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China and International Adjudication

Caution, Identity Shifts, and the Ambition to Lead
Authors:
Publisher:
 2021

Summary

China aims to become a “leader country” in international law that “guides” the international legal order. Delivering the first comprehensive analysis of case law and Chinese academic debates from 2002 to 2018, this book shows that gradually increased engagement with international adjudication is part of a broad effort to consolidate China’s economic and political gains, and regain great power status. It covers trade, investment, territorial and law of the sea matters – including the South China Sea disputes – and delineates a decades-long process between caution and ambition. Both in debate patterns and in actual engagement, this book finds remarkable similarities in all covered fields of law, merely the timetables differ.

Bibliographic data

Copyright year
2021
ISBN-Print
978-3-8487-7108-0
ISBN-Online
978-3-7489-2562-0
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Language
English
Pages
589
Product type
Book Titles

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access 1 - 14
  2. Table of Cases No access 15 - 34
  3. National Legislation No access 35 - 36
  4. Treaties and Other International Legal Instruments No access 37 - 50
    1. I.1. A New Ambition – ‘Guiding’ International Order No access
    2. I.2. How Nations Behave – China’s Growing Impact on International Adjudication No access
    1. II.1. Introduction No access
    2. II.2. Previous Approaches and New Endeavor No access
          1. II.3.1.1.1. Positivism – Facts of Engagement No access
          2. II.3.1.1.2. International Law and International Relations – Reasons for Engagement No access
          1. II.3.1.2.1. A Complicated History No access
          2. II.3.1.2.2. Reinventing Realism No access
        3. II.3.1.3. Image and Perception – Structure Relayed No access
          1. II.3.1.4.1. General Notions No access
          2. II.3.1.4.2. Articulated Perception and Cognitive Beliefs No access
          3. II.3.1.4.3. Published Elite Perception Since 2014 No access
        5. II.3.1.5. Final Remarks on Theory – Composite Approach No access
      2. II.3.2. Methodology, Structure and Sources No access
    1. III.1. Introduction No access
        1. III.2.1.1. Roots – Confucianism Against Legalism No access
        2. III.2.1.2. Imperial Era – Confucian Legal Thought No access
          1. III.2.1.3.1. Late Qing and Republican Reforms No access
            1. III.2.1.3.2.1. Soviet Influence No access
            2. III.2.1.3.2.2. Sino-Marxism No access
            3. III.2.1.3.2.3. Pragmatism No access
        4. III.2.1.4. Conclusion No access
        1. III.2.2.1. Pre-Imperial Times – A ‘Chinese Community of Nations’? No access
        2. III.2.2.2. Imperial Era – Hierarchical Tributary System No access
          1. III.2.2.3.1. Definitional Issues No access
          2. III.2.2.3.2. Late Qing (1839–1911): Confrontation and Lasting Attitudes No access
          3. III.2.2.3.3. Republic (1912–1949): Struggle for Renegotiation No access
          1. III.2.2.4.1. Early Years and Soviet Legal Thought (1949–1957) No access
            1. III.2.2.4.2.1. Divergence from the Soviet Path No access
            2. III.2.2.4.2.2. Five Principles of Peaceful Co-Existence No access
          3. III.2.2.4.3. Pre-reform PRC in the UN (1971–1978) No access
          1. III.2.2.5.1. A new mindset No access
          2. III.2.2.5.2. Sources of International Law and Domestic Application No access
          3. III.2.2.5.3. Sovereignty and Human Rights No access
          4. III.2.2.5.4. Sovereignty and Intervention No access
          5. III.2.2.5.5. Sovereignty and Adjudication No access
        6. III.2.2.6. Conclusion No access
    1. IV.1. Introduction No access
        1. IV.2.1.1. China’s Accession to the ICSID Convention No access
          1. IV.2.1.2.1. Introduction No access
          2. IV.2.1.2.2. First Generation – Cautious Beginnings No access
          3. IV.2.1.2.3. Second Generation – Access to ICSID No access
          4. IV.2.1.2.4. Third Generation – ‘Any Dispute Concerning an Investment’ No access
          5. IV.2.1.2.5. Fourth Generation – Americanization No access
          6. IV.2.1.2.6. Comparative View – Last BRIC standing: Chinese exception to the restrictive turn No access
              1. IV.2.1.3.1.1.1. Tza Yap Shum v Republic of Peru (ICSID) No access
              2. IV.2.1.3.1.1.2. Ekran Berhad v People’s Republic of China (ICSID) No access
              3. IV.2.1.3.1.1.3. Sanum v Lao People’s Democratic Republic (ad hoc, PCA) No access
              4. IV.2.1.3.1.1.4. Beijing Urban v Republic of Yemen (ICSID) No access
              5. IV.2.1.3.1.1.5. China Heilongjiang v Mongolia (ad hoc, PCA) No access
              6. IV.2.1.3.1.1.6. Hela Schwarz GmbH v People’s Republic of China (ICSID) No access
              7. IV.2.1.3.1.1.7. Discussion No access
              1. IV.2.1.3.1.2.1. Relevant case law No access
              2. IV.2.1.3.1.2.2. Discussion No access
            1. IV.2.1.3.2.1. Ping An v Kingdom of Belgium (ICSID) No access
            2. IV.2.1.3.2.2. Ansung v People’s Republic of China (ICSID) No access
            3. IV.2.1.3.2.3. Discussion No access
            1. IV.2.1.3.3.1. Relevant case law No access
            2. IV.2.1.3.3.2. Discussion No access
            1. IV.2.1.3.4.1. Relevant case law No access
            2. IV.2.1.3.4.2. Discussion No access
        4. IV.2.1.4. Conclusions on China and Investment Arbitration No access
        1. IV.2.2.1. China’s Accession to the WTO and the WTO DSM No access
            1. IV.2.2.2.1.1. China on the Complainant Side – Safeguard Measures No access
            2. IV.2.2.2.1.2. China on the Respondent Side – National Treatment No access
            3. IV.2.2.2.1.3. Conclusion No access
            1. IV.2.2.2.2.1 China on the Complainant Side – Countervailing & Anti-Dumping Duties No access
              1. IV.2.2.2.2.2.1. National Treatment on Internal Taxation and Regulation No access
              2. IV.2.2.2.2.2.2. TRIPS & Censorship No access
              3. IV.2.2.2.2.2.3. GATT-GATS Relations & Systemic Position of the Accession Protocol No access
              4. IV.2.2.2.2.2.4. Settled Cases No access
            3. IV.2.2.2.2.3. Conclusion No access
              1. IV.2.2.2.3.1.1 Relevant case law No access
              2. IV.2.2.2.3.1.2 Discussion No access
                1. IV.2.2.2.3.2.1.1 Relevant case law: US-Tyres No access
                2. IV.2.2.2.3.2.1.2 Discussion No access
                1. IV.2.2.2.3.2.2.1 Relevant case law No access
                2. IV.2.2.2.3.2.2.2 Discussion No access
              1. IV.2.2.2.3.3.1 Relevant case law No access
              2. IV.2.2.2.3.3.2 Discussion No access
              1. IV.2.2.2.3.4.1 Relevant case law: US-Countervailing Measures (China) No access
              2. IV.2.2.2.3.4.2 Discussion No access
              1. IV.2.2.2.3.5.1 Relevant case law No access
              2. IV.2.2.2.3.5.2 Discussion No access
              1. IV.2.2.2.3.6.1 Relevant case law No access
              2. IV.2.2.2.3.6.2 Discussion No access
            7. IV.2.2.2.3.7 Cases at the Consultation Stage No access
            8. IV.2.2.2.3.8 Market Economy Status – ‘D-Day’ Gone Wrong & China’s Controlled Frustration No access
            9. IV.2.2.2.3.9 Conclusion No access
            1. IV.2.2.2.4.1. Introduction No access
            2. IV.2.2.2.4.2. Brazil No access
            3. IV.2.2.2.4.3. India No access
            4. IV.2.2.2.4.4. South Africa No access
            5. IV.2.2.2.4.5. Russia No access
            6. IV.2.2.2.4.6. Concluding Remarks on BRICS Experiences in the WTO DSM No access
          5. IV.2.2.2.5. Conclusion – China and the WTO DSM No access
        1. IV.3.1.1. Land Borders No access
        2. IV.3.1.2. Maritime Borders No access
          1. IV.3.2.1.1. Background to the Dispute No access
          2. IV.3.2.1.2. Significance and Limits of Jurisdiction No access
          3. IV.3.2.1.3. Respective Claims and Legal Steps Taken No access
        2. IV.3.2.2. East China Sea – Same, Same, But Different No access
        3. IV.3.2.3. Sino-Indian Border Disputes – Himalayas from Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh No access
          1. IV.3.3.1.1. ICJ Advisory Opinion on Kosovo No access
          2. IV.3.3.1.2. ITLOS Advisory Opinion on Activities in the Area No access
          3. IV.3.3.1.3. ITLOS Advisory Opinion on Illegal Fishing No access
          4. IV.3.3.1.4. ICJ Advisory Opinion on Chagos No access
        2. IV.3.3.2. Engagement with the CLCS No access
        1. IV.3.4.1. Background No access
          1. IV.3.4.2.1. China’s Non-Participation No access
          2. IV.3.4.2.2. The Tribunal’s Jurisdiction No access
          3. IV.3.4.2.3. The Chinese Government’s Reaction No access
          1. IV.3.4.3.1 China’s Non-participation No access
          2. IV.3.4.3.2 Historic Rights and the Nine-Dash Line No access
            1. IV.3.4.3.3.1 Low-tide Elevations No access
            2. IV.3.4.3.3.2 ‘Islands’ or ‘Rocks’? No access
          4. IV.3.4.3.4 Lawfulness of Chinese Actions No access
          5. IV.3.4.3.5 Aggravation of the Dispute and Future Conduct No access
          1. IV.3.4.4.1. Political Reactions and Outlook No access
            1. IV.3.4.4.2.1. Criticism Relating to Jurisdiction No access
            2. IV.3.4.4.2.2. Criticism Relating to the Merits No access
            3. IV.3.4.4.2.3. Criticism Relating to the International Rule of Law No access
            4. IV.3.4.4.2.4. Legal Implications No access
          3. IV.3.4.4.3. Conclusions – the Way(s) Forward No access
        1. IV.3.5.1. The BRICS Experience – Stocktake and Comparison No access
        2. IV.3.5.2. Relevance for China’s Future Path No access
      6. IV.3.6. Conclusions – Territorial and Law of the Sea Disputes No access
    1. V.1. Introduction No access
        1. V.2.1.1. General Attitude – From Stockholm Syndrome to Confident Offense No access
          1. V.2.1.2.1. General Points of Criticism No access
          2. V.2.1.2.2. Phase-Dependent Criticism – From Defense to Offense No access
            1. V.2.1.3.1.1. Research, Training and Cautious Engagement No access
            2. V.2.1.3.1.2. Demonstrating Compliance No access
            3. V.2.1.3.1.3. Participating in Reform Negotiations No access
            4. V.2.1.3.1.4. Using China’s Position As a Developing State No access
            5. V.2.1.3.1.5. The Role of Individuals No access
            1. V.2.1.3.2.1. Confidence, Pragmatism and More Active Participation No access
            2. V.2.1.3.2.2. Continued NME Treatment and Chinese Responses No access
        1. V.2.2.1. General Attitude – March Towards Liberalism No access
          1. V.2.2.2.1. Supposed Ambiguities and Interpretation Issues No access
          2. V.2.2.2.2. Nature and Legitimacy of Investment Arbitration No access
          1. V.2.2.3.1. Pre-Engagement – Chinese Views on International Investment Arbitration Ahead of the First Case in 2007 No access
            1. V.2.2.3.2.1. Research and Progress – Steady As She Goes No access
            2. V.2.2.3.2.2. Reforms and Influence – Making the Case No access
            3. V.2.2.3.2.3. Identity and Engagement – on What Has Changed No access
      3. V.2.3. Preliminary Conclusions No access
      1. V.3.1. General Attitude – From Imperialist Oppressor to Guarantor of Peaceful Dispute Resolution No access
        1. V.3.2.1. General Criticism – Surprising Similarities No access
          1. V.3.2.2.1. General Criticism and Jurisdictional Matters No access
          2. V.3.2.2.2. Criticism on the Merits No access
          1. V.3.3.1.1. Master the Rules – Research & Training No access
          2. V.3.3.1.2. Have a Seat at the Table – Reform & Influence No access
          1. V.3.3.2.1. Negotiations & Joint Development No access
            1. V.3.3.2.2.1. Criticism of Political Declarations, Negotiations & Joint Development No access
            2. V.3.3.2.2.2. General Preconditions for and Significance of Engagement No access
            3. V.3.3.2.2.3. Engaging to Refute Jurisdiction No access
            4. V.3.3.2.2.4. Advisory Opinions No access
            5. V.3.3.2.2.5. Trial Balloons: Conciliation, Arbitration & Adjudication – New Mechanisms & Special Separate Tribunals No access
            6. V.3.3.2.2.6. Full Embrace – Tackling the Issues Head On No access
      4. V.3.4. Preliminary Conclusions No access
    1. VI.1. Imperatives of Greatness – of What ‘Has to Be Done’ No access
      1. VI.2.1. Round One – Trade Law No access
      2. VI.2.2. Round Two – Investment Law No access
      3. VI.2.3. Round Three – Law of the Sea and Territorial Disputes No access
      1. VI.3.1. A Chinese Path – Not Your Ordinary BRIC No access
      2. VI.3.2. The Way Forward – Engaging to Rise No access
  11. References No access 531 - 589

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