, to see if you have full access to this publication.
Book Titles No access
Gacaca Courts versus the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and National Courts
Lessons to Learn from the Rwandan Justice Approaches to Genocide- Authors:
- Series:
- Schriften zum Internationalen und Europäischen Strafrecht, Volume 13
- Publisher:
- 2014
Summary
Art und Ausmaß der Menschenrechtsverletzungen veranlasste die Regierung Ruandas und die internationale Gemeinschaft 1994, verschiedene Mechanismen zu installieren, um die Täter zur Rechenschaft zu ziehen. Die Studie bietet neue Einblicke in das nationale Fallrecht und vergleicht es mit der Arbeit des Internationalen Strafgerichtshofs für Ruanda (ICTR). Die Arbeit wurde mit Unterstützung des DAAD gedruckt.
In englischer Sprache.
Search publication
Bibliographic data
- Copyright year
- 2014
- ISBN-Print
- 978-3-8487-1247-2
- ISBN-Online
- 978-3-8452-5360-2
- Publisher
- Nomos, Baden-Baden
- Series
- Schriften zum Internationalen und Europäischen Strafrecht
- Volume
- 13
- Language
- English
- Pages
- 298
- Product type
- Book Titles
Table of contents
ChapterPages
- Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages 1 - 16
- Abstract No access Pages 17 - 18
- General Introduction of the Study No access Pages 19 - 27
- Historical Background to the Internecine Conflict in Rwanda No access Pages 28 - 60
- The Legacy of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda No access Pages 61 - 106
- Prosecution of Genocide in National Courts No access Pages 107 - 159
- The Traditional Gacaca Court System No access Pages 160 - 215
- A Critical Analysis of the Relationship between the ICTR, National Courts and Gacaca Courts No access Pages 216 - 251
- General Conclusions No access Pages 252 - 262
- Bibliography No access Pages 263 - 298
Bibliography (648 entries)
No match found. Try another term.
- The United Nations Charter adopted on 26 June 1945 as amended to date. Open Google Scholar
- The 1948 United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide adopted by G.A/Res/260 A (11) of 9 December 1948, entered into force on 12 January 1951. Open Google Scholar
- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights adopted on 16 December 1966 and entered into force on 23 March 1976, (G.A.Res.2200A XXI). Open Google Scholar
- Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity of 26 November 1968, entered into force 11 November 1970. Open Google Scholar
- The Geneva Conventions adopted on 12 August 1949 and entered into force on 21 October 1950 and the 1977 Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of 1949. Open Google Scholar
- The Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by G.A/Res/217A (iii) of 10 December 1948 and entered into force in 1976. Open Google Scholar
- African (Banjul) Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, adopted 27 June 1981, OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/67/3 rev. 5, 21 I.L.M. 58 (1982), entered into force Oct. 21, 1986. Open Google Scholar
- ICTR Rules of Procedure and Evidence adopted on 5 July 1995 and entered into force on 29 June 1995, as amended to date (ICTR: 3/Rev 2). Open Google Scholar
- The UN Security Council Resolution 955, Establishing the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) and its Statute, adopted on 8 November 1994, (UN Doc. S/Res/955). Open Google Scholar
- The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court adopted on 17 July 1998, and entered into force on 1 July 2002, (UN Doc. A/CONF.183/9). Open Google Scholar
- Security Council Resolution Establishing the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals, 22 December 2010, (UN Security Council SC/10141, Res. 1966). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.18356/a40079ac-en
- Constitution de la République Rwandaise du 24 Novembre 1962, Journal officiel de la République Rwandaise 1962. Open Google Scholar
- Décret-Loi N° 08/75 du 12 Février 1975 Approuvant et Ratifiant Diverses Conventions Internationales Relatives aux Droits de l’Homme, au Désarmement, à la Prévention et à la Répression de Certains Actes Susceptibles de Mettre en Danger la Paix entre les Hommes et les Nations, Journal officiel de la République Rwandaise 1975. Open Google Scholar
- Rwandan Penal Code, Decree-Law N° 21/77 of 18 August 1977 Instituting the Penal Code as completed, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda, Special N° 13 bis of 1 July 1978. Open Google Scholar
- Rwandan Constitution of 17 December 1978, Journal officiel de la République Rwandaise 1978. Open Google Scholar
- The 1991 Constitution was adopted on 30 May 1991 and entered into force 10 June 1991, Journal officiel de la République Rwandaise 1991. Open Google Scholar
- Organic Law N° 08/96 of August 30, 1996, on the Organization of Prosecutions for Offences Constituting the Crime of Genocide or Crimes against Humanity committed since 1 October, 1990, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda, N° 17 of 1 September 1996. Open Google Scholar
- Law N° 02/98 of 22 January 1998 Establishing a National Assistance Fund for Needy Victims of Genocide and Massacres Committed in Rwanda Between 1 October 1990 and 31 December 1994, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda n° 3 of 1 February 1998. Open Google Scholar
- Organic Law N° 40/2000 of 26 January 2001 Setting up ‘Gacaca Jurisdictions’ and Organizing Prosecutions for Offences Constituting the Crime of Genocide or Crimes against Humanity Committed Between 1 October 1990 and 31 December 1994, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda n° 6 of 15 March 2001. Open Google Scholar
- Organic Law N° 33/2001 of 22 June 2001 Modifying and Completing Organic Law N° 40/2000 of 26 January 2001 Setting up ‘Gacaca Jurisdictions’ and Organizing Prosecutions for Offences Constituting the Crime of Genocide or Crimes against Humanity Committed between 1 October and 31 December 1994, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda n° 14 of 15 July 2001. Open Google Scholar
- Presidential Order N° 26/01 of 10 December 2001 Relating to the Substitution of the Penalty of Imprisonment for Community Service, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda n° 3 of 1 February 2002. Open Google Scholar
- Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 4 June 2003, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda n° special of 4 June 2003. Open Google Scholar
- Law N° 33 bis/2003 of 6 June 2003 Repressing the Crime of Genocide, Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda n° 21 of 1 November 2003. Open Google Scholar
- Organic Law N° 01/2004 of 29 January 2004 Establishing the Organisation, Functioning and Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda n° 3 of 1 February 2004. Open Google Scholar
- Law N° 08/2004 of 28 April 2004 on the Establishment, Organization, Duties and Functioning of the National Service in charge of Follow-up, Supervision and Coordination of the Activities of Gacaca Jurisdictions, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda n° 9 of 1 May 2004. Open Google Scholar
- Organic Law N° 16/2004 of 19 June 2004 Establishing the Organisation, Competence and Functioning of Gacaca Courts Charged with Prosecuting and Trying the Perpetrators of the Crime of Genocide and other Crimes against Humanity, Committed Between 1 October 1990 and 31 December 1994, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda n° special of 19 June 2004. Open Google Scholar
- Law N° 13/2004 of 17 May 2004 Relating to the Code of Criminal Procedure, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda n° special of 30 July 2004. Open Google Scholar
- Presidential Order N° 10/01 of 7 March 2005 Determining the Modalities of Implementation of Community Service as an Alternative Penalty to Imprisonment, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda n° 6 of 15 March 2005. Open Google Scholar
- Organic Law N° 29/2005 of 31 December 2005 Determining the Administrative Entities of the Republic of Rwanda, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda n° special of 31 December 2005. Open Google Scholar
- Organic Law N° 28/2006 of 27 June 2006 Modifying and Complementing Organic Law Nº 16/2004 of 19 June 2004, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda n° special of 12 July 2006. Open Google Scholar
- Law N° 38/2006 of 25 September 2006 Establishing and Determining the Organisation of the National Prison Service, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda n° special of 23 October 2006. Open Google Scholar
- Organic Law N° 10/2007 of 1 March 2007 Modifying and Complementing Organic Law Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5353/th_b3830821
- N° 16/2004 of 19 June 2004, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda n° 5 of 1 March 2007. Open Google Scholar
- Organic Law N° 11/2007 of 16 March 2007 Concerning Transfer of Cases to the Republic of Rwanda from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and from Other States, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda n° special of 19 March 2007. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004160552.i-776.14
- Organic Law N° 31/2007 of 25 July 2007 Relating to the Abolition of the Death Penalty, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda n° special of 25 July 2007. Open Google Scholar
- Organic Law N° 58/2007 of 16 December 2007 Modifying and Complementing Organic Law N° 01/2004 of 29 January 2004, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda n° 5 of 1 March 2008. Open Google Scholar
- Organic Law N° 13/2008 of 19 May 2008 Modifying and Complementing Organic Law N° 16/2004 of 19 June 2004, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda n° 11 of 1 June 2008. Open Google Scholar
- Organic Law N° 66/2008 of 21 November 2008 Modifying and Completing Organic Law Open Google Scholar
- N° 31/2007 of 25 July 2007, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda n° 23 of 1 December 2008. Open Google Scholar
- Law N° 69/2008 of 31 December 2008 Relating to the Establishment of the Fund for the Support and Assistance to the Survivors of the Tutsi Genocide and Other Crimes against Humanity Committed Between 1 October 1990 and 31 December 1994, and Determining its Organisation, Competence and Functioning, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda n° special of 15 April 2009. Open Google Scholar
- Organic Law N° 03/2009/OL of 26 May 2009 Modifying and Completing the Organic Law N° 11/2007 of 16 March 2007, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda n° special of 26 May 2009. Open Google Scholar
- Organic Law N° 04/2012/0L of 15/06/2012 Terminating Gacaca Courts and Determining Mechanisms for Solving Issues which were under their Jurisdiction, Official Gazette nº Special of 15 June 2012. Open Google Scholar
- Organic Law N° 01/2012/OL of 02/05/2012 Instituting the Penal Code, Official Gazette nº Special of 14 June 2012. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case N° ICTR-96-4, TC, 2 September 1998. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Kambanda, Case N° ICTR-97-23-S, 4 September 1998. Open Google Scholar
- Barayagwiza v. Prosecutor, Case N° ICTR-97-19, 3 November 1999. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Rutaganda, Case N° ICTR-96-3-T, 6 December 1999. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Kayishema and Ruzindana, Case N° ICTR-95-1-A, 1 June 2001. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Nahimana et al., Case N° ICTR-99-52-T, 3 December 2003. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Ntagerura et al., Case N° ICTR-99-46-T, 25 February 2004. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Muhimana, Case N° ICTR- 95-1B-T, 28 April 2005. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Bagosora et al., Case N° ICTR-98-41-T, 18 December 2008. Open Google Scholar
- The Prosecutor v. Bagaragaza, Case N° ICTR-2005-86-S, 17 November 2009. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Nyiramasuhuko et al., Case N° ICTR-98-42-T, 24 June 2011. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Bizimungu et al., Case N° ICTR-99-50-T, 30 September 2011. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Nizeyimana, Case N° ICTR-00-55C-T, 19 June 2012. Open Google Scholar
- Rwandan Ordinary Courts Open Google Scholar
- Ndikubwimana v. the Prosecutor, (RPA N° 04/97/R1/KIGALI), 30 May 1997. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Nyilishema, (RMPA 2/4170/PROGERAL, RPA 16/I/97/NZA), 14 November 1997. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Kalisa et al., (RP 65/S1/CH.SP/RSHI), 14 November 1997. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Muzatsinda, (RMP 900/S11/NG/KE- R.P.041/CS/KIG), 17 March 1998. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Kabirigi et al., (RMP 51.498/S4/CM/KBY/97), 10 December 1998. Open Google Scholar
- Munyangabe v. the Prosecutor, (RPA 003/R1/97), 6 July 1999. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Karorero et al., (RMP 78.752/S2/KRL), 31 March 2000. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Mvumbahe, (RMP 56.204/S4/NA/KBY-R.P.Ch.Sp.005/01/2000), 16 July 2000. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Twagiramungu, (RP 0045/CG-CS/2000), 20 June 2000. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Ukezimfura, (RMP 82693/S4/ND), 29 September 2000. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Banzi et al., (RP 221/R2/2000), 25 May 2001. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Hanyurwimfura, (R.M.P 42.088/S8,), 8 August 2001. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Sibomana et al., (RMP 27811/S4/M.P-RP 89/GIT/CH.S/3/99), 8 April 2002. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Twagiramungu, (RPA 0189/CM/2001), 10 January 2003. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Nzirabatinyi, (RPA/GEN/0235/05/HC/KIG), 17 July 2003. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Gataza, (RP 5053/CG-CS/00), 5 October 2005. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Pandasi, et al., (RS/Rev 0007/06/CS), 17 April 2006. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Nzisabira, (RPAA 0001/ GEN/05/CS), 4 May 2007. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Gatorano, (RPAA 0019/ GEN/06/CS), 1 June 2007. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Sibomana, (RPA0017/GEN/07/CS/), 13 June 2008. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Rurangirwa et al., (RPAA 003/GEN/06/CS), 20 June 2008. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Harelimana et al., (RP 10/1/97), 20 June 2008. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v. Nyirahazimana and Ngirinshuti, (RPA 003/GEN/06/CS), 27 June 2008. Open Google Scholar
- Prosecutor v Ntamabyariro, (RP/Gen.0081/04/TP/KIG), 19 January 2009. Open Google Scholar
- Zirimwabagabo v. the Prosecutor, (RPAA 0002 GEN/10/CS), 20 May 2011. Open Google Scholar
- Gacaca Courts Open Google Scholar
- Gacaca court of Ndaro sector v. Ntawuruhunga, case file, N° 5, 10 August 2006. Open Google Scholar
- Gacaca court of Rusayo cell v. Sinaruhamagaye, case file, N° 37, 25 January 2007. Open Google Scholar
- Gacaca court of Rusayo cell v. Simpunga, case file, N° 41, 11 April 2007. Open Google Scholar
- Gacaca court of Rukoma sector v. Gatera, case file, N° 30, 5 June 2007. Open Google Scholar
- Gacaca court of Rukoma sector v. Mbaraga, case file, N° 35, 5 June 2007. Open Google Scholar
- Gacaca court of Gahunga sector v. Turikumana, case file, N° 001, 7 August 2007. Open Google Scholar
- Gacaca court of Nyakiliba/Kayove sector v. Munyagishari, case file, N° A 10, 20 September 2007. Open Google Scholar
- Gacaca court of Cyanyanza sector v. Nyirabarinda, 9 October 2007. Open Google Scholar
- Gacaca court of Rusebeya Cell v. Gakumburwa, case file, N° 048, 10 May 2008. Open Google Scholar
- Gacaca court of Kirwa sector v. Mbakenge, case file, N° 94193, 16 October 2008. Open Google Scholar
- Gacaca court of Nyarubuye sector v. Kageruka Tesfori, 16 October 2008. Open Google Scholar
- Gacaca court of Kirwa sector v. Twagirumukiza Alfred, 18 December 2008. Open Google Scholar
- Gacaca court of Nyarubuye sector v. Habimana, 2 February 2009. Open Google Scholar
- Gacaca court of Nyakabanda sector v. Mwamini, case file N° 302/0054, 2 September 2009. Open Google Scholar
- Gacaca court of Nyakabanda sector v. Musangwa, case file, N° 302-00, 17 October 2009. Open Google Scholar
- Gacaca court of Gitega sector v. Kaneza, case file N° 31, 20 March 2010. Open Google Scholar
- Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights, the Report of Bacre Waly Ndiaye on his Mission to Rwanda from 8-17 April 1993, E/CN.4/1994/7/Add.1, (11 August 1993). Open Google Scholar
- Special Report of the Secretary-General of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda, U.N. Doc. S/1994/470, (1994). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.18356/2416d927-en
- Letter Dated 9 December 1994 from the Secretary-General Addressed to the President of the Security Council, U.N. Doc. S/1994/1405 (1994), Final Report of the Commission of Experts, (1994). Open Google Scholar
- United States Institute for Peace, Special Report: Rwanda, Accountability for War Crimes and Genocide, Washington DC, (January 1995). Open Google Scholar
- Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, Prosecuting War Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia, New York, (May 1995). Open Google Scholar
- UN SC Resolution 977, 22 February 1995 and Secretary-General's Report of 13 February 1995, (S/1995/134), (1995). Open Google Scholar
- Deqni-Séqui R., Summary Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Rwanda, (UN E/CN.4/1995/12), (1995). Open Google Scholar
- Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Rwanda, Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1995/71, (1995). Open Google Scholar
- Report of the Secretary-General on the Activities of the Office for Internal Oversight Services U.N Doc.A/51/789, (1997). Open Google Scholar
- Report of the Security Council on the Situation Concerning Rwanda (8 November 1994), UN Doc. S/PV. 3453, U.N. Security Council Resolution 1166, (13 May 1998). Open Google Scholar
- Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Vol. 1, (29 October 1998). Open Google Scholar
- U.N Commission on Human Rights, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Rwanda, (1999). Open Google Scholar
- Report of the Expert Group to Conduct a Review of the Effective Operation and Functioning of the ICTY and ICTR, UN Doc. A/54/634, (22 November 1999). Open Google Scholar
- UN 2000 Human Rights Report on Rwanda, (2000). Open Google Scholar
- Organisation for African Unity, Special Report of the International Panel of Eminent Personalities to Investigate the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda and the Surrounding Events, (June 1998-July 2000). Open Google Scholar
- International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH), Victims in the Balance- Challenges ahead for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, (November 2002). Open Google Scholar
- African Rights, Gacaca Justice: A Shared Responsibility, Kigali, African Rights, (January 2003). Open Google Scholar
- Avocats Sans Frontieres (ASF), Vade-Mecum, (2004). Open Google Scholar
- UN Secretary-General, The Rule of Law and Transitional Justice in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies, UN Doc. S/2004/616, (3 August 2004). Open Google Scholar
- PRI, Integrated Report on Gacaca Research and Monitoring, Report VII, Pilot Phase, January 2002–December 2004, (December 2005). Open Google Scholar
- U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Rwanda (2006). Open Google Scholar
- Integrated Regional Information Network (IRIN), UN Tribunal Investigates 12 on its Payroll, (29 June 2006). Open Google Scholar
- Penal Reform International, Monitoring and Research Report on the Gacaca: Information-Gathering during the National Phase, London: PRI, (2006). Open Google Scholar
- Human Rights Watch, (HRW), There will be No Trial: Police Killings of Detainees and the Imposition of Collective Punishments, (2007). Open Google Scholar
- Human Rights Watch Press Release: UK: Put Genocide Suspects on Trial in Britain, UK Prosecution Preferable to Extradition, (1 November 2007). Open Google Scholar
- Amnesty International, Donaspostropet Extradite Rwanda Suspects, (2 November 2007). Open Google Scholar
- Penal Reform International, The Contribution of the Gacaca Jurisdictions to Resolving Cases arising from the Genocide, Contributions, Limitations and Expectations of the Post-Gacaca Phase, (2009-2010). Open Google Scholar
- Mutsinzi Report Commissioned by the Rwandan Government, ‘Report of the Investigation into the Causes and Circumstances of and Responsibility for the Attack of 06/04/1994 against the Falcon 50 Rwandan Presidential Aeroplane,’ Registration Number 9XR-NN, (2010). Open Google Scholar
- Penal Reform International (PRI), Eight years on…A record of Gacaca Monitoring in Rwanda (2010). Open Google Scholar
- National Service of Gacaca Courts, Summary Report on Gacaca Courts Activities, (18 June 2012). Open Google Scholar
- Amnesty International (1992), ‘Persecution of Tutsi Minority and Repression of Government Critics 1990-1992,’ available at <http://web.amnesty.org/library/print/ENGAFR470021992>. Open Google Scholar
- Government of Rwanda, ‘The 1993 Arusha peace agreement,’ available at <http://www.gov.rw/?lang=en>. Open Google Scholar
- Amnesty International, ‘Reports of Killings and Abductions by the Rwandese Patriotic Army, April–August 1994,’ 14 October 1994, AI Index AFR 47/016/1994, available at <www.amnesty.org/library/pdf/AFR470161994ENGLISH/$File/AFR4701694.pdf>. Open Google Scholar
- ‘Statement to the Security Council by the Rwandan Representative on 8 November 1994’ at the Tribunal’s website, <www.ictr.org/default.html>. Open Google Scholar
- UNSC, ‘Report of the Security Council on the Situation Concerning Rwanda’ 8 November 1994, UN Doc. S/PV. 3453, available at <http: //www.undemocracy.com/S-PV-3453.pdf.>. Open Google Scholar
- United States Institute for Peace, ‘Rwanda: Accountability for War Crimes and Genocide,’ 1995, available at <http://www.usip.org/oc/sr/rwanda1.hmtl>. Open Google Scholar
- Amnesty International, ‘Rwanda Unfair Trials: Justice Denied,’ (AI Index AFR 47/008/1997), 8 April 1997, available at <www.amnesty.org/library/pdf/AFR470081997ENGLISH/$File/AFR4700897.pdf>. Open Google Scholar
- ‘A Lawyers Committee Report on the ICTR and National Trials: Prosecuting Genocide in Rwanda,’ July 1997, at <http://www.unwatch.com/rwanda.html>. Open Google Scholar
- ‘Rwanda executes genocide convicts,’ 24 April 1998 available at <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/82960.stm>. Open Google Scholar
- Amnesty International, ‘Rwanda: 22 People, executed on 24 April,’ AI Index: AFR 47/15/98, 27 April 1998, available at <http://www.amnesty.org/es/library/asset/AFR47/015/1998/es/285a93fd-f880-11dd-b378-142bfbe1838/ afr470151998en.pdf >. Open Google Scholar
- Human Rights Watch, ‘Rwanda: Human Rights Developments,’ 1999, available at <http:www.hrw.org/wr2k/Africa-08.htm>. Open Google Scholar
- Organisation for African Unity, ‘Special Report of the International Panel of Eminent Personalities to Investigate the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda and the Surrounding Events,’ June 1998-July 2000, available at <http://www.oau-oua.org/document/ipep/ipep.html>. Open Google Scholar
- Fujii L.A., ‘Origins of Power and Identity in Rwanda,’ Annual Conference Paper of the International Studies Association, Chicago, 20-24 February 2001, available at <http://www.isanet.org/archive/fujii.htm>. Open Google Scholar
- International Crisis Group (ICG), ‘International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Justice Delayed,’ Africa Report N° 30, 7 June 2001, available at <http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/central-africa/rwanda>. Open Google Scholar
- PRI, ‘Research on Gacaca Report, Report III,’ April–June 2002, available at <http://www.penalreform.org/reports-4.html>. Open Google Scholar
- Askin K., ‘Legal Precedents in Rwanda, Crimes of War Project,’ 2001, available at <http://www.crimesofwar.org/tribun-mag/rwanda_print.html>. Open Google Scholar
- Amnesty International, ‘Gacaca: A Question of Justice,’ AI Index AFR 47/007/2002, 17 December 2002, available at <http://www.amnesty.org/en/library>. Open Google Scholar
- Gabiro G., ‘Silent Victims of Rwanda’s Genocide,’ 2003 available at <http://www.hirondelle.org/hirondelle.nsf/0/e50bea4b77a0482bc1256763005ac92a?OpenDocument>. Open Google Scholar
- Rhone H.C., ‘International Jurisdiction and Reconciliation-Experiences from the ICTR,’ Max-Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law, 2003 available at <http://www.iuscrim.mpg.de/shared/data/pdf/international_jurisdiction_and_reconciliation_ _experiences_from_the_ictr_(rohne).pdf>. Open Google Scholar
- Lovdal Gulseth H., ‘The Use of Propaganda in the Rwandan Genocide: A Study of Radio-Télévision Libre des Mille Collines,’ May 2004, available at <http://www.duo.uio.no/publ/statsvitenskap/2004/19095/19095.pdf> . Open Google Scholar
- Amnesty International, ‘Rwanda: Marked for Death, Rape Survivors Living with HIV/AIDS in Rwanda,’ 2004, available at <http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR47/007/2004>. Open Google Scholar
- Minorities at Risk Project, ‘Chronology for Tutsis in Rwanda,’ 2004, available at <http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/469f38d6c.html>. Open Google Scholar
- Cacioppo C., ‘Report on Education and Reintegration of Former Prisoners in Rwanda: The Attempt of Ingando and Viewing Reconciliation as a Duty Instead of a Choice,’ Ligue des Droits de la Personne dans la Region des Grands Lacs, 2005, available at <http://www.christinacacioppo.com/content/publications/EducationAndReintegrationOfFormerPrisoners.pdf>. Open Google Scholar
- Hirondelle News, ‘Case of Rwandan Lawyer Revives Tensions between Kigali and the ICTR’, 7 March 2006, available at <http://allafrica.com/stories/200603080400.html>. Open Google Scholar
- Busingye J., Presentation on the ‘Reality and Challenges of Legal and Judicial Reconstruction in Rwanda,’ Center for International Legal Cooperation, The Hague, 7 December 2006, available at <www.cilc.nl/Post_Conflict_Situations.pdf>. Open Google Scholar
- Hirondelle News Agency, ‘General Opening of the Semi-Traditional Tribunals,’ 3 January 2007, available at <www.hirondelle.org>. Open Google Scholar
- Hirondelle News Agency, ‘Rwanda Liberates over 9192 Prisoners,’ 19 February 2007, available at <www.hirondellenews.org>. Open Google Scholar
- Amnesty International, ‘Rwanda Abolishes Death Penalty,’ 2007, available at <http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/good-news/rwanda-abolishes-death-penalty-2007080>. Open Google Scholar
- ‘The ASF Recommendations,’ April 2008, available at <www.asf.be/index.php?module=publicaties&lang=fr&id=53>. Open Google Scholar
- ‘Rwanda: Sweden, France, Ready to Receive ICTR-Convicted Genocide Persons,’ 8 March 2008, <http://allafrica.com/stories/200803080020.html>. Open Google Scholar
- Rwandan Development Gateway, ‘Gacaca Courts to Get More Powers,’ 7 March 2008, available at <http://www.rwandagateway.org/Art...php3?id_Art..=8283>. Open Google Scholar
- PRI, ‘Report XI, 2008,’ available at <www.penalreform.org/reports-4.html>. Open Google Scholar
- African Rights, ‘Survivors and Post-Genocide Justice in Rwanda: Their Experiences, Perspectives and Hopes,’ London/Kigali, November 2008, available at <www.redress.org/reports.html>. Open Google Scholar
- BBC News Africa 2008, ‘Rwanda: How the Genocide Happened,’ <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13431486>. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1145/1859852.1859853
- PRI Report, August 2009, ‘The Settlement of Property Offence Cases Committed during the Genocide: Update on the Execution of Agreements and Restoration Orders,’ available at <http://www.penalreform.org/reports>. Open Google Scholar
- United Nations Report, ‘Rwanda: A Brief History of the Country,’ 2009 at <http://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/education/rwandagenocide.shtml>. Open Google Scholar
- National Unity and Reconciliation Commission, ‘Rwanda Reconciliation Barometer,’ 2010, available at <http://www.nurc.gov.rw/fileadmin/templates/Documents/ /Rwanda_Reconciliation_Barometer.pdf>. Open Google Scholar
- National Unity and Reconciliation Commission, ‘Reconciliation tools,’ 2012 available at< http://www.nurc.gov.rw/reconciliation-tools/itorero.html>. Open Google Scholar
- ‘The 10 January 2012 French Report Clearing Kagame Forces of Killing Former President,’ available at <http://gov.rw/French-Judges-release-report-on-the-plane-crash-used-as-a-pretext-to-start-genocide-in-Rwan>. Open Google Scholar
- ‘Gacaca jurisdictions,’ available at <http://www.inkikoGacaca.gov.rw/En/Enintroduction.html >. Open Google Scholar
- Supreme Court, ‘Genocide trials,’ available at <http//www.supremecourt.gov.rw>. Open Google Scholar
- ICTR, ‘Status of ICTR cases,’ available at <http://www.unictr.org/Cases/tabid/204/Default.aspx>. Open Google Scholar
- Bureau of African Affairs, ‘U.S. Department of State, Background Note: Rwanda,’ at <http://www.state.gov/r/pa/bgn/index.cfm?docid=2861>. Open Google Scholar
- Government of Rwanda, ‘The relationship between the ordinary Bahutu, Batutsi and Batwa,’ available at <http://www.rwanda1.com/government>. Open Google Scholar
- Ahorugeze case at <http://intlcrimlawdigest.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/20090527-supreme-court sweden-ahorugeze.pdf>. Open Google Scholar
- African Rights, Rwanda Not so Innocent: When Women Become Killers, African Rights, (1995). Open Google Scholar
- African Rights, Rwanda: Death, Despair, and Defiance, London, African Rights, (1995). Open Google Scholar
- Ashworth A., Principles of Criminal Law, 5th edn, Oxford, Oxford University Press, (2006). Open Google Scholar
- Atkins D., The Alleged Transnational Criminal, Martinus Nijhoff and International Bar Association, (1995). Open Google Scholar
- Bassiouni M.C., Introduction to International Criminal Law, Ardsley, Transnational Publishers, (2003). Open Google Scholar
- Bassiouni M.C. and Wise E.M., Aut Dedere Aut Judicare: The Duty to Extradite or Prosecute in International Law, Ardsley, Transnational Publishers, (1995). Open Google Scholar
- Bornkamm P.C., Rwanda's Gacaca Courts: Between Retribution and Reparation Oxford, Oxford University Press, (2012). Open Google Scholar
- Burton J., Conflict: Resolution and Prevention, Basingstoke, MacMillan Press Ltd, (1990). Open Google Scholar
- Cassese A., et al., International Criminal Law: Cases and Commentary, Oxford, Oxford University Press, (2011). Open Google Scholar
- Cassese A., International Criminal Law, 1st ed., Oxford, Oxford University Press, (2003). Open Google Scholar
- Cassese A., International Criminal Law, 2nd edn, Oxford, Oxford University Press, (2008). Open Google Scholar
- Clark P. and Kaufman Z.D. (eds.), After Genocide: Transitional Justice, Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Reconciliation in Rwanda and Beyond, London, Hurst & Co., (2008). Open Google Scholar
- Clark P., The Gacaca Courts, Post-Genocide Justice and Reconciliation in Rwanda, Justice with Lawyers, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, (2011). Open Google Scholar
- Cryer R. et al., An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure, Cambridge University Press, (2007). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511801006.002
- Dallaire R., Shake Hands with the Devil: The failure of Humanity in Rwanda, London, Arrow Books, (2005). Open Google Scholar
- Daly E. and Sarkin J., Reconciliation in Divided Societies: Finding Common Ground, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania University Press, (2007). Open Google Scholar
- Des Forges A., Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, New York, Human Rights Watch, (1999). Open Google Scholar
- Destexhe A., Rwanda and Genocide in the Twentieth Century, New York, New York University Press, (1995). Open Google Scholar
- Drost P.N., The Crime of State: Penal Protection for Fundamental Freedoms of Persons and Peoples, Book II Genocide, Leyden, A.W. Sythoff, (1959). Open Google Scholar
- Drumbl M.A., Atrocity, Punishment, and International Law, New York, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, (2007). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1007/s12142-007-0022-6
- El Zeidy M.M., The Principle of Complementarity in International Criminal Law: Origin, Development and Practice, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, (2008). Open Google Scholar
- Ellicott K. (ed.), Countries of the World and their Leaders Yearbook, Vol. 2 Detroit, Thomson Gale, (2006). Open Google Scholar
- Ellis M.S. and Goldstone R.J. (eds.), The International Criminal Court: Challenges to Achieving Justice and Accountability in the 21st Century, New York, International Debate Association, (2008). Open Google Scholar
- Eltringham N., Accounting for Horror: Post-Genocide Debates in Rwanda, London, Pluto Press, (2004). Open Google Scholar
- Eser A., Sieber U. and Kreiker H. (eds.), National Prosecution of International Crimes, Vol. 5, Dunker & Humblot.Berlin, (2005). Open Google Scholar
- Ferdinandusse W.N., Direct Application of International Criminal Law in National Courts, The Hague, T.M.C Asser Press, (2006). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-707-4_2
- Gourevitch P., We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families: Stories from Rwanda, New York, Picador, (1998) Open Google Scholar
- Gready P., The Era of Transitional Justice, The Aftermath of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa and Beyond, Routledge, (2011). Open Google Scholar
- Harrell P., Rwanda’s Gamble: Gacaca and a New Model of Transitional Justice New York, Writers Club Press, (2003). Open Google Scholar
- Hatzfeld J., A Time for Machetes: The Rwandan Genocide: The Killers Speak, Indiana University, (2010). Open Google Scholar
- Hazan P., Judging War, Judging History: Behind Truth and Reconciliation, Stanford University Press, (2010). Open Google Scholar
- Heikkilä M., International Criminal Tribunals and Victims of Crime, Institute For Human Rights, Åbo Akademi University, (2004). Open Google Scholar
- Henham R., and Behrens P., The Criminal Law of Genocide, International, Comparative and Contextual Aspects, Ashgate, (2007). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1017/S1744552307003047
- Henman R. and Behrens P. (eds.), The Criminal Law of Genocide, International, Comparative and Contextual Aspects, Aldershot, Ashgate, (2006). Open Google Scholar
- Huyse L. and Salter M. (eds.), Traditional Justice and Reconciliation after Violent Conflict: Learning from African Experiences, Stockholm, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), (2008). Open Google Scholar
- Inazumi M., Universal Jurisdiction in Modern International Law: Expansion of National Jurisdiction for Prosecuting Serious Crimes under International Law, Oxford, Intersentia, (2005). Open Google Scholar
- John Berry A. and Pott Berry C. (ed.), Genocide in Rwanda: A Collective Memory, Washington DC, Howard University Press, (1999). Open Google Scholar
- Jones J.RW.D., The Practice of the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, Transnational Publishers Inc., (1998). Open Google Scholar
- Jones N. A., The Courts of Genocide, Politics and the Rule of Law in Rwanda and Arusha, Routledge, (2010). Open Google Scholar
- Kamukama D., Rwanda Conflict: Its Roots and Regional Implications, Kampala, Fountain Press, (1997). Open Google Scholar
- Kleffner J.K., Complementarity in the Rome Statute and National Criminal Jurisdictions, Oxford, Oxford University Press, (2008). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238453.001.0001
- Kuper L., Genocide: Its Political use in the Twentieth Century, Yale University Press, (1981). Open Google Scholar
- Lemarchand R., Rwanda, Burundi: Politics and Government, London, Pall Mall Press, (1970). Open Google Scholar
- Linden I., Church and Revolution in Rwanda, Manchester University Press, Manchester, (1977). Open Google Scholar
- Louis W.R., Ruanda-Urundi, 1884-1919, Oxford, Clarendon Press, (1963). Open Google Scholar
- Magnarella P.J., Justice in Africa; Rwanda’s Genocide, Its Courts and the UN Criminal Tribunal, Aldershot, Ashgate Publishing Ltd, (2000). Open Google Scholar
- Mamdani M., When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda, Princeton University Press, (2001). Open Google Scholar
- Maquet J.J., The Premise of Inequality in Ruanda: A Study of Political Relations in a Central African Kingdom, London, Oxford, Oxford University Press, (1961). Open Google Scholar
- Maslow A. H., Motivation and Personality, 3rd edn, New York, Longman, (1987). Open Google Scholar
- Mbanda L. and Wamberg S., Committed to Conflict: The Destruction of the Church in Rwanda London, SPCK, (1997). Open Google Scholar
- McGoldrick D., Rowe P. and Donnelly E. (eds.), The Permanent International Criminal Court: Legal and Policy Issues, Oxford and Portland Oregon, Hart Publishing, (2004). Open Google Scholar
- Melvern L., A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda's Genocide London, Zed Books, (2000). Open Google Scholar
- Mettraux G., International Crimes and the Ad hoc Tribunals, Oxford University Press, (2005). Open Google Scholar
- Mettraux G., The Law of Command Responsibility, Oxford University Press, (2009). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199559329.001.0001
- Minow M., Between Vengeance and Forgiveness, Facing History After Genocide and Mass Violence, Boston, Beacon Press, (1998). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1111/j.1571-9979.1998.tb00170.x
- Morris V. and Scharf M., The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Vol.1 Irvington-on-Hudson, Transnational Publishers, (1998). Open Google Scholar
- Moghalu, K., Rwanda’s Genocide: The Politics of Global Justice, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, (2005). Open Google Scholar
- Mugwanya G.W., The Crime of Genocide in International Law: Appraising the Contribution of the UN Tribunal For Rwanda, Cameron, May, (2007). Open Google Scholar
- Naqvi Y.Q., Impediments to Exercising Jurisdiction over International Crimes, The Hague, T.M.C Asser Press, (2010). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-649-7
- Nersessian D.L., Genocide and Political Groups, Oxford, Oxford University Press, (2010). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588909.003.0005
- Newbury C., The Cohesion of Oppression: Clientship and Ethnicity in Rwanda, 1860-1960, New York, Columbia University Press, (1988). Open Google Scholar
- Nyankanzi E.L., Genocide: Rwanda and Burundi, Schenkman Books, (1998). Open Google Scholar
- Olusanya O., Double Jeopardy without Parameters: Re-Characterisation in International Criminal Law, Antwerpen, Intersentia, (2004). Open Google Scholar
- Peskin V., International Justice in Rwanda and the Balkans: Virtual Trials and the Struggle for State Cooperation, Cambridge University Press, (2008). Open Google Scholar
- Philipp Book J., Appeal and Sentence in International Criminal Law, Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, (2011). Open Google Scholar
- Prunier G., The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide, London, Hurst and Co., (1995). Open Google Scholar
- Quigley J.B., The Genocide Convention: An International Law Analysis, Ashgate, (2006). Open Google Scholar
- Ramer S. R. and Abrams J. S., Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law: Beyond the Nuremberg Legacy, 2nd edn, Oxford, Oxford University Press, (2001). Open Google Scholar
- Saha S.C. (ed.), Perspectives on Contemporary Ethnic Conflict: Primal Violence or the Politics of Conviction?, Lexington Books, (2006). Open Google Scholar
- Schabas W.A., Genocide in International Law: The Crime of Crimes, 1st edn (2000) and 2nd edn, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, (2009). Open Google Scholar
- Schabas W.A. and Imbleau M., Introduction to Rwandan Law, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, (1997). Open Google Scholar
- Schabas W.A., Genocide in International Law, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, (2000). Open Google Scholar
- Schabas W.A., An Introduction to the International Criminal Court, 1st edn (2001), 2nd edn, (2004), 3rd edn (2007), 4th edn, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, (2011). Open Google Scholar
- Schabas W.A., Genocide in International Law: The Crime of Crimes, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, (2009). Open Google Scholar
- Schabas W.A., The UN International Criminal Tribunals: The Former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone, 1st edn, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, (2006). Open Google Scholar
- Schabbas W.A., An Introduction to the International Criminal Court, 3rd edn, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, (2007). Open Google Scholar
- Schabas W.A., Unimaginable Atrocities: Justice, Politics, and Rights at the War Crimes Tribunals, Oxford, Oxford University Press, (2012). Open Google Scholar
- Scherrer P., Justice in Transition and Conflict Prevention in Rwanda after the Genocide, Moers, Institute for Research on Ethnicity and Conflict Resolution, (1997). Open Google Scholar
- Schmidt P.R., A New Look at Interpretations of the Early Iron Age in East Africa: History in Africa, Brown University, (1975). Open Google Scholar
- Shelton D., Remedies in International Human Rights Law, 2nd edn, Oxford, Oxford University Press, (2005). Open Google Scholar
- Sites P., Control of the Basic Order, London, Dunellen Publishing Company, (1973). Open Google Scholar
- Stewart S., Conflict Resolution: A Foundation Guide, Winchester, Waterside Press, (1998). Open Google Scholar
- Straus S., The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda, New York, Cornell University Press, (2007). Open Google Scholar
- Stromseth J, Wippman D, and Brooks R., Can Might Make Rights?: Building the Rule of Law after Military Interventions, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, (2006). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511803086
- Sunga L.S., The Emerging System of International Criminal Law: Developments in Codification and Implementation, The Hague, Kluwer Law International, (1997). Open Google Scholar
- Thompson A. (ed.), The Media and the Rwanda Genocide, Pluto Press, (2007). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004160552.i-776.14
- Tomuschat C. (ed.), State Responsibility and the Individual: Reparation in Instances of Grave Violations of Human Rights, The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, (1999). Open Google Scholar
- Trebilcock M.J, and Daniels R.J., Rule of Law Reform and Development: Charting the Fragile Path of Progress, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, (2008). Open Google Scholar
- Twagilimana A., Hutu and Tutsi, The Risen Publishing Group, inc, New York, (1998). Open Google Scholar
- United Nations Department of Public Information, The United Nations and Rwanda 1993-1996, Vol. X, New York, (1996). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.2307/2137706
- Van den Herik L.J., The Contribution of the Rwanda Tribunal to the Development of International Law, The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, (2005). Open Google Scholar
- Vansina J., Mauny R., and Thomas L.V., The Historian in Tropical Africa, London, (1964). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.2307/1157482
- Wallensteen P., Understanding Conflict Resolution: War, Peace, and the Global System, London, Sage Publications, (2002). Open Google Scholar
- Werle G., Principles of International Criminal Law, 1st edn, The Hague, T.M.C. Asser Press, (2005). Open Google Scholar
- Werle G., Principles of International Criminal Law, 2nd edn, The Hague, T.M.C. Asser Press, (2009). Open Google Scholar
- Wilson R.A., Writing History in International Criminal Trials, Cambridge University Press, (2011). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511973505.007
- Ambos K., ‘Individual Criminal Responsibility in International Criminal Law: A Jurisprudential Analysis-From Nuremberg to the Hague,’ in Kirk McDonald G, and Swaak-Goldman O. (eds.), Substantive and Procedural Aspects of International Criminal Law; The Experience of International and National Courts, Vol. 1, The Hague, Kluwer Law International, (2000). Open Google Scholar
- Ambos K., ‘International Criminal Law at the Crossroads: From ad hoc Imposition to a Treaty-based Universal System,’ in Stahn C. and Van den Herik L. (eds.), Future perspectives on International Criminal Justice, The Hague, T.M.C Asser Press, (2010). Open Google Scholar
- Barbara O., ‘Rwanda’s Gacaca: Objectives, Merits and their Relation to Supranational Criminal Law,’ in Haveman R. and Olusanya O. (eds.), Sentencing and Sanctioning in Supranational Criminal Law, Antwerpen, Intersentia, (2006). Open Google Scholar
- Bassiouni M.C., ‘Assessing Conflict Outcomes: Accountability and Impunity,’ in Bassiouni M.C. (ed.), The Pursuit of International Criminal Justice: A World Study of Conflicts, Victimisation, and Post-Conflict Justice, Vol.1, Portland, Intersentia, (2010). Open Google Scholar
- Behrendt U., ‘The prosecution of the Rwandan Genocide,’ in Werle G. (ed), Justice in Transition-Prosecution and Amnesty in Germany and South Africa, Berlin, Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, (2006). Open Google Scholar
- Ben-Naftali O., ‘The Obligations to Prevent and to Punish Genocide,’ in Gaeta P. (ed.), The UN Genocide Convention: A Commentary, Oxford, Oxford University Press, (2009). Open Google Scholar
- Bennett T.W., ‘Customary Criminal Law in the South African Legal System,’ in Fenrich J., Galizzi P. and Higgins T., The Future of African Customary Law, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, (2011). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511844294.017
- Boraine A., ‘Truth and Reconciliation: The Third Way,’ in Rotberg R. and Thompson A., (eds.), Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions, Princeton, Princeton University Press, (2000). Open Google Scholar
- Burnet J.E., ‘Justice, Truth, Reconciliation, and Revenge in Rwanda’s Gacaca,’ in Hinton A.L, (ed.), Transitional Justice: Global Mechanisms and Local Realities After Genocide and Mass Violence, Rutgers, The State University, (2010). Open Google Scholar
- Byamukama S. and Kapranos Huntley J.A., ‘Criminal Justice in the Aftermath of the 1994 Rwanda Genocide,’ in Henham R. and Behrens P., The Criminal Law of Genocide, International, Comparative and Contextual Aspects, Ashgate, (2007). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1017/S1744552307003047
- Chalk F., ‘Hate Radio in Rwanda,’ in Adelman H. and Suhrke A. (eds.), The Path of a Genocide: The Rwanda Crisis From Uganda to Zaire, New Brunswick, NJ and London, Transaction Publishers, (1999). Open Google Scholar
- Clark P., ‘Grappling in the Great Lakes: The Challenges of International Justice in Rwanda, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda,’ in Bowden B., Charlesworth H. and Farrall J. (eds.), Great Expectations: The Role of International Law in Restructuring Societies after Conflict, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, (2009). Open Google Scholar
- Dallaire R. and Manocha K., ‘The Major Powers and the Genocide in Rwanda,’ in Henham R. and Behrens P., The Criminal Law of Genocide, International, Comparative and Contextual Aspects, Ashgate, (2007). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1017/S1744552307003047
- Des Forges A. and Longman T., ‘Legal Responses to the Genocide in Rwanda,’ in Stover E. and Weinstein H.M (eds), My Neighbor, My Enemy, Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, (2004). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511720352.005
- Drumbl M.A., ‘The Crime of Genocide’ in B.S Brown (ed.), Research Handbook on International Criminal Law, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, (2011). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.4337/9780857933225.00011
- Ellis M.S., ‘The Contribution of Non-Governmental Organisations to the Creation of International Criminal Tribunals,’ in B.S Brown (ed.), Research Handbook on International Criminal Law, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, (2011). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.4337/9780857933225.00016
- Fernandez L., ‘Reparation for Human Rights Violations Committed by the Apartheid Regime in South Africa,’ in Randelzhofer A. and Tomuschat C., State Responsibility and the Individual: Reparation in Instances of Grave Violations of Human Rights, The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, (1999). Open Google Scholar
- Fischer H., ‘Concurrent Jurisdiction: Developments and Issues,’ in Yepes-Enríquez R, and Tabassi L. (eds.), Treaty Enforcement and International Cooperation in Criminal Matters, The Hague, T.M.C. Asser Press, (2002). Open Google Scholar
- Gahima G., ‘Alternatives to Prosecution: The Case of Rwanda,’ in Hughes E., (eds.), Atrocities and International Accountability: Beyond Transitional Justice, Tokyo, United National University Press, (2007). Open Google Scholar
- Hankel G., ‘Justice in Transition: The Case of Rwanda,’ in Werle G. (ed), Justice in Transition-Prosecution and Amnesty in Germany and South Africa, Berlin, Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, (2006). Open Google Scholar
- Ingelaere B., ‘The Gacaca Courts in Rwanda,’ in L. Huyse and M. Salter (eds.), Traditional Justice and Reconciliation after Violent Conflict: Learning from African Experiences, Stockholm, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), (2008). Open Google Scholar
- Isreal C.W., ‘Toward a Generic Definition of Genocide,’ in Andreopoulus J. (ed.), Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, (1994). Open Google Scholar
- Jessberger F., ‘The Definition and the Elements of the Crime of Genocide,’ in P. Gaeta (ed.), The UN Genocide Convention: A Commentary, Oxford, Oxford University Press, (2009). Open Google Scholar
- Jones J.R.W.D., ‘Whose Intent is it Anyway?: Genocide and the Intent to Destroy a Group,’ in Chand Vohrah L. et al. (eds.), Man’s Inhumanity to Man, Essays on International Law in Honour of Antonio Cassese, The Hague, Kluwer Law International, (2003). Open Google Scholar
- Karekezi A.et al., ‘Localizing Justice: Gacaca Courts in Post-Genocide Rwanda,’ in Stover E. and Weinstein H.M (eds), My Neighbor, My Enemy, Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, (2004). Open Google Scholar
- Karnavas M.G., ‘Is the Emerging Jurisprudence on Complicity in Genocide Before the International Ad hoc Tribunals a Moving Target in Conflict with the Principle of Legality?’ in Henman R. and Behrens P. (eds.), The Criminal Law of Genocide, International, Comparative and Contextual Aspects, Aldershot, Ashgate, (2006). Open Google Scholar
- Lattanzi F., ‘Concurrent Jurisdictions between Primacy and Complementarity,’ in Belleli R. (ed.), International Criminal Justice: Law and Practice from the Rome Statute to its Review, Aldershot, Ashgate Publishing Company, (2010). Open Google Scholar
- Longman T., ‘Justice at the Grassroots? Gacaca Trials in Rwanda,’ in Roht-Arriaza N. and Mariezcurrena J. (eds.), Beyond Truth versus Justice: Transitional Justice in the New Millennium, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, (2006). Open Google Scholar
- Magsam D., ‘Coming to Terms with Genocide in Rwanda,’ in Kaleck W. et al. (eds.), International Prosecution of Human Rights Crimes, Berlin, Springer, (2007). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-46278-1_13
- Maquet J.J., ‘The Kingdom of Ruanda,’ in Forde D. (ed.), African Worlds: Studies in the Cosmological Ideas and Social Values of African peoples, London, Oxford University Press, (1954). Open Google Scholar
- Mibenge C., ‘Concurrent Application of International, National and African Laws in Rwanda,’ in Yepes-Enríquez R. and Tabassi L. (eds.), Treaty Enforcement and International Cooperation in Criminal Matters, The Hague, T.M.C. Asser Press, (2002). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-695-4_12
- Møse E., ‘The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda,’ in Belleli R. (ed.), International Criminal Justice: Law and Practice from the Rome Statute to its Review, Aldershot, Ashgate Publishing Company, (2010). Open Google Scholar
- Moghalu K.C., ‘Prosecute or Pardon? Between Truth Commissions and War Crimes Trials,’ in Sriram C.L. and Pillay S. (eds.), Peace versus Justice? The Dilemma of Transitional Justice in Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, (2009). Open Google Scholar
- Mucyo J., ‘Gacaca Courts and Genocide,’ in Villa-Vicencio C. and Savage T. (eds.), Rwanda and South Africa in Dialogue: Addressing the Legacies of Genocide and a Crime against Humanity, Cape Town, Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, (2001). Open Google Scholar
- Nadya Sadat L., ‘Understanding the Complexities of International Criminal Tribunal Jurisdiction,’ in W.A and Bernaz N. (eds.), Routledge Handbook of International Criminal Law, New York, Routledge, (2011). Open Google Scholar
- Negri S., ‘Equality of Arms- Guiding Light or Empty Shell?’ in Bohlander M., International Criminal Justice: A critical Analysis of Institutions and Procedures, Cameron May, (2007). Open Google Scholar
- Ngoga M., ‘The Institutionalisation of Impunity: A Judicial Perspective of the Rwandan Genocide,’ in Clark P. and. Kaufman Z. D (eds.), After Genocide, Transitional Justice, Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Reconciliation in Rwanda and Beyond, London Hurst & Co., (2008). Open Google Scholar
- Nsereko D.D.N., ‘Genocide: A Crime against Mankind,’ in Kirk McDonald G. and Swaak-Goldman O. (eds.), Substantive and Procedural Aspects of International Criminal Law: The Experience of International and National Courts, Vol. 1, The Hague, Kluwer Law International, (2000). Open Google Scholar
- O’ Shea S., ‘Interaction between International Criminal Tribunals and National Legal systems,’ in Franck T.M. and Fox G.H. (eds.), International Law Decisions in National Courts, Transnational publishers, (1996). Open Google Scholar
- Oomen B., ‘Justice Mechanisms and the Question of Legitimacy: The Example of Rwanda’s Multi-Layered Justice Mechanisms,’ in Ambos K. et al., Building a Future on Peace and Justice: Studies on Transitional Justice, Peace and Development, Berlin, Springer, (2009). Open Google Scholar
- Oomen B., ‘Rwanda’s Gacaca: Objectives, Merits and their Relation to Supranational Criminal Law,’ in Haveman R. and Olusanya O. (eds.), Sentencing and Sanctioning in Supranational Criminal Law, Antwerpen, Intersentia, (2006). Open Google Scholar
- Otunnu O., ‘An Historical Analysis of the Invasion by the Rwanda Patriotic Army (RPA),’ in Adelman, H. and Suhrke A. (ed.), The Path of a Genocide The Rwanda Crisis from Uganda to Zaire, New Brunswick, NJ and London, Transaction Publishers, (1999). Open Google Scholar
- Otunnu O., ‘Rwandese Refugees and Immigrants in Uganda,’ in Adelman H. and Suhrhe A. (eds), The Path of a Genocide: The Rwanda Crisis from Uganda to Zaire, New Brunswick, NJ and London, Transaction Publishers, (1999). Open Google Scholar
- Prost K., ‘State Cooperation and Transfers,’ in W.A and Bernaz N. (eds.), Routledge Handbook of International Criminal Law, New York, Routledge, (2011). Open Google Scholar
- Prost K., ‘The ICTY and its Relationship with National Jurisdictions: Powers, Limits, and Misconceptions,’ in Swart B., Zahar A. and Sluiter G. (eds.), The Legacy of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Oxford, Oxford University Press, (2011). Open Google Scholar
- Prunier G., ‘The Rwandan Patriotic Front,’ in C. Clapham (ed.), African Guerillas, Oxford, James Currey, (1998). Open Google Scholar
- Reyntjens F. and Vandeginste S, ‘Rwanda: An Atypical Transition’ in Skaar E. et al, Roads to Reconciliation, Lanham, Md, Lexington Books (2005). Open Google Scholar
- Roht-Arriaza N., ‘Reparations in the Aftermath of Repression and Mass Violence,’ in Stover E. and Weinstein H.M (eds), My Neighbor, My Enemy, Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, (2004). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511720352.009
- Rombouts H. and Vandeginste S., ‘Reparation for Victims in Rwanda: Caught between Theory and Practice,’ in De Feyter K. et al.(eds), Out of the Ashes: Reparation for Victims of Gross and Systematic Human Rights Violations, Antwerpen, Intersentia, (2005). Open Google Scholar
- Salomon T., ‘Freedom of Speech v. Hate Speech: The jurisdiction of Direct and Public Incitement to Commit Genocide,’ in Henham R. and Behrens P., The Criminal Law of Genocide, International, Comparative and Contextual Aspects, Ashgate, (2007). Open Google Scholar
- Scharf M.P. and Day M., ‘The Ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals: Launching a New Era of Accountability,’ in W.A and Bernaz N. (eds.), Routledge Handbook of International Criminal Law, New York, Routledge, (2011). Open Google Scholar
- Sisk B.,‘The Role of the UN Archives in the Long-Term Legacy of the ICTY,’ in R. Steinberg (ed.), Assessing the Legacy of the ICTY, Martinus Nijhoff, (2011). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004186248.i-318.68
- Strain E. and Keyes J. (eds.), ‘Accountability in the Aftermath of Rwanda’s Genocide,’ in Stromseth E., Accountability for Atrocities: National and International Responses, Ardsley, Transnational Publishers, (2003). Open Google Scholar
- Uvin P., ‘The Gacaca Tribunals in Rwanda,’ in Bloomfield D. et al. (eds.), Reconciliation after Violent Conflict: A Handbook, Stockholm, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), (2003). Open Google Scholar
- Van Den Herik L., ‘The Schism between the Legal and the Social Concept of Genocide,’ in Henman R. and Behrens P. (eds.), The Criminal Law of Genocide, International, Comparative and Contextual Aspects, Aldershot, Ashgate, (2006). Open Google Scholar
- Van Sliedregt E., ‘Command Responsibility at The ICTY-Three Generations of Case-Law and still Ambiguity,’ in Swart B, Zahar A. and Sluiter G. (eds.), The Legacy of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Oxford, Oxford University Press, (2011). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573417.003.0014
- Vandeginste S., ‘Victims of Genocide, Crimes against Humanity, and War Crimes in Rwanda: The Legal and Institutional Framework of their Right to Reparation,’ in Torpey J., Politics and the Past: On Repairing Historical Injustices, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., (2003). Open Google Scholar
- Waldorf L., ‘Rwanda’s Failing Experiment in Restorative Justice,’ in Sullivan D. and Tifft L. (eds.), Handbook of Restorative Justice: A Global Perspective, London, Routledge, (2006). Open Google Scholar
- Webster D., ‘The Uneasy Relationship between the ICTR and Gacaca,’ in Straus S, and Waldorf L, (eds.), Remaking Rwanda: State Building and Human Rights after violence, University of Wisconsin Press, (2011). Open Google Scholar
- Wedgwood R., ‘National Courts and the Prosecution of War Crimes,’ in Kirk McDonald G. and Swaak-Goldman O. (eds.), Substantive and Procedural Aspects of International Criminal Law; The Experience of International and National Courts, Vol. 1, The Hague, Kluwer Law International, (2000). Open Google Scholar
- Zhu W., ‘The Doctrine of Command Responsibility as applied to Civilian Civilian Leaders: The ICTR and the Kayishema Case,’ in S. Yee and T. Wang (eds.), International Law in the Post-Cold War World: Essays in Memory of Li Haopei, Routledge, (2001). Open Google Scholar
- Acquaviva G., ‘Was a Residual Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals Really Necessary?’ 9 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2011), 789-796. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqr031
- Akhavan P., ‘The Crime of Genocide in the ICTR Jurisprudence,’ 3 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2005), 989-1006. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqi060
- Akhavan P., ‘The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: The Politics and Pragmatics of Punishment,’ 90 American Journal of International Law, (1996), 501-510. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.2307/2204076
- Alvarez J.E., ‘Crimes of States/Crimes of Hate: Lessons from Rwanda,’ 24 Yale Journal of International Law, (1999), 365-483. Open Google Scholar
- Amstutz M. R., ‘Is Reconciliation Possible After Genocide?: The Case of Rwanda,’ 48 The Journal of Church and State, (2006), 541–565. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jcs/48.3.541
- Arenhövel M., ‘Democratization and Transitional Justice,’ 15 Democratization, (2008), 570-587. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1080/13510340801991114
- Askin K.D., ‘Prosecuting Wartime Rape and Other Gender-Related Crimes under International Law: Extraordinary Advances, Enduring Obstacles,’ 21 Berkeley Journal of International Law, (2003), 288-349. Open Google Scholar
- Askin K.D., ‘Sexual Violence in Decisions and Indictments of the Yugoslav and Rwandan Tribunals: Current Status,’ 93 American Journal of International Law, (1999), 97-123. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.2307/2997957
- Askin K.D., ‘Gender Crimes Jurisprudence in the ICTR: Positive Developments,’ 3 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2005), 1007-1018. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqi061
- Barria L.A and Roper S.D., ‘How Effective are International Criminal Tribunals?: An Analysis of the ICTY and ICTR,’ 9 The International Journal of Human Rights, (2005), 349-368. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1080/13642980500170782
- Bassiouni M.C., ‘A Functional Approach to General Principles of International Law,’ 11 Michigan Journal of International Law, (1990), 768-818. Open Google Scholar
- Benesch S., ‘Vile Crime or Inalienable Right: Defining Incitement to Genocide,’ 48 Virginia Journal of International Law, (2008), 498-499. Open Google Scholar
- Borland R.M., ‘The Gacaca Tribunals and Rwanda after Genocide: Effective Restorative Community Justice or Further Abuse of Human Rights? 13 Swords and Ploughshares Journal of International Affairs, (2003). Open Google Scholar
- Brady H. and Goy B., ‘Current Developments at the Ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals,’ 6 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2008), 569-607. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqn035
- Braley M.B., ‘Rooting, Reforming, Restoring: A Framework for Justice in Rwanda,’ 4 Journal of Lutheran Ethics, (2004). Open Google Scholar
- Brounéus K., ‘Truth-Telling as a Talking Cure? Insecurity and Retraumatization in the Rwandan Gacaca Courts,’ 39 Security Dialogue, (2008), 55-76. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1177/0967010607086823
- Brown B.S., ‘Primacy or Complementarity: Reconciling the Jurisdiction of National Courts and International Criminal Tribunals,’ 23 Yale Journal of International Law, (1998), 383 -436. Open Google Scholar
- Burnet J., ‘The Injustice of Local Justice: Truth, Reconciliation, and Revenge in Rwanda,’ 3 Genocide Studies and Prevention, (2008), 173-193 Open Google Scholar
- Carlsson I., ‘The UN Inadequacies,’ 3 Journal of International Criminal Justice (2005), 837-846. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqi057
- Carroll C.M., ‘An Assessment of the Role and Effectiveness of the International Criminal Tribunal For Rwanda and the Rwandan National Justice System in Dealing with the Mass Atrocities of 1994,’ 18 Boston University International Law Journal, (2000), 163-200. Open Google Scholar
- Cassese A., ‘Reflections on International Criminal Justice,’ 61 The Modern Law Review (1998), 1-10. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.00124
- Chidi Nmaju M., ‘The Role of Judicial Institutions in the Restoration of Post-Conflict Societies: The Cases of Rwanda and Sierra Leone,’ 16 Journal of Conflict and Security Law, (2011), 357–384. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/krr012
- Clark P., ‘Hybridity, Holism, and Traditional Justice,’ 39 The George Washington International Law Review, (2007), 765-838. Open Google Scholar
- Cobban H., ‘The Legacies of Collective Violence: The Rwandan Genocide and the Limits of Law,’ 27 Boston Review, (2002), 4–15. Open Google Scholar
- Collins A., ‘State-Induced Security Dilemma. Maintaining the Tragedy,’ 39 Cooperation and Conflict, (2004), 27-44. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1177/0010836704040833
- Corey A. and Joireman S. F., ‘Retributive Justice: The Gacaca Courts in Rwanda,’ 103 African Affairs, (2004), 73-89. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adh007
- D’Amato A., ‘Peace vs. Accountability in Bosnia,’ 88 American Journal of International Law, (1994), 500-506. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.2307/2203717
- Daly E., ‘Between Punitive and Reconstructive Justice: The Gacaca Courts in Rwanda,’ 34 New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, (2002), 355-396. Open Google Scholar
- Dawson G. and Boynton R., ‘Reconciling Complicity in Genocide and Aiding and Abetting Genocide in the Jurisprudence of the United Nations Ad Hoc Tribunals,’ 21 Harvard Human Rights Journal, (2008), 241- 279. Open Google Scholar
- Del Ponte C., ‘Investigation and Prosecution of Large-Scale Crimes at the International Level: The Experience of the ICTY,’ 4 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2006), 539-558. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mql032
- Della Morte G., ‘De-Mediatizing the Media Case: Elements of a Critical Approach,’ 3 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2005), 1019–1033. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqi064
- Des Forges A., ‘The Ideology of Genocide,’ 23 A Journal of Opinion, (1995), 44-47. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.2307/1166506
- De Waal A., Group Identity, Rationality, and the State, 11 Critical Review, (1997), 279-289. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1080/08913819708443457
- Drumbl M. A., ‘Punishment, Post Genocide: From Guilt to Shame to Civis in Rwanda,’ (2000), 75 New York University Law Review, (2000), 1221-1326. Open Google Scholar
- Drumbl M.A., ‘Collective Violence and Individual Punishment: The Criminality of Mass Atrocity,’ 99 North Western University Law Review, (2005), 539-610. Open Google Scholar
- Drumbl M.A., ‘Law and Atrocity: Settling Accounts in Rwanda,’ 31 Ohio Northern University Law Review, (2005), 41-74. Open Google Scholar
- Drumbl M.A., ‘Rule of Law and Lawlessness: Counseling the Accused in Rwanda's Domestic Genocide Trials,’ 29 Columbia Human Rights Law Review, (1998), 545-639. Open Google Scholar
- Drumbl M.A., ‘Prosecution of Genocide versus the Fair Trial Principle,’ 8 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2010), 289-309. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqq010
- Drumbl M.A., ‘Punishment, Postgenocide: From Guilt to Shame to Civis in Rwanda,’ 75 New York University Law Review, (2000), 1221-1322. Open Google Scholar
- Elzeidy M.M., ‘From Primacy to Complementarity and Backwards (Re-) Visiting Rule 11 bis of the Ad hoc Tribunals,’ 57 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, (2008), 403-415. Open Google Scholar
- Ferstman C. J., ‘Rwanda’s Domestic Trials for Genocide and Crimes against Humanity,’ 9 African Journal of International and Comparative Law, (1997), 1-15. Open Google Scholar
- Fierens J., ‘Gacaca Courts: Between Fantasy and Reality,’ 3 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2005), 896-919. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqi069
- Finch George A., ‘The Nuremberg Trial and International Law,’ 41 American Journal of International Law, (1947), 20-37. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.2307/2193852
- Fink J.B., ‘Deontological Retributivism and the Legal Practice of International Jurisprudence,’ 49 Journal of African Law, (2005), 101-131. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1017/S0021855305000100
- Fletcher L.E and Weinstein H.M., ‘Violence and Social Repair: Rethinking the Contribution of Justice to Reconciliation,’ 24 Human Rights Quarterly, (2002), 573-639. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2002.0033
- Gahima G., ‘Accountability for Atrocity, Lessons from Rwanda,’ 8 Georgetown. Journal of International Affairs, (2007), 110-123. Open Google Scholar
- Gallimore T., ‘The Legacy of the International Criminal Tribunal For Rwanda (ICTR) and its Contributions to Reconciliation in Rwanda,’ 14 New England Journal of International and Comparative Law, (2008), 239-266. Open Google Scholar
- Galtung J., ‘Violence, Peace, and Peace Research,’ 6 Journal of Peace Research, (1969), 167-191. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1177/002234336900600301
- Gaynor F., ‘Uneasy Partners and Evidence, Truth and History in International Trials,’ 10 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2012), 1-19. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqs065
- Glasius M., ‘Do International Criminal Courts Require Democratic Legitimacy?’ 23 European Journal of International Law, (2012), 43-46. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chr104
- Godinho Jorge A.F., ‘The Surrender Agreements between the US and the ICTY and ICTR: A Critical View’ 1 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2003), 502-516. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/1.2.502
- Gready P., ‘You are Either With us or Against us: Civil Society and Policy Making in Post-Genocide Rwanda,’ 109 African Affairs, (2010), 637-657. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adq038
- Graybill L. and Lanegran K., ‘Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation in Africa: Issues and Cases,’ 8 African Studies Quarterly, (2004), 1-18. Open Google Scholar
- Haffajee R.L., ‘Prosecuting Crimes of Rape and Sexual Violence at the ICTR: The Application of Joint Criminal Enterprise Theory,’ 29 Harvard Journal of Law and Gender, (2006), 201-221. Open Google Scholar
- Harmon M.B. and Gaynor F., ‘Prosecuting Massive Crimes with Primitive Tools: Three Difficulties Encountered by Prosecutors in International Criminal Proceedings,’ 2 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2004), 403-426. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/2.2.403
- Harpster E., ‘Rwanda and the Problem of Peace,’ 2 The American Undergraduate Journal of Politics and Government, (2002), 1-61. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1109/84.982864
- Haws C., ‘Suffering, Hope and Forgiveness: The Ubuntu Theology of Desmond Tutu,’ 62 Scottish Journal of Theology, (2009), 477-489. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1017/S0036930609990123
- Ironside P., ‘Rwandan Gacaca: Seeking Alternative Means to Justice, Peace and Reconciliation,’ 15 New York International Law Review, (2002), 1-26. Open Google Scholar
- Jallow H.B., ‘Prosecutorial Discretion and International Criminal Justice,’ 3 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2005), 145-161. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/3.1.145
- Kabatsi F., ‘Defining or Diverting Genocide: Changing the Comportment of Genocide,’ 5 International Criminal Law Review, (2005), 387-400. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1163/1571812054940085
- Kamatali J.M., ‘The Challenge of Linking International Criminal Justice and National Reconciliation,’16 Leiden Journal of International Law, (2003), 115-133. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1017/S0922156503001067
- Kellow C.L., and Leslie Steeves H., ‘The Role of Radio in the Rwandan Genocide,’ 8 Journal of communication, (1998), 111-126. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1998.tb02762.x
- Kelman H., ‘Conflict Resolution and Reconciliation: A Social Psychological Perspective on Ending Violent Conflict between Identity Groups,’ 1 Landscapes of Violence, (2010), 1-9. Open Google Scholar
- Kirkby C., ‘Rwanda’s Gacaca Courts: A Preliminary Critique,’ 50 Journal of African Law, (2006), 94- 117. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1017/S0021855306000106
- Kolb R., ‘The Jurisprudence of the Yugoslav and Rwandan Criminal Tribunals on their Jurisdiction and on International Crimes,’ 71 British Yearbook of International Law, (2000), 259-315. Open Google Scholar
- Kreicker H., ‘National Prosecution of Genocide from a Comparative Perspective,’ 5 International Criminal Law Review, (2005), 313-327. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1163/1571812054940184
- Kreß C., ‘The Crime of Genocide under International Law,’ 6 International Law Review, (2006), 461-502. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1163/157181206778992287
- Kubai A., ‘Between Justice and Reconciliation: The Survivors of Rwanda,’ 16 African Security Review, (2007), 53-66. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2007.9627634
- Kuperman A.J., ‘Revoking Genocide: a Revised History of the Rwandan Patriotic Front,’ 6 Journal of Genocide Research, (2004), 61-84. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1080/1462352042000194719
- LeBlanc L.J., ‘The Intent to Destroy Groups in the Genocide Convention: The Proposed U.S. Understanding,’ 78 American Journal of International Law, (1984), 369-385. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.2307/2202281
- Leebaw B.A., ‘The Irreconcilable Goals of Transitional Justice,’ 30 Human Rights Quarterly, (2008), 95-118. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2008.0014
- Lehnardt C., ‘Individual Liability of Private Military Personnel under International Criminal Law,’ 19 European Journal of International Law, (2008), 1015-1034. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chn058
- Lekha Sriram C., ‘Revolutions in Accountability: New Approaches to Past Abuses,’ 19 American University International Law Review, (2003), 301- 429. Open Google Scholar
- Lemarchand R., ‘Rwanda: The Rationality of Genocide,’ 23 A Journal of Opinion, (1995), 8-11. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.2307/1166499
- Lemkin R., ‘Genocide as an International Crime,’ 41 American Journal of International Law, (1947), 145-147. Open Google Scholar
- Levine J.D II, ‘The Doctrine of Command Responsibility and its Application to Superior Civilian Leadership: Does the International Criminal Court Have the Correct Standard?’ 193 Military Law Review, (2007), 52-96. Open Google Scholar
- Longman T., ‘Trying Times for Rwanda,’ 32 Harvard International Review, (2010), 48-52. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511642043.003
- Magnarella P.J., ‘How Could it Happen?: The Background and Causes of the Genocide in Rwanda,’ 3 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2005), 801-822. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqi059
- Maguire L., ‘Power Ethnicised: The Pursuit of Protection and Participation in Rwanda and Burundi,’ 2 Buffalo Journal of International Law, (1995), 49-60. Open Google Scholar
- Mallinder L., ‘Can Amnesties and International Justice be Reconciled?’ 2 International Journal of Transitional Justice, (2007), 208-230. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijm020
- Mamdani M., ‘African States, Citizenship and War,’ 78 International Affairs, (2002), 493-506. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.00263
- Margetts K. and Kappos K.I., ‘Current Developments at the Ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals,’ 10 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2012), 447-487. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqs013
- Mason D., ‘Structures of Ethnic Conflict: Revolution versus Secession in Rwanda and Sri Lanka,’ 15 Terrorism and Political Violence, (2003), 83-113. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1080/09546550390450492
- May L., ‘Complicity and the Rwandan Genocide,’ 16 Journal Res Publica, (2010), 135-152. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1007/s11158-010-9112-4
- McCourt K., ‘Judicial Defenders: Their Role in Post Genocide Justice and Sustained Legal Development,’ 3 International Journal of Transitional Justice, (2009), 272-283. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijp006
- Megwalu A., ‘Dilemmas of Justice and Reconciliation: Rwandans and the Gacaca Courts,’ 18 African Journal of International and Comparative Law, (2010), 1-23. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.3366/E0954889009000486
- Meloni C., ‘Command Responsibility: Mode of Liability for the Crimes of Surbodinates or Separate Offence of the Superior?’ 5 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2007), 619-637. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqm029
- Mendeloff D., ‘Trauma and Vengeance: Assessing the Psychological and Emotional Effects of Post-Conflict Justice,’ 31 Human Rights Quarterly, (2009), 592-623 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1353/hrq.0.0100
- Meron T., ‘International Criminalisation of Atrocitiies,’ 89 American Journal of International Law, (1995), 554-577. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.2307/2204173
- Meyerstein A., ‘Between Law and Culture: Rwanda's Gacaca and Postcolonial Legality,’ 32 Law and Social Inquiry, (2007), 467-508. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2007.00066.x
- Mibenge C., ‘Enforcing International Humanitarian Law at the National Level: The Gacaca Jurisdictions of Rwanda,’ 7 Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, (2004), 410-424. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1017/S1389135904004106
- Milanovic M., ‘State Responsibility for Genocide,’ 17 European Journal of International Law, (2006), 553-604. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chl019
- Ministry of Justice, ‘Rwanda,’ 1 The Rwandan Law Review, (2006), 168-175. Open Google Scholar
- Minogue O., ‘Peace vs. Justice: The Utility of Amnesties,’ 29 Criminal Justice Ethics, (2010), 306-314. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1080/0731129X.2010.524042
- Morrill C.F., ‘Reconciliation and the Gacaca: The Perceptions and Peace-Building Potential of Rwandan Youth Detainees,’ 6 Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution, (2004), 1-66. Open Google Scholar
- Morris M.H., ‘The Trials of Concurrent Jurisdictions, the Case of Rwanda,’ 7 Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, (1997), 349-374. Open Google Scholar
- Møse E., ‘Appraising the Role of the ICTR: Main Achievements of the ICTR,’ 3 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2005), 920-943. Open Google Scholar
- Møse E., ‘The ICTR Completion Strategy-Challenges and Possible Solutions,’ 6 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2008), 667-679. Open Google Scholar
- Mujuzi J.D., ‘Steps Taken in Rwanda’s Efforts to Qualify for the Transfer of Accused from the ICTR,’ 8 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2010), 242-245. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqq011
- Mujuzi J.D., ‘The Prospect of Rehabilitation as a ‘Substantial and Compelling’ Circumstance to avoid Imposing Life Imprisonment in South Africa: A Comment on S v Nkomo,’ 21 South African Journal of Criminal Justice, (2008), 1-21. Open Google Scholar
- Mukherjee G., ‘Achieving Reconciliation through Prosecution in the Courts: Lessons from Rwanda,’ 28 Conflict Resolution Quarterly, (2011), 331-348. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1002/crq.20026
- Mukimbiri J., ‘The Seven Stages of the Rwandan Genocide,’ 3 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2005), 823-836. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqi070
- Mullins C.W., ‘We are Going to Rape you and Taste Tutsi Women: Rape During the 1994 Rwandan Genocide,’ 49 The British Journal of Criminology, (2009), 719-735. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azp040
- Mundis D.A. and Gaynor F., ‘Current Developments at the Ad hoc International Tribunals,’ 2 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2004), 642-698. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/2.2.642
- Mundis D.A. and Gaynor F., ‘Current Developments at the Ad hoc International Tribunals,’ 4 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2006), 1134-1160. Open Google Scholar
- Murithi T., ‘African Approaches to Building Peace and Social Solidarity,’ 6 African Journal on Conflict Resolution, (2006), 9-34. Open Google Scholar
- Nash K., ‘A Comparative Analysis of Justice in Post-Genocidal Rwanda: Fostering a Sense of Peace and Reconciliation,’ 1 Africana, (2007), 59-100. Open Google Scholar
- Natalya Clark J., ‘The Limits of Retributive Justice: Findings of an Empirical Study in Bosnia and Herzegovina,’ 7 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2009), 463-487. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqp041
- Natalya Clark J., ‘The ICTY and Reconciliation in Croatia: A Case Study of Vukovar,’ 10 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2012), 397-422. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqs017
- Nerlich V., ‘Superior Responsibility under Article 28 ICC Statute: For What Exactly is the Superior Held Responsible?’ 5 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2007), 665-682. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqm033
- Nerlich V., ‘The Confirmation of Charges Procedure at the International Criminal Court: Advance or Failure?’ 10 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2012), 1-18. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqs061
- Nersessian D.L., ‘The Razor’s Edge: Defining and Protecting Human Groups under the Genocide Convention,’ 36 Cornell International Law Journal, (2003), 311-351. Open Google Scholar
- Newbury C., ‘Ethnicity and the Politics of History in Rwanda: Africa Today,’ 45 Indiana University Press, (1998), 7-24. Open Google Scholar
- Newbury D. and Newbury C., ‘Bringing the Peasants Back In: Agrarian Themes in the Construction and Corrosion of Statist Historiography in Rwanda,’ 105 American Historical Review, (2000), 832-877. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.2307/2651812
- Newbury D., ‘Background to Genocide in Rwanda,’ 23 A Journal of Opinion, (1995), 12-17. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.2307/1166500
- Nice Geoffrey Q.C. and Vallières-Roland P., ‘Procedural Innovations in War Crimes Trials,’ 3 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2005), 354-380. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqi043
- Nizich I., ‘International Tribunals and their Ability to Provide Adequate Justice: Lessons From the Yugoslav Tribunal,’ 7 ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law, (2001), 353-368. Open Google Scholar
- Nowak M., ‘The Need for a World Court of Human Rights,’ 7 Human Rights Law Review, (2007), 251-259. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngl026
- Nsanzuwera F.X., ‘The ICTR Contribution to National Reconciliation,’ 3 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2005), 944-949. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqi066
- Orentlicher D.F., ‘Settling Accounts: The Duty to Prosecute Human Rights Violations of a Prior Regime,’ 100 New York Law Journal, (1991), 2562-2568. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.2307/796903
- Ottley B.L., and Kleinhaus T., ‘Confronting the Past: The Elusive Search for Post-Conflict Justice,’ 46 Irish Jurist, (2010), 107-115. Open Google Scholar
- Pankhurst D., ‘Issues of Justice and Reconciliation in Complex Political Emergencies: Conceptualising Reconciliation, Justice and Peace,’ 20 Third World Quarterly, (1999), 239-256. Open Google Scholar
- Peskin V., ‘Courting Rwanda: The Promises and Pitfalls of the ICTR Outreach Programme,’ 3 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2005), 950-961. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqi072
- Peskin V., ‘Rwandan Ghosts: Eight Years after the Genocide, an International Tribunal is Failing to Sort the Criminals from the Victims,’ Legal Affairs, (2002), 21-32. Open Google Scholar
- Pittman T., ‘The Road to the Establishment of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals: From Completion to Continuation,’ 9 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2011), 797-817. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqr042
- Purdeková A., ‘Building a Nation in Rwanda?: De-ethnicisation and its Discontents,’ 8 Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, (2008), 502-523. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9469.2008.00031.x
- Quayle P., ‘Unimaginable Evil : The Legislative Limitations of the Genocide Convention,’ 5 International Criminal Law Review, (2005), 363-372. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1163/1571812054940120
- Ramsbotham O., ‘The Analysis of Protracted Social Conflict: Attribute to Edward Azar,’ 31 Review of International Studies, (2005), 109-126. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1017/S0260210505006327
- Raper J., ‘The Gacaca Experiment: Rwanda's Restorative Dispute Resolution Response to the 1994 Genocide,’ 5 Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal, (2005), 1-56. Open Google Scholar
- Reed W.C., ‘Exile, Reform, and the Rise of the Rwandan Patriotic Front,’ 34 The Journal of Modern African Studies, (1996), 479-501. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00055567
- Rennie J.K., ‘The Pre-Colonial Kingdom of Rwanda: A Reinterpretation,’ 2 Transafrican Journal of History, (1972), 11-53. Open Google Scholar
- Rettig M., ‘Gacaca: Truth, Justice and Reconciliation in Post Conflict Rwanda?’ 51 African Studies Review, (2008), 25-50. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1353/arw.0.0091
- Reydams L., ‘The ICTR TenYears On: Back to the Nuremberg Paradigm?’ 3 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2005), 977-988. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqi067
- Richters A. et al., ‘Reconciliation in the Aftermath of Violent Conflict in Rwanda,’ 3 Intervention, (2005), 211-215. Open Google Scholar
- Roht-Arriaza N., ‘State Responsibility to Investigate and Prosecute Grave Human Rights Violations in International Law,’ 78 California Law Review, (1990), 451-512. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.2307/3480726
- Rugege S., ‘Judicial Independence in Rwanda,’ 19 Pacific McGeorge Global Business and Development Law Journal, (2007), 411-425. Open Google Scholar
- Sanders E.R., ‘The Hamitic Hypothesis: Its Origin and Functions in Time Perspective,’ 10 Journal of African History, (1969), 521-532. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700009683
- Sandesh S., ‘Courts of Armed Opposition Groups,’ 7 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2009), 489-514. Open Google Scholar
- Sarkin J., ‘Promoting Justice, Truth and Reconciliation in Transitional Societies: Evaluating Rwanda's Approach in the New Millennium of using Community-Based Gacaca Tribunals to Deal with the Past,’ 2 International Law Forum, (2000), 112 -121. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1163/15718040020962537
- Sarkin J., ‘The Necessity and Challenges of Establishing a Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Rwanda,’ 21 Human Rights Quarterly, (1999), 767 -823. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1353/hrq.1999.0053
- Schabas W.A., ‘Genocide Trials and Gacaca Courts,’ 3 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2005), 879-895. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqi062
- Schabas W.A., ‘Hate Speech in Rwanda: The Road To Genocide,’ 46 McGill Law Journal, (2000), 141-171. Open Google Scholar
- Schabas W.A., ‘Problems of International Codification: Were the Atrocities in Cambodia and Kosovo Genocide?’ 35 New England Law Review, (2001), 287-302. Open Google Scholar
- Schabas W.A., ‘National Courts Finally Begin to Prosecute Genocide, the ‘Crime of Crimes,’ 1 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2003), 39-63. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/1.1.39
- Shnabel N. et al., ‘The Role of Acceptance and Empowerment in Promoting Reconciliation from the Perspective of the Needs-Based Model,’ 2 Social Issues and Policy Reviews, (2008), 159-186. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2008.00014.x
- Shnabel N. and Nadler A., ‘A Needs-Based Model of Reconciliation: Satisfying the Differential Emotional Needs of Victim and Perpetrator as a Key to Promoting Reconciliation,’ 94 Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, (2008), 116-132. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.116
- Shyaka A. et al., ‘Peace and Conflict Trends in Africa, The Great Lakes Region,’ 1 Journal of African Conflicts and Peace Studies, (2008), 1-6. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5038/2325-484X.1.1.1
- Simonovic I., ‘Dealing with the Legacy of Past War Crimes and Human Rights Abuses, Experiences and Trends,’ 2 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2004), 701-710. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/2.3.701
- Smeulers A. and Hoex L., ‘Studying the Micro Dynamics of the Rwandan Genocide,’ 50 British Journal of Criminology, (2010), 435–454. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azq004
- Sosnov M., ‘The Adjudication of Genocide: Gacaca and the Road to Reconciliation in Rwanda,’ 36 Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, (2008), 125- 262. Open Google Scholar
- Starkman P., ‘Genocide and International Law: Is There a Cause of Action,’ 8 ASIL International Law Journal, (1984), 7-14. Open Google Scholar
- Staub E. et al., ‘Healing, Reconciliation, Forgiving and the Prevention of Violence after Genocide or Mass Killings: An Intervention and its Experimental Evaluation in Rwanda,’ 24 Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, (2005), 297-334. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1521/jscp.24.3.297.65617
- Staub E., ‘Genocide and mass killing: Origins, Prevention, Healing and Reconciliation,’ 21 Political Psychology, (2000), 367-376. Open Google Scholar
- Staub E., ‘Justice, Healing, and Reconciliation: How the Peoples’ Courts in Rwanda Can Promote Them,’ 10 Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, (2004), 25-32. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1207/s15327949pac1001_2
- Staub E., ‘Reconciliation after Genocide, Mass Killing, or Intractable Conflict: Understanding the Roots of Violence, Psychological Recovery, and Steps toward a General Theory,’ 27 Political Psychology, (2006), 867-894. Open Google Scholar
- Staub E., Pearlman L.A. and Miller V., ‘Healing the Roots of Genocide in Rwanda,’ 15 Peace Review, (2003), 287-294. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1080/1040265032000130878
- Storey A., ‘Economics and Ethnic Conflict: Structural Adjustment in Rwanda,’ 17 Development Policy Review, (1999), 43-63. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1111/1467-7679.00076
- Straus S., ‘How Many Perpetrators were there in the Rwandan Genocide? An Estimate,’ 6 Journal of Genocide Research, (2004), 85–98. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1080/1462352042000194728
- Straus S., ‘The Order of Genocide: The Dynamics of Genocide in Rwanda,’ 2 Genocide Studies and Prevention An International Journal, (2007), 259-264. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1353/gsp.2011.0084
- Stromseth J., ‘Justice on the Ground: Can International Criminal Courts Strengthen Domestic Rule of Law in Post-Conflict Societies?’ 1 Hague Journal of Rule of Law, (2009), 87-97. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1017/S1876404509000876
- Swart B., ‘Damaska and the Faces of International Criminal Justice,’ 6 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2008), 87-114. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqm082
- Szoke-Burke S., ‘Avoiding Belittlement of Human Suffering: A Retributivist Critique of ICTR Sentencing Practices,’ 10 Journal of International Criminal Justice (2012), 561-580. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqs029
- Thelle E.H., ‘The Gacaca Jurisdictions: A Solution to the Challenge of the Rwandan Judicial Settlement?’ 13 Human Rights in Development, (2001), 73-107. Open Google Scholar
- Tiemessen A.E., ‘After Arusha: Gacaca Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda,’ 8 African Studies Quarterly, (2004), 57-76. Open Google Scholar
- Tomuschat C., ‘International Criminal Prosecution: The Precedent of Nuremberg Comfirmed,’ 5 Criminal Law Forum, (1994), 237-247. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1007/BF01683218
- Tomuschat C., ‘Reparation for Victims of Grave Human Rights Violations,’ 10 Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law, (2002), 157-184. Open Google Scholar
- Tully D.L., ‘Human Rights Compliance and the Gacaca Jurisdictions in Rwanda,’ 26 Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, (2002), 385-414. Open Google Scholar
- Uvin P. and Mironko C., ‘Western and Local Approaches to Justice in Rwanda,’ 9 Global Governance, (2003), 219-231. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.2307/1514870
- Van der Meeren R., ‘Three Decades in Exile: Rwandan Refugees 1960-1990’ 9 Journal of Refugee Studies, (1996), 252-267. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jrs/9.3.252
- Van Der Wilt H.G., ‘Genocide, Complicity in Genocide and International v. Domestic Jurisdiction,’ 4 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2006), 239-257. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mql014
- Venter C.M., ‘Eliminating Fear through Recreating Community in Rwanda: The Role of the Gacaca Courts,’ 13 Texas Wesleyan Law Review, (2007), 577-580. Open Google Scholar
- Vetter G.R., ‘Command Responsibility of Non-Military Superiors in the International Criminal Court,’ 25 Yale Journal of International Law, (2000), 113-155. Open Google Scholar
- Wald W., ‘Genocide and Crimes against Humanity,’ 6 Washington University Global Studies Law Review, (2007), 621-633. Open Google Scholar
- Waldorf L., ‘Mass Justice for Mass Atrocities: Rethinking Local Justice as Transitional Justice,’ 79 Temple Law Review, (2006), 1-87. Open Google Scholar
- Walter Dorn A. and Matloff J., ‘Preventing the Bloodbath: Could the UN have Predicted and Prevented the Rwandan Genocide?’ 20 Journal of Conflict Studies, (2000), 9-52. Open Google Scholar
- Werchick L., ‘Prospects for Justice in Rwanda's Citizen Tribunals,’ 8 Human Rights Brief, (2001), 15 -28. Open Google Scholar
- Werle G. and Burghardt B., ‘Do Crimes against Humanity Require the Participation of a State or a ‘State-like’ Organisation?’ 10 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2012), 1151-1170. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqs069
- Werle G. and Jessberger F., ‘Unless Otherwise Provided: Article 30 of the ICC Statute and the Mental Element of Crimes under International Criminal Law,’ 3 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2005), 35-55. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/3.1.35
- Werle G., ‘Individual Criminal Responsibility in Article 25 ICC Statute,’ 5 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2007), 953-975. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqm059
- Werle G., ‘Justice in Transition-Prosecution and Amnesty in Germany and South Africa,’ 20 Criminal Law Forum, (2009), 519-524. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-559-9_18
- Williamson J.A., ‘Command Responsibility in the Case Law of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda,’ 13 Criminal Law Forum, (2002), 365-384. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1023/A:1023353027752
- Wilson R.A., ‘Judging History: The Historical Record of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia,’ 27 Human Rights Quarterly, (2005), 908-942. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2005.0045
- Wing A.K. and Johnson M.R., ‘The Promise of a Post-Genocide Constitution Healing Rwandan Spirit Injuries,’ 7 Michigan Journal of Race and Law, (2002), 247-257. Open Google Scholar
- Volf M., ‘Forgiveness, Reconciliation, and Justice: A Theological Contribution to a More Peaceful Social Environment,’ 29 Millennium Journal of International Justice, (2000), 861-877. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1177/03058298000290030601
- Yan L., ‘The Work of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in 2002,’ 2 Chinese Journal of International Law, (2003), 655-660. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.cjilaw.a000495
- Zacklin R., ‘The Failings of the Ad hoc Tribunals,’ 2 Journal of International Criminal Justice, 541-545. Open Google Scholar
- Zahar A., ‘The ICTR’s Media Judgement and Reinvention of Direct and Public Incitement to Commit Genocide,’ 16 Criminal Law Forum, (2005), 33-48. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1007/s10609-005-6734-x
- Zegveld L., ‘Remedies for Victims of Violations of International Humanitarian Law,’ 85 International Review of the Red Cross, (2003), 497-527. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1017/S1560775500183798
- Zegveld L., ‘Victims’ Reparations Claims and International Criminal Courts: Incompatible Values?’ 8 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2010), 79-111. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqp088
- Zolo D., ‘Peace through Criminal Law?’ 2 Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2004), 727-734. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/jicj/2.3.727
- Zorbas E., ‘Reconciliation in Post-Genocide Rwanda,’ 1 African Journal of Legal Studies, (2004), 29-52. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1163/221097312X13397499735904
- Zorbas E., ‘What does Reconciliation after Genocide Mean?: Public Transcripts and Hidden Transcripts in Post-Genocide Rwanda,’ 11 Journal of Genocide Research, (2009), 127-147. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1080/14623520802703707
- D. Other Sources Open Google Scholar
- I. Papers Open Google Scholar
- Codere H., Powers in Rwanda, 4 Anthropologica, Canadian Anthropology Society, (1962). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.2307/25604523
- ICTR Hands over Uwinkindi File to Rwanda Government, ICTR/INFO-9-2-699.EN, (18 January 2012). Open Google Scholar
- Information Center for Prison Studies, Prison Brief for Rwanda, London, International Center for Prison Studies, (2002). Open Google Scholar
- Information, Documentation and Training Agency, Arusha, Tanzania, Thousands Demonstrate against UN Tribunal, (29 February 2004). Open Google Scholar
- Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN), 4,500 Prisoners Released, (23 March 2004). Open Google Scholar
- Letter dated 28 September 1994 from the Permanent Representative of Rwanda to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council, S/1994/1115, (29 September 1994). Open Google Scholar
- Molenaar A., Gacaca: Grassroots Justice after Genocide, the Key to Reconciliation in Rwanda?, Research Report, Leiden, African Studies Centre, (2005). Open Google Scholar
- Mukantaganzwa D., Presentation at the International Conference on Gacaca Courts, Foundation for Sustainable Justice and Reconciliation-Achievements and Challenges of Gacaca Courts, Parliamentary Building, Kigali, 17 June 2012. Open Google Scholar
- Nantulya P.E, The Gacaca System in Rwanda, 4 Conflict Trends, (2001). Open Google Scholar
- National Commission for the Fight against Genocide (CNLG), 15 Years after the Genocide Perpetrated against Tutsi 1994-2009: Challenges and Prospects, (2010). Open Google Scholar
- National Unity and Reconciliation Commission (NURC), Opinion Survey on Participation in Gacaca and National Reconciliation, Kigali, NURC, (2003). Open Google Scholar
- National University of Rwanda, Centre for Conflict Management (CCM), Evaluation of Gacaca Achievements, (2012). Open Google Scholar
- Ndangiza F., Transitional Justice and Reconciliation, Paper delivered at the Conference on Policy Research, Ottawa, (21 November, 2002). Open Google Scholar
- Oomen B., Rwanda’s Gacaca: Objectives, Merits and their Relation to Supranational Criminal Law, Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, (2011). Open Google Scholar
- Recommendations of the Conference Held in Kigali from 1st to 5th November 1995 on, Genocide, Impunity and Accountability: Dialogue for a National and International Response, Kigali, (December 1995). Open Google Scholar
- Recommendations of the International Conference on Gacaca Courts, Foundation for Sustainable Justice and Reconciliation-Achievements and Challenges of Gacaca Courts, Parliamentary Building, Kigali, (17 June 2012). Open Google Scholar
- Republic of Rwanda, National Unity and Reconciliation Commission (NURC), Rwanda Reconciliation Barometer, UNDP, (October 2010). Open Google Scholar
- Van den Herik L., The Schism between the Legal and the Social Concept of Genocide in Light of the Responsibility to Protect, Leiden University, (2012). Open Google Scholar
- Wouters J. and Verhoeven S., The Domestic Prosecution of Genocide, Leuven centre for Global Governance studies and Institute for International Law, University of Leuven, Working Paper N° 55, (December 2010). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1766554
- II. Media/ Press Release Open Google Scholar
- Anni T., ‘Rwandan Government Promises to Work with War Crimes Court,’ Agence France Presse, International News, 24 November 1994. Open Google Scholar
- Bigg M., ‘U.N Rwanda Genocide Tribunal Adjourns,’ Reuters World Service, 9 January 1997. Open Google Scholar
- Bonner R., 'Rwanda's Leaders Vow to Build a Multiparty State for Hutu and Tutsi,’ New York Times, 7 September 1994. Open Google Scholar
- Crossett B., ‘Rwanda Atrocity Inquiries Focus on Former Officer,’ New York Times, 28 March 1996. Open Google Scholar
- Gasheegu M., ‘UNIFEM, RDF Decry Gender Violence,’ The New Times, Rwanda, 29 September 2007. Open Google Scholar
- Kanyesigye F., ‘Gacaca has Greatly Contributed to Peaceful Co-existence –IRDP,’ The New Times, Rwanda, 30 August 2011. Open Google Scholar
- Karake E.R., ‘Right to Host ICTR Archives,’ The New Times, Rwanda, September 2012. Open Google Scholar
- Karuhanga J., ‘Genocide Trials Should Be Heard in Rwanda-Martin Ngoga,’ The New Times, Rwanda, 30 January 2012. Open Google Scholar
- Kayiranga E., ‘Kurekura Ahorugeze Akidegembya ni Ugupfobya Jenoside-IBUKA,’ available at < http://www.izuba.org.rw/i-i-583-a-24381.izuba>. Open Google Scholar
- Kimenyi F., ‘Rwanda Should Celebrate Gacaca Legacy-Karugarama,’ The New Times, Rwanda, 18 June 2012. Open Google Scholar
- Musoni E., ‘ICTR Transfers another Case to Rwanda,’ The New Times, Rwanda, 9 October 2012. Open Google Scholar
- Neuffer E., ‘Amid Tribal Struggles, Crimes Go Unpunished,’ The Boston Globe, 8 December 1996. Open Google Scholar
- Ngeze H., ‘6 Issue,’ Kangura Newspaper, December 1990. Open Google Scholar
- Power S., ‘Bystanders to Genocide: Why the United States Let the Rwandan Tragedy Happen,’ Atlantic Monthly, September 2001. Open Google Scholar
- Tomlinson C., ‘Tug of War over Rwanda Suspect,’ The Independent, 13 March 1996. Open Google Scholar
- AFP, ‘ICTR Acquittal of Zigiranyirazo Shocked Rwanda,’ Agence France Presse, 18 December 2009. Open Google Scholar
- Behrendt U.P., ‘Dealing with the 1994 Genocide: A Comparative Analysis of Usefulness of the ICTR and Rwanda’s National Prosecutions,’ University of Western Cape, LLM Thesis, (2001). Open Google Scholar
- Des Forges A., ‘Defeat is the Only Bad News: Rwanda under Musinga (1896-1931),’ Yale University, PhD Thesis, (1972). Open Google Scholar
- Hailegebriel D., ‘A Comparative Analysis of Approaches by ICTY/ICTR and Ethiopia/Rwanda,’ Makerere University, LLM Thesis, (2003). Open Google Scholar
- Nkusi A., ‘A Description of Gacaca Courts: Do they constitute a Category of Retributive or Restorative Justice?’ University of Cape Town, LLM Thesis, (2011). Open Google Scholar
- Saucier J. F., ‘The Patron-Client Relationship in Traditional and Contemporary Southern Rwanda,’ Columbia University, PhD Thesis, (1974). Open Google Scholar
- Umugwaneza G., ‘A Comparison of the Prosecution of Crimes under the Statute of the ICTR and Rwandan Organic Law N° 08/96 of 30 August 1996,’ National University of Rwanda, LLB Dissertation, (1999). Open Google Scholar
- Wibabara C., ‘The Applicability and Execution of International Warrants,’ National University of Rwanda,’ LLB Research Dissertation, (2007). Open Google Scholar
- Wibabara C., ‘The Relationship between National and International Courts-A Critical Analysis,’ University of the Western Cape, LLM Thesis, (2009). Open Google Scholar
- Although this thesis mainly used the English language and literature, there are various references from other languages, mainly French, Kinyarwanda and German languages. Open Google Scholar
- French Open Google Scholar
- Akilimali A., ‘Le TPIR Comme un Élément du Retour à la Réconciliation Nationale, au Rétablissement et au Maintien de la Paix,’ Revue Juridique du Rwanda, (2006). Open Google Scholar
- Avocats Sans Frontières (ASF), Vade-Mecum: Le Crime de Génocide et les Crimes Contre L’Humanité devant Les Juridictions Ordinaires du Rwanda, Kigali/Bruxelles, (2004). Open Google Scholar
- Avocats Sans Frontières (ASF), Monitoring des Jurisdictions Gacaca, Phase de Jugement, Rapport Analytique, Septembre 2006, available at <www.asf.be/index.php?module=publicaties&lang=fr&id=53>. Open Google Scholar
- Bangamwabo F.X et al., Les Relations Interethiniques au Rwanda à la Lumière de L’agression d’Octobre 1990, Edition Universitaires du Rwanda, Ruhengeri, (1991). Open Google Scholar
- Bideri D., Le Massacre des Bagogwe: Un Prélude au Génocide des Tutsi Rwanda 1990-1993, (2008). Open Google Scholar
- Bindseil R., Le Ruanda et l’Allemagne depuis le Temps de Richard Kandt, Berlin, (1988). Open Google Scholar
- Braeckman C., Rwanda, Histoire d’un Génocide, Paris, Fayard, (1994). Open Google Scholar
- Brauman R., Devant le Mal: Rwanda, Un Génocide en Direct, (1994). Open Google Scholar
- Chrétien J., ‘Hutu et Tutsi au Rwanda et au Burundi,’ in J. Amselle and E. M'Bokolo, Au Coeur de l’Ethnie: Ethnie, Tribalisme et état en Afrique, (1985). Open Google Scholar
- Chrétien J., Rwanda: Les Médias du Génocide, (1995). Open Google Scholar
- Chrétien J.P., ‘Presse Libre et Propagande Raciste au Rwanda,’ 42 Politique Africaine, (1992). Open Google Scholar
- Cousineau M., ‘L’Établissement de l’État de Droit au Rwanda: Un But Irréalisable,’ 28 Ottawa Law Review, (1997). Open Google Scholar
- Debre C.B., La Véritable Histoire des Génocide Rwandais, Paris, Éditions Jean-Claude Gawsewitch, (2006). Open Google Scholar
- Deslaurier C., Le ‘Bushingantahe,’ Peut-il Réconcilier Le Burundi?, 92 Politique Africaine, (2003). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.3917/polaf.092.0076
- Erny P., ‘Catégories Spatiales et Structures Mentales au Rwanda,’ Cahiers de Sociologie Economique et Culturelle, (24 December 1994). Open Google Scholar
- Federation Internationale des Droits de L’Homme (FIDH), Rapport de la Commission Internationale d’Enquete (7-21 janvier 1993): Violations Massives et Systématiques des Droits de l’Homme depuis le 1er Octobre 1990 au Rwanda, Paris, (1993). Open Google Scholar
- Gasibirege S., ‘L’Élection des Juges Inyangamugayo: Rupture ou Continuité,’ in Ntaganda E. (ed.), De la Paix à la Justice: Les Enjeux de la Réconciliation Nationale, Cahiers du Centre de Gestion des Conflits N° 6, (2002). Open Google Scholar
- Gatera F., ‘Stratégies de Développement: Analyse des Effets du Modèle de Développement Suivis depuis L’Indépendance du Rwanda,’ in F. Rutembesa, et al. ‘Rwanda, Identité et Citoyenneté,’ Série N° 7 des Cahiers du Centre de Gestion des Conflits, CCM, (2003). Open Google Scholar
- Guichaoua A., Les Crises Politiques au Burundi et au Rwanda 1993-1994, (1995), Paris, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille, (1995). Open Google Scholar
- Guichaoua A., Rwanda 1994: Les Politiques du Génocide à Butare, (2005). Open Google Scholar
- Kabwete M.C., L’Idée de Démocratie au Rwanda de 1948 à 1994, UNR Mémoire de Licence, (1997). Open Google Scholar
- Kagame A., La Notion de Génération Appliquée à La Généologie Dynastique et à L’Histoire du Ruanda, des X-Xie Siecles à nos Jours, ARSC, Bruxelles, (1959). Open Google Scholar
- Kagame A., Les Organisations Socio-Familiales de L’Ancien Rwanda, (1954). Open Google Scholar
- Kagame A., Un Abrégé de l’Histoire du Rwanda de 1853 à 1972, Vol. 2, (1975). Open Google Scholar
- Karekezi A., ‘Juridictions Gacaca: Lutte Contre l’Impunité et Promotion de la Réconciliation Nationale,’ in Ntaganda, E. (ed.), Les Juridictions Gacaca et les Processus de Réconciliation Nationale, Cahiers du Centre de Gestion des Conflits (CCM), N° 3, Butare, Éditions de l’Université Nationale du Rwanda, (2001). Open Google Scholar
- Lewis J. and Knight J., Rapport d’Evaluation de la Situation des Twa et Pour La Promotion des Droits des Twa dans Le Rwanda d’apres Guerre, (1996). Open Google Scholar
- LIPRODHOR Report, Problématique des Informations et Témoignages devant Les Juridictions Gacaca, (2006). Open Google Scholar
- LIPRODHOR, Rapport de Monitoring des Prisons au Rwanda (2008), available at <www.liprodhor.org.rw/rapports.html>. Open Google Scholar
- LIPRODHOR, Situation des Droits de la Personne en 2005, Kigali, (December 2006), available at <www.liprodhor.org.rw/rapports.html>. Open Google Scholar
- Lugan B., Histoire du Rwanda: De la Préhistoire à nos Jours, (1997). Open Google Scholar
- Lugan B., Sources Écrites Pouvant Servir à L’Histoire du Rwanda: Etudes Rwandaises, N° Special, 5, XIV, (1980). Open Google Scholar
- Maniragaba B., ‘Le Mythe des Fils de Gihanga ou l’Histoire d’une Fraternité Toujours Manquée’ in Bangamwabo FX et al., Les Relations Interethniques au Rwanda à la Lumière de l’Agression d’Octobre 1990, Ruhengeri, Editions Universitaires du Rwanda, (1991). Open Google Scholar
- Ministere des Colonies, Rapport Annuel du Territoire de Nyanza (1925), in Rumiya J., Le Rwanda sur le Mandat Belge 1916-1931, (1992). Open Google Scholar
- Mujawimana E., ‘Le Commerce des Esclaves au Rwanda (1880-1918),’ Universite du Rwanda, Memoire de Licence, (1983). Open Google Scholar
- Ntampaka C., ‘Le Gacaca Rwandais, une Justice Répressive Participative,’ 6 Actualité du Droit International Humanitaire, (2001). Open Google Scholar
- Ntampaka C., ‘Le Retour à la Tradition dans Le Jugement du Génocide Rwandais: Le Gacaca, Justice Participative,’ 48 Bulletin Des Séances Académie Royale Des Sciences d’Outre-Mer, (2002). Open Google Scholar
- Penal Reform International, Rapport de Monitoring et de Recherches sur la Gacaca: Les Témoignages et la Preuve devant Les Juridictions Gacaca, (August 2008). Open Google Scholar
- Reyntjens F., ‘Le Gacaca ou la Justice du Gazon au Rwanda,’ 40 Politique Africaine, (1990). Open Google Scholar
- Reyntjens F., L’Afrique des Grands Lacs en Crise: Burundi, Rwanda 1988-1994, (1994). Open Google Scholar
- Rutagarama L., ‘Le Veil de la Conscience Politique des Masses Populaires au Mayaga de 1931-1957,’ Universite Nationale Du Rwanda, LLB Dissertation, (1988). Open Google Scholar
- Uwizeyimana L., ‘La Politique de l’Équilibre Ethnique et Régional dans l’Emploi,’ in F.X Bangamwabo et al., Les Relations Interethiniques au Rwanda à la Lumière de l’Agression d’Octobre 1990, (1991). Open Google Scholar
- Uwobasa M., ‘Promesse d’Éradiquer la Culture de L’Impunité,’ Le Verdict N° 60, (April 2004). Open Google Scholar
- Vandeginste S., ‘Poursuite des Présumés Responsables du Génocide et des Massacres Politiques Devant les Juridictions Rwandaises,’ in Marysse S. and Reyntjens F., (eds.), L’Afrique des Grands Lacs, (1996-1997). Open Google Scholar
- Vansina L., Le Rwanda Ancien: Le Royaume Nyiginya, (2001). Open Google Scholar
- Verhoeven J., ‘Le Crime de Génocide, Originalité et Ambiguïté,’ 24 Revue Belge de Droit International, (1991). Open Google Scholar
- Vidal C., ‘Les Politiques de la Haine,’ in Les Temps Modernes, (Juillet-Août 1995). Open Google Scholar
- Vidal C., ‘Colonisation et Décolonisation du Rwanda: La Question Tutsi-Hutu?’ 91 Revue Francaise d’Etudes Politiques Africaines, (1973). Open Google Scholar
- Kinyarwanda Open Google Scholar
- Avocats sans Frontieres (ASF), Ingendanyi, Imiburanishirize y’Icyaha cya Jenocide n’Ibyaha byibasiye Inyokumuntu mu Inkiko Zisanzwe z’u Rwanda 2004, Kigali et Bruxelles, (2005). Open Google Scholar
- De Beer D., Ikurikiranwa mu Nkiko ry’Ibyaha by’Itsembabwoko n’Itsembatsemba: Amategeko Rishingiyeho, Editions RCN, (1995). Open Google Scholar
- De Wolf Y, De Wolf R. and Ntampaka C., Itsembabwoko n’Itsembabtesemba mu Mategeko y’Rwanda, ASSEPAC Editions, (1997). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1002/lt.500030424
- F. Nsengiyumva, Ingoma Y’Amaraso, Kigali, Cladho, (1995). Open Google Scholar
- Ibarwa y’Abagaragu Bakuru b’Ibwami, Kinyamateka, Nº 22, (15 March 1958). Open Google Scholar
- Icyegeranyo cy’Ibyemezo by’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, Imanza z’Inshinjabyaha n’Iza Jenocide, (2006, 2007, 2008). Open Google Scholar
- Igitabo cy’Imanza Zaciwe N’inkiko Z’u Rwanda Zerekeranye N’Icyaha Cy’Itsembabwoko N’Itsembatsemba, Umutumba wa Gatandatu, (2005). Open Google Scholar
- Iteka N° 1/54 ry’Umwami Mutara Rudahigwa Rikuraho Ubuhake, Ritegeka Igabana ry’Inka Hagati y’Abagaragu na ba Shebuja. Open Google Scholar
- Mbonyintege A.S, Gacaca Ishobora Ite Kongera Kuba Inzira y’Ubwiyunge bw’Abanyarwanda, Urumuri rwa Kristu, (15 August 1995). Open Google Scholar
- Ministeri y’Ubutabera, Inkiko-Gacaca mu Manza z’Itsembatsemba Ryabaye mu Rwanda Kuva Tariki ya 1 Ukwakira 1990 Kugeza Tariki ya 31 Ukuboza 1994, (June 1999). Open Google Scholar
- MRND, ‘Amatwara y’u Rwanda mu y’Uburezi, Umuco n’Ubushakashatsi,’ Politique de l’Éducation, de la Culture, de la Recherché Scientifique et Technique au Rwanda, N° 1, (Octobre 1984). Open Google Scholar
- Mugesera A., Imibereho Y'Abatutsi Kuri Repubulika Ya Mbere N'iya Kabiri 1959-1990, Kigali, Les Editions Rwandaises, (2004). Open Google Scholar
- Muvunyi F., ‘Abatangabuhamya Basaga 30 ni bo Bamaze Kumvwa Mu Rubanza Rwa Rwabukombe,’ Igihe News, (1 November 2011), available at <http://www.igihe.com/amakuru/abatangabuhamya-ba.html>. Open Google Scholar
- Ndikubwimana C., Agatabo k’Imfanyanyigisho: Ingingo z’Ingenzi mu Mateka y’u Rwanda Kuva Rubayeho Kugeza mu Mwaka w’1994, (2004). Open Google Scholar
- Ntwali J.W., ‘Ubujurire bwa Uwinkindi Bwatewe Utwatsi, Byemezwa ko Azaburanira mu Rwanda,’ Igihe News, 20 December 2011, at <http://www.igihe.com/spip.php?article19269>. Open Google Scholar
- Rutembesa F. na Mutwarasibo E., Amateka ya Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi Muri Mugina, (April 2009). Open Google Scholar
- Rwaka G., ‘Imvo n’Imvano y’Urugamba rwo Kubohora u Rwanda, 1 Ukwakira 1990,’ Igihe news, (1 October 2012). Open Google Scholar
- Sebaganwa D., ‘Ntimukitane Ba Mwana’ in Kinyamateka N° 29, (August 1966). Open Google Scholar
- Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, ‘Raporo y’Urwego rw’Ubucamanza, (2006, 2007, 2008). Open Google Scholar
- Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, Umutwe Ushinzwe Inkiko-Gacaca, Imfashanyigisho ku Nkiko-Gacaca, (2001). Open Google Scholar
- Urwego rw’Igihugu Rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca, Imbonerahamwe Igaragaza Imanza Zaciwe, (Ugushyingo 2011). Open Google Scholar
- Urwego rw’Igihugu Rushinzwe Inkiko-Gacaca (RCN-Justice and Démocratie), Isomo ku Itegeko Ngenga N° 16/2004 ryo kuwa 19/06/2004 Rigena Imiterere, Ububasha n’Imikorere by’Inkiko Gacaca, (2004). Open Google Scholar
- German Open Google Scholar
- Behrendt U.P., Die Verfolgung des Völkermordes in Ruanda durch internationale und nationale Gerichte, Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, (2005). Open Google Scholar
- Bethe (Hauptmann,) Bericht über einen Zug nach Ruanda, Deutsche Kolonialblatt, (1899). Open Google Scholar
- Burghardt B., Die Vorgesetztenverantwortlichkeit im völkerrechtlichen Straftatsystem: Eine Untersuchung zur Rechtsprechung der internationalen Strafgerichthöfe für das ehemalige Jugoslawien und Ruanda, Berlin, Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, (2008). Open Google Scholar
- Graf von Gotzen, Durch Afrika von Ost nach West, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, and Richard Kandt, Caput Nili., Eine empfindsame Reise zuden Quellen des Nils, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 1919 (1st edition 1905), 2 vols., in G. Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide, (1995). Open Google Scholar
- Moisel M., Die Urundi-Ruandabahnn, Deutsche Kolonialzeitung, XXX, 25, (1913). Open Google Scholar
- Roel K., Erinnerungen an Ruanda und Seinen Sultan Musinga, Das Hochland, (1932), in B. Lugan, Histoire du Rwanda: De la Préhistoire à nos Jours, (1997). Open Google Scholar





