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Klimaschutzklagen gegen den Staat in den USA und Indien

Offenheit der Rechtsordnungen im Vergleich
Authors:
Publisher:
 12.05.2025

Summary

Strategic environmental litigation has a long-standing tradition in the United States and India. Their emissions drive global climate change. How accessible are these two common law legal systems to climate change litigation? In the U.S., climate protection lawsuits are filed in large numbers despite considerable legal obstacles, however with little success to date. In India, despite the nearly ideal legal framework, there have only been few cases with low impact. The comparison shows which aspects of the respective legal systems, especially the separation of powers, determine the justiciability of climate change. Placing the focus on India seeks to highlight the opportunities within legal systems of the Global South and render these more evident.

Keywords

Bibliographic data

Publication year
2025
Publication date
12.05.2025
ISBN-Print
978-3-7560-2455-1
ISBN-Online
978-3-7489-5199-5
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series
Studien zu Staat, Recht und Verwaltung/Studies on State, Law and Administration
Volume
40
Language
German
Pages
650
Product type
Book Titles

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access 1 - 28
      1. I. Forschung zu Klimaschutzklagen in Deutschland No access
      2. II. Forschung zu Klimaschutzklagen weltweit No access
      3. III. Rechtsvergleichende Forschung zu den USA und Indien No access
    2. B. Auswahl der Rechtsordnungen No access
      1. I. Kontextuelle Rechtsvergleichung No access
      2. II. Klassischer Aufbau mit Länderberichten und Rechtsvergleich No access
      3. III. Wirksamkeits- und Makrovergleich No access
      4. IV. Verfügbarkeit von Gerichtsentscheidungen und Fachliteratur No access
    4. D. Rechtsvergleich als Methode, Forschungsobjekt und Diskursbeitrag zu Perspektiven des Globalen Südens No access
      1. I. Grundlagen der Bundesgerichtsbarkeit und Gang eines Zivilprozesses No access
      2. II. Einzelrechtsordnungen und Gerichtsbarkeit der Bundesstaaten No access
      3. III. Besonderheiten aus der Common-Law-Tradition No access
        1. 1. Sechs Faktoren zur Bestimmung nicht-justiziabler politischer Fragen No access
        2. 2. Schwindende Bedeutung der Political Question Doctrine in der Bundesrechtsprechung No access
            1. (1) Justiziabilität wenig problematisch bei Anwendung und Auslegung einfachen Rechts No access
            2. (2) Justiziabilität problematischer bei verfassungsrechtlich begründeten Klimaschutzklagen No access
          2. b) Rechtsprechung der Gerichte von Bundesstaaten No access
        4. 4. Ergebnis: Geringe Relevanz der Political Question Doctrine als Zulässigkeitshindernis für Klimaschutzklagen No access
          1. a) Ursprünge der Standing-Doktrin No access
          2. b) Gesetzliches Standing nach dem Administrative Procedure Act (1946) No access
          3. c) Popularklagebefugnis durch gesetzliche Citizen-Suit-Regelungen No access
          4. d) Verfassungsrechtliche Mindestanforderungen für Standing No access
          5. e) Vereinfachtes Standing für Vereinigungen und Streitgenoss:innen No access
            1. (1) Besondere Standing-Voraussetzungen für Bundesstaaten No access
            2. (2) Vereinfachtes Standing bei Verletzung von Verfahrensrechten No access
            3. (3) Keine Standing-Erleichterung durch Massachusetts v. EPA für Privatkläger:innen No access
            1. (1) Subjektive Betroffenheit von Umweltschäden No access
            2. (2) Injury-in-Fact bei Klimaschäden No access
            3. (3) Generalized Grievances und das Problem weitverbreiteter Schäden No access
          2. b) Causation No access
          3. c) Redressability No access
        3. 3. Ergebnis: Hohe Hürden für Klimaschutzklagen durch Standing-Anforderungen No access
      3. III. Ergebnis: Hohe verfahrensrechtliche Hürden für Klimaschutzklagen No access
        1. 1. Grundlagen und Struktur der Umweltgesetzgebung No access
          1. a) Rulemaking Petitions bei Bundesbehörden No access
          2. b) Rulemaking Petitions bei bundesstaatlichen Behörden No access
        3. 3. Überprüfung von Umweltfolgenabschätzungen nach dem National Environmental Policy Act No access
        4. 4. Ergebnis: Beschränkte Reichweite umweltgesetzlicher Ansatzpunkte No access
          1. a) Systematik des Grundrechtsschutzes No access
          2. b) Nach Bedeutung des betroffenen Rechts gestufte Kontrolldichte No access
          1. a) Schutz auch für ungeschriebene Rechte und Freiheiten No access
          2. b) Strenge Kontrolle bei Einschränkung fundamentaler Rechte und Freiheiten No access
          3. c) Kontrollmaßstab Shocks-the-Conscience für Exekutivhandeln No access
              1. (a) Fundamentales Recht auf existenzsicherndes Klima in Juliana v. United States No access
              2. (b) Kein fundamentales Recht auf Klimaschutz in anderen Entscheidungen No access
              3. (c) In der Wissenschaft umstrittenes fundamentales Recht auf Klimaschutz No access
            2. (2) Keine Relevanz der Due-Process-Garantien für Leben und Eigentum No access
            3. (3) Ausnahmsweise Schutzpflichten des Staates bei Gefahrverursachung umstritten No access
          5. e) Ergebnis: Staatliche Klimaschutzpflichten aufgrund von Substantive Due Process nur bei erheblicher Rechtsfortbildung No access
          1. a) Entwicklung der Equal-Protection-Garantie No access
          2. b) Nach Bedenklichkeit der Unterscheidungsmerkmale gestufte Kontrolldichte No access
          3. c) Bedeutungsverlust der gestuften Kontrolle No access
            1. (1) Zurückhaltung der Rechtsprechung gegenüber Klimaschutzpflichten aufgrund von Equal Protection No access
            2. (2) Einzelne Literaturvorschläge zu Umwelt- und Klimaschutz mittels Equal Protection No access
            1. (1) Unklare Dogmatik zu Synergien zwischen Due Process und Equal Protection No access
            2. (2) Bedeutung der Methodik für eine Kombinierbarkeit von Due Process und Equal Protection No access
          6. f) Ergebnis: Allenfalls stützende Bedeutung von Equal Protection zur Begründung von Klimaschutzpflichten des Staates No access
        4. 4. Keine praktische Relevanz anderer Grundrechtsansätze im Bundesrecht No access
        5. 5. Tragfähigere Umweltgrundrechte in Verfassungen von Bundesstaaten No access
          1. a) Spezifischer Anwendungsbereich der Public Trust Doctrine im 19. Jahrhundert No access
          2. b) Von den römischen Wurzeln der Public Trust Doctrine No access
          1. a) Joseph Sax und die Operationalisierung der Public Trust Doctrine für den Umweltschutz No access
          2. b) Public Trust Doctrine in der Umweltrechtsprechung No access
            1. (1) Schiffbare Gewässer und Gezeitengewässer No access
            2. (2) Luft und Atmosphäre No access
            3. (3) Alle natürlichen Ressourcen No access
          2. b) Anwendbarkeit der Public Trust Doctrine im Bundesrecht No access
          3. c) Verdrängung der Public Trust Doctrine durch Gesetzesrecht No access
            1. (1) Durchsetzbarkeit in Verbindung mit Umweltschutz- oder Public-Trust-Normen in Verfassungen von Bundesstaaten No access
            2. (2) Durchsetzbarkeit in Verbindung mit der Bundesverfassung No access
        4. 4. Ergebnis: Geringe Erfolgsaussichten für die Rechtsfortbildung der Public Trust Doctrine hin zu einer Atmospheric Trust Doctrine No access
      4. IV. Verfassungsrechtlich begründete Handlungspflicht bei Existenzgefährdung der Vereinigten Staaten durch Klimawandel No access
    4. D. Ergebnis: Hohe Hürden für Klimaschutzklagen im prozessualen und materiellen Recht der Vereinigten Staaten No access
    1. A. Erscheinungsformen von Klimaschutzklagen No access
      1. I. Verortung der indischen Rechtsordnung No access
        1. 1. Aufbau der Gerichtsbarkeit No access
            1. (1) Zuständigkeiten und Befugnisse No access
            2. (2) Besetzung No access
            3. (3) Geschäftsverteilung No access
          2. b) High Courts No access
          3. c) District Courts und Subordinate Courts No access
          4. d) National Green Tribunal als besonderes Umweltgericht No access
          5. e) Zwischenergebnis: Mehrere Eingangsinstanzen für Klimaschutzklagen No access
        1. 1. Basic Structure Doctrine und die Beschränkung des verfassungsändernden Gesetzgebers durch die Rechtsprechung No access
        2. 2. Sozialprogrammatischer Charakter der indischen Verfassung und die Directive Principles of State Policy No access
        3. 3. Selbstverständnis der Rechtsprechung als Akteurin des gesellschaftlichen Wandels No access
        4. 4. Grundrechtsbeschwerde als verfassungsrechtlicher Anker der Public Interest Litigation No access
            1. (1) Eigene Beschwernis als ursprüngliche Voraussetzung des Standings No access
            2. (2) Ausweitung des Standings auf Dritte und bei Belangen von öffentlichem Interesse No access
            3. (3) Dogmatische Begründung des erweiterten Standings No access
            4. (4) Representative Standing und Citizen Standing No access
            5. (5) Eigennützigkeit einer Public-Interest-Beschwerde als Ausschlussgrund No access
            6. (6) Sporadische Anerkennung von Flüssen und Gletschern als Rechtspersönlichkeiten No access
            7. (7) Bisher kein Standing für künftige Generationen No access
            8. (8) Zwischenergebnis: Günstige Standing-Voraussetzungen für prozessuale Verfolgung von Umweltschutzzielen No access
          2. b) Verfahrenseinleitung durch formlosen Brief No access
          3. c) Verfahrenseinleitung durch das Gericht suo motu No access
          4. d) Amicus Curiae zur Unterstützung des Gerichts und Vertretung der öffentlichen Interessen No access
          5. e) Ersatz des kontradiktorischen Beweisrechts durch Amtsermittlung No access
          6. f) Continuing Mandamus zur Verfahrensleitung durch weitreichende Zwischenverfügungen No access
          7. g) Schleichende Ausdehnung des Streitgegenstandes No access
          8. h) Weitreichende Rechtsfolgen No access
          9. i) Urteilsbegründungen mit minimaler Rückbindung an Normen und Präjudizien No access
          10. j) Legislativ- und exekutivähnliches Tätigwerden der Gerichte durch Guidelines und Monitoringverfahren No access
        6. 6. Rechtspolitische Begründung der Public Interest Litigation No access
        7. 7. Public Interest Litigation in der Kritik No access
        8. 8. Zwischenergebnis: Public Interest Litigation als potenzielle Verfahrensart für Klimaschutzklagen No access
      4. IV. Justiziabilität von Klimasachverhalten No access
      5. V. Klagefrist No access
      6. VI. Ergebnis: Günstige Zulässigkeitsvoraussetzungen und prozessuale Rahmenbedingungen für Klimaschutzklagen No access
        1. 1. Fragmentierte Architektur der indischen Umweltgesetzgebung und Aufsichtsbehörden No access
          1. a) Verschärfung von Klimaschutzmaßnahmen durch Generalklausel im Environment (Protection) Act No access
          2. b) Verschärfung der Treibhausgas-Regulierung nach dem Air (Prevention and Control Pollution) Act No access
      2. II. Climate Change Action Plan als nicht-gesetzlicher Anknüpfungspunkt No access
        1. 1. Erweiterung der Garantie des Rechts auf Leben in Art. 21 der Verfassung um Umweltbelange No access
        2. 2. Spektrum der Formulierungen zum Umweltschutz im Rahmen von Art. 21 No access
        3. 3. Unklare Kontur und Formulierung des Umwelt(grund)rechts No access
        4. 4. Bedeutung der Directive Principles und Fundamental Duties für die umweltschützende Auslegung von Art. 21 No access
        5. 5. Ergebnis: Starke Verankerung von Umweltschutz im Recht auf Leben in Art. 21 durch die Rechtsprechung No access
          1. a) Dualistischer Verfassungstext und monistische Rechtsprechungspraxis No access
          2. b) Berücksichtigung von Völkerrecht bei der Auslegung von Verfassung und Gesetzen No access
            1. (1) Schließen von Regelungslücken No access
            2. (2) Unvereinbarkeit mit Völkerrecht als Zusatzargument No access
            1. (1) Konzept der Nachhaltigen Entwicklung auf internationaler Ebene No access
            2. (2) Einführung des Konzepts der Nachhaltigen Entwicklung durch die indische Rechtsprechung No access
            3. (3) Nachhaltige Entwicklung als Abwägungsgrundsatz No access
            4. (4) Kritik in der indischen Rechtsprechung am anthropozentrischen Ansatz der Nachhaltigen Entwicklung No access
            5. (5) Zwischenergebnis: Nachhaltige Entwicklung als flexibler Abwägungsgrundsatz für die Ausübung gerichtlichen Ermessens No access
            1. (1) Unterscheidung zwischen Precaution und Prevention im Völkerrecht No access
            2. (2) Einführung des Vorsorgeprinzips durch die indische Rechtsprechung No access
            3. (3) Inhalt des Vorsorgeprinzips im indischen Recht No access
            4. (4) Zwischenergebnis: Vorsorgeprinzip als allgemeiner Grundsatz des Vorbeugens vor und Beseitigens von Umweltschäden No access
            1. (1) Intergenerationelle Gerechtigkeit im internationalen Diskurs No access
            2. (2) Einführung der Intergenerationellen Gerechtigkeit durch die indische Rechtsprechung No access
            3. (3) Berücksichtigung Intergenerationeller Gerechtigkeit durch die Gerichte No access
            4. (4) Schwache Rezeption in der Literatur No access
            5. (5) Zwischenergebnis: Intergenerationelle Gerechtigkeit als unscharfer Grundsatz über die Einbeziehung der Interessen künftiger Generationen No access
          4. d) Ergebnis: Große Relevanz von umweltrechtlichen Prinzipien und Umweltvölkerrecht in der indischen Umwelt- und Verfassungsrechtsprechung No access
        1. 1. Herleitung der Public Trust Doctrine aus römischem Recht und englischem Common Law No access
        2. 2. Umweltschützende Weiterentwicklung der Doktrin No access
        3. 3. Schutzdimensionen der Public Trust Doctrine No access
        4. 4. Zunehmende verfassungsrechtliche Verortung der Lehre No access
        5. 5. Verschärfte gerichtliche Kontrolle aufgrund der Public Trust Doctrine No access
        6. 6. Häufige Verbindung der Public Trust Doctrine mit anderen Normen und Prinzipien No access
        7. 7. Ergebnis: Public Trust Doctrine als Ergänzung zum grundrechtlichen Ansatz von Klimaschutzklagen No access
      6. VI. Keine Relevanz deliktischer Anspruchsgrundlagen aus dem Common Law No access
        1. 1. Entstehung der indischen Umweltrechtsprechung im Kontext nationaler und internationaler Entwicklungen No access
        2. 2. Unterschiedliches Gewicht der Begründungsstränge No access
        3. 3. Variable Kombination von Begründungssträngen No access
        4. 4. Typische Kombinationen von Begründungssträngen No access
        5. 5. Eröffnen gerichtlicher Entscheidungsspielräume durch dogmatische Unschärfen No access
      8. VIII. Ergebnis: Grundsätzlich günstige materielle Rechtslage, aber im Einzelfall schwer prognostizierbare Gerichtsentscheidungen No access
    4. D. Ergebnis: Große potenzielle Offenheit und zugleich geringe Prognostizierbarkeit des indischen Rechts infolge weiten gerichtlichen Ermessens No access
      1. I. Bewahrende und liberale Verfassungstradition in den USA No access
      2. II. Dynamische Verfassungstradition in Indien zur Verwirklichung von Gerechtigkeit, Freiheit und Gleichheit in nationaler Einheit No access
      1. I. Offenheit für gemeinwohlorientierten Rechtsschutz in Indien No access
      2. II. Auf Individualrechtsschutz zugeschnittenes Verfahrensrecht in den USA No access
      1. I. Environmental Constitutionalism in Indien No access
      2. II. Umweltschutz als Leerstelle in der US-Bundesverfassung No access
      1. I. Behutsame Rechtsfortbildung in den USA No access
      2. II. Energische Rechtfortbildung in Indien No access
      1. I. Dogmentreue und detaillierte Exegese der US-Gerichte No access
      2. II. Ergebnisorientierte Argumentation der indischen Gerichte No access
      1. I. Postkoloniale Kontinuitäten englischen Rechts in den USA und Indien No access
      2. II. Selektive Offenheit für internationale Rechtseinflüsse in Indien No access
      3. III. Prinzipielle Reserviertheit gegenüber internationalen Rechtseinflüssen in den USA No access
      1. I. Indiens Streben nach Entwicklung und internationaler Führungsrolle neben innerstaatlichem Ringen um Gewaltenteilung und Verfassungshoheit No access
      2. II. Klimaschutz als mobilisierendes Reizthema der polarisierten US-Gesellschaft No access
    1. A. Hohe fundamentale rechtliche Hürden für Klimaschutzklagen in den USA No access
    2. B. Theoretisch ausgezeichnete rechtliche Voraussetzungen für Klimaschutzklagen in Indien No access
    3. C. Die Klimakrise als besondere Herausforderung für die Gerichte beider Rechtsordnungen No access
      1. I. Der Klimabeschluss des Bundesverfassungsgerichts No access
      2. II. Grundsätzliche Offenheit für Rechtsfortbildung und Sensibilität für Gewaltenteilung No access
      3. III. Systematische und begriffsorientierte Rechtsprechungsmethodik No access
      4. IV. Mittelstarke verfassungsrechtliche Verankerung des Umweltschutzes als Staatszielbestimmung No access
      5. V. Maßgeblicher Einfluss des Klimavölkerrechts und begrenzte Rezeptivität für rechtsvergleichende Einflüsse No access
      6. VI. Subjektiv-rechtlich ausgerichteter Verfassungsrechtsschutz als Hürde für gemeinwohlorientierte Klagen No access
      7. VII. Politischer und gesellschaftlicher Kontext des Klimabeschlusses No access
      1. USA No access
      2. Indien No access
      3. Sonstige nationale Normen No access
      4. Internationale Normen No access
      1. USA No access
      2. Indien No access
      3. Deutschland No access
      4. Andere nationale Verfahren No access
      5. Internationale Verfahren No access
      6. Verfahrensdokumente No access
    3. Literatur No access

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