity No access
        3. c) Sidestepping Pacifica: the Court rules in Fox v. FCC No access
      2. 2. Future of Broadcast Indecency Regulation No access
      1. 1. Introduction No access
      2. 2. Current Trends in the Courts Speech Jurisprudence No access
        1. a) American Bookseller Association v. Hudnut (1986) No access
        2. b) Canada: Regina v. Butler (1992) No access
      4. 4. Post Script No access
      1. 1. History No access
        1. a) European Convention on Human Rights – Article 10 No access
          1. aa) Handyside v. The United Kingdom (1976) No access
            1. (1) Lemon v. United Kingdom (1982) No access
            2. (2) Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria (1994) No access
            3. (3) Wingrove v. United Kingdom (1996) No access
            4. (4) Choudhury v. United Kingdom (1991) No access
          3. cc) Müller v. Switzerland (1988) No access
          4. dd) Scherer v. Switzerland (1994) No access
          5. ee) Perrin v. The United Kingdom (2003) No access
          6. ff) Vereinigung Bildender Künstler v. Austria (2007) No access
          7. gg) Akdaş v. Turkey (2010) No access
            1. (1) O’ Carroll v. the United Kingdom (2005) No access
            2. (2) K.U. v. Finland (2008) No access
          9. ii) Post Script – Looking Forward: Mouvement Raëlien Suisse v. Switzerland (2012) No access
          10. jj) Further Post Script: the Pussy Riot Controversy No access
          1. aa) European Convention on Transfrontier Television (1989) No access
          2. bb) Cybercrime Convention (2001) No access
          3. cc) Convention on the Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (2007) No access
          4. dd) Conclusions on Council of Europe Measures No access
      3. 3. Impact of Council of Europe “Involvement” No access
        1. a) From Rome to Lisbon and Beyond No access
        2. b) European Union Accession to the European Convention on Human Rights No access
          1. aa) Treaty on the European Union and Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union No access
          2. bb) Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union No access
            1. (1) Principle of Limited Conferral No access
            2. (2) Principle of Subsidiarity and Proportionality No access
            3. (3) Principle of Sincere Cooperation No access
            1. (1) Judicial Cooperation In Criminal Matters No access
            2. (2) Freedom to Provide Services No access
            1. (1) Council Framework Decision on Combating the Sexual Exploitation of Children and Child Pornography (2004) No access
            2. (2) Directive on Combating Sexual Abuse and Sexual Exploitation of Children and Child Pornography (2011) No access
              1. (i) Television without Frontiers Directive (1989) No access
              2. (ii) Convention and the Directive compared No access
              3. (iii) Amendments to the Directive (1997) No access
              4. (iv) The Audiovisual Media Services Directive (2007) No access
            2. (2) E-Commerce Directive (2000/31/EC) No access
            3. (3) Recommendation on the Protection of Minors and Human Dignity (2006) No access
          1. aa) Regina v. Henn and Darby (1979) No access
          2. bb) Conegate v. Customs and Excise Commissioners (1986) No access
          3. cc) Vereinigte Familiapress Zeitungsverlag v. Heinrich Bauer Verlag (1997) No access
          4. dd) Dynamic Medien Vertrieb v. Avides Media AG (2007) No access
          5. ee) Erotic Centre BVBA v. Belgische Staat (2010) No access
          1. aa) Introduction No access
          2. bb) TV 1000 Sverige AB v. Norway (1998) No access
      3. 3. Impact of European Union “Involvement” No access
    3. III. Conclusions on the Council of Europe and the European Union No access 369 - 371
      1. 1. The Enlightenment No access
      2. 2. The French Revolution No access
      3. 3. The Industrial Revolution No access
      4. 4. The 20th Century to the Present No access
        1. a) Constitutional Authority in the United Kingdom No access
        2. b) Parliamentary Sovereignty No access
        3. c) Common Law No access
        1. a) Romantic and Victorian England: Contextual Overview No access
        2. b) Sexualized Speech Available in Great Britain No access
        3. c) Moral Panic in Great Britain No access
          1. aa) Crimes Involving Libel No access
            1. (1) Regina v. Lemon (1979) No access
            2. (2) Regina v. Choudhury (1990) No access
            3. (3) Wingrove v. the United Kingdom (1996) No access
            1. (1) Shaw v. DPP (1961) No access
            2. (2) Regina v. Knuller (1972) No access
            3. (3) Regina v. Gibson (1990) No access
            1. (1) Regina v. Hicklin (1868) No access
            2. (2) Henry Vizetelly: the Zola Translations (1889) No access
            3. (3) Regina v. Reiter (1954) No access
            4. (4) Regina v. Martin Secker Warburg (1954) No access
            1. (1) Regina v. Penguin Publishers (1960) No access
            2. (2) Regina v. Calder and Boyars (1968) No access
              1. i. Lennon Lithographs (1970) No access
              2. ii. School Kids Oz (1971) No access
              3. iii. Little Red School Book : Regina v. Handyside (1972) No access
              4. iv. Corbin v. Whyte (1972) No access
              5. v. Regina v. Stamford (1972) No access
              6. vi. Inside Linda Lovelace (1976) No access
              1. i. Regina v. Henn and Darby (1979) and Conegate v. Customs & Excise (1986) No access
              2. ii. Gay’s the Word Raid (1984-6) No access
              3. iii. Lord Horror Prosecution (1991) No access
              4. iv. Regina v. Perrin (2002) No access
              5. v. Girls (Scream) Aloud Case (2009) No access
              6. vi. Regina v. Peacock (2012) No access
          1. aa) Extreme Pornography Provisions No access
          2. bb) Analysis and Criticism No access
          3. cc) Prosecutions and Potential No access
          1. aa) Statutory Authority for Regulation of Child Pornography No access
            1. (1) Regina v. Graham Kerr (1988) No access
            2. (2) Regina v. Bowden (1999) No access
            3. (3) Regina v. Smethurst (2002) No access
            4. (4) Regina v. O’Carroll (2003) No access
            5. (5) Regina v. Oliver (2003) – The Oliver Guidelines No access
            6. (6) Regina v. Collier (2004) No access
            7. (7) Regina v. Porter (2006) No access
          3. cc) Sex Offender Registration No access
            1. (1) Child Porn Investigations Gone Awry No access
            2. (2) Saatchi Gallery Controversy (2001) No access
          5. ee) Conclusions Regarding Child Pornography Enforcement No access
          1. aa) Perspectives No access
          2. bb) Provisions of the Human Rights Act No access
          3. cc) Expression Provisions under the Human Rights Act No access
    3. III. Conclusion No access 512 - 515
        1. a) Introduction No access
          1. aa) The United States Blocking/Deleting Efforts No access
            1. (1) The European Union No access
            2. (2) The Council of Europe No access
            3. (3) Example of an EU Member States’ Response: the United Kingdom No access
        3. c) Balancing of Rights No access
        4. d) Efficacy of Regulation: Chasing Windmills? No access
          1. aa) Federal Communications Commission No access
          2. bb) Self-Regulation in the United States: Motion Picture Association of America No access
            1. (1) Standards No access
            2. (2) Authority for Television on Demand (ATVOD) No access
          2. bb) British Board of Film Classification No access
      3. 3. Conclusions on Administrative Enforcement No access
      1. 1. Introduction No access
        1. a) Federal Tools in Combatting Adult Pornography No access
          1. aa) Statutes No access
          2. bb) Means of Interdiction No access
            1. (1) Indictment No access
            2. (2) Pre-trial Detention No access
            3. (3) Plea Bargaining Concerns No access
              1. i. Search and Seizure No access
              2. ii. Brady Material and Jencks Material No access
              3. iii. Statutory Restrictions on Discovery: Fighting in the Dark No access
            5. (5) Statutory and other Defences No access
            6. (6) Jury Instructions No access
            1. (1) Federal Sentencing Guidelines No access
            2. (2) Civil Liability No access
            3. (3) Civil Commitment No access
        3. c) Conclusion No access
        1. a) Introduction No access
        2. b) Sexting Prosecutions No access
        3. c) Sexting Legislation in the United States No access
            1. (1) Marsh v. Alabama (1946) No access
            2. (2) Lloyd Corp., Ltd. v. Tanner (1972) No access
            3. (3) Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins (1980) No access
            4. (4) Appleby and Others v. the United Kingdom (2003) No access
            5. (5) Application to Cyberspace No access
            1. (1) Facebook No access
            2. (2) Twitter No access
            3. (3) Corporate on Corporate Regulation of Speech: the Apple Store No access
            1. (1) The Twitter Joke Trial No access
            2. (2) The Guidelines No access
        1. a) Porn 2.0: User-Generated Porn No access
        2. b) Charity Porn No access
        3. c) Revenge Porn No access
      4. 1. Conclusions on User Generated Sexualized Speech No access
    4. IV. Conclusions on Defence and Prosecution of Sexualized Material No access 693 - 695
    1. I. The Road Travelled No access 695 - 698
    2. II. Conflict between two Sacreds: Moralism v. Profits No access 698 - 699
      1. 1. Increase in Availability of Sexualized Content No access
      2. 2. The Changing Nature of Jurisdiction No access
      3. 3. The New Business Model of Porn No access
      4. 4. Conclusions on how the Internet Changes Everything No access
    4. IV. What is Left: Protection of a Victim No access 709 - 711
    5. V. Knowing it When it is Seen No access 711 - 713
    6. VI. A Final Thought No access 713 - 715
  8. Bibliography No access 715 - 762

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