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Monographie Kein Zugriff

Klimaschutzklagen gegen den Staat in den USA und Indien

Offenheit der Rechtsordnungen im Vergleich
Autor:innen:
Verlag:
 12.05.2025

Zusammenfassung

Strategische Prozessführung zum Umweltschutz hat Tradition in den USA und in Indien. Wie offen sind diese zwei Common-Law-Rechtsordnungen für das Instrument der Klimaschutzklagen? In den USA werden diese trotz hoher rechtlicher Hürden in großer Zahl mit bisher überschaubarem Erfolg geführt. In Indien dagegen gibt es erst wenige Verfahren trotz nahezu idealer rechtlicher Rahmenbedingungen. Der Vergleich zeigt, welche Merkmale der Rechtsordnungen – darunter insbesondere das jeweilige Gewaltenteilungsgefüge – die Justiziabiliät des Klimawandels beeinflussen. Durch die Bezugnahme auf Indien sollen Perspektiven des Globalen Südens beleuchtet und selbstverständlicher werden.

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Bibliographische Angaben

Erscheinungsjahr
2025
Erscheinungsdatum
12.05.2025
ISBN-Print
978-3-7560-2455-1
ISBN-Online
978-3-7489-5199-5
Verlag
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Reihe
Studien zu Staat, Recht und Verwaltung/Studies on State, Law and Administration
Band
40
Sprache
Deutsch
Seiten
650
Produkttyp
Monographie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

KapitelSeiten
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis Kein Zugriff Seiten 1 - 28
      1. I. Forschung zu Klimaschutzklagen in Deutschland Kein Zugriff
      2. II. Forschung zu Klimaschutzklagen weltweit Kein Zugriff
      3. III. Rechtsvergleichende Forschung zu den USA und Indien Kein Zugriff
    1. B. Auswahl der Rechtsordnungen Kein Zugriff
      1. I. Kontextuelle Rechtsvergleichung Kein Zugriff
      2. II. Klassischer Aufbau mit Länderberichten und Rechtsvergleich Kein Zugriff
      3. III. Wirksamkeits- und Makrovergleich Kein Zugriff
      4. IV. Verfügbarkeit von Gerichtsentscheidungen und Fachliteratur Kein Zugriff
    2. D. Rechtsvergleich als Methode, Forschungsobjekt und Diskursbeitrag zu Perspektiven des Globalen Südens Kein Zugriff
      1. I. Grundlagen der Bundesgerichtsbarkeit und Gang eines Zivilprozesses Kein Zugriff
      2. II. Einzelrechtsordnungen und Gerichtsbarkeit der Bundesstaaten Kein Zugriff
      3. III. Besonderheiten aus der Common-Law-Tradition Kein Zugriff
        1. 1. Sechs Faktoren zur Bestimmung nicht-justiziabler politischer Fragen Kein Zugriff
        2. 2. Schwindende Bedeutung der Political Question Doctrine in der Bundesrechtsprechung Kein Zugriff
            1. (1) Justiziabilität wenig problematisch bei Anwendung und Auslegung einfachen Rechts Kein Zugriff
            2. (2) Justiziabilität problematischer bei verfassungsrechtlich begründeten Klimaschutzklagen Kein Zugriff
          1. b) Rechtsprechung der Gerichte von Bundesstaaten Kein Zugriff
        3. 4. Ergebnis: Geringe Relevanz der Political Question Doctrine als Zulässigkeitshindernis für Klimaschutzklagen Kein Zugriff
          1. a) Ursprünge der Standing-Doktrin Kein Zugriff
          2. b) Gesetzliches Standing nach dem Administrative Procedure Act (1946) Kein Zugriff
          3. c) Popularklagebefugnis durch gesetzliche Citizen-Suit-Regelungen Kein Zugriff
          4. d) Verfassungsrechtliche Mindestanforderungen für Standing Kein Zugriff
          5. e) Vereinfachtes Standing für Vereinigungen und Streitgenoss:innen Kein Zugriff
            1. (1) Besondere Standing-Voraussetzungen für Bundesstaaten Kein Zugriff
            2. (2) Vereinfachtes Standing bei Verletzung von Verfahrensrechten Kein Zugriff
            3. (3) Keine Standing-Erleichterung durch Massachusetts v. EPA für Privatkläger:innen Kein Zugriff
            1. (1) Subjektive Betroffenheit von Umweltschäden Kein Zugriff
            2. (2) Injury-in-Fact bei Klimaschäden Kein Zugriff
            3. (3) Generalized Grievances und das Problem weitverbreiteter Schäden Kein Zugriff
          1. b) Causation Kein Zugriff
          2. c) Redressability Kein Zugriff
        1. 3. Ergebnis: Hohe Hürden für Klimaschutzklagen durch Standing-Anforderungen Kein Zugriff
      1. III. Ergebnis: Hohe verfahrensrechtliche Hürden für Klimaschutzklagen Kein Zugriff
        1. 1. Grundlagen und Struktur der Umweltgesetzgebung Kein Zugriff
          1. a) Rulemaking Petitions bei Bundesbehörden Kein Zugriff
          2. b) Rulemaking Petitions bei bundesstaatlichen Behörden Kein Zugriff
        2. 3. Überprüfung von Umweltfolgenabschätzungen nach dem National Environmental Policy Act Kein Zugriff
        3. 4. Ergebnis: Beschränkte Reichweite umweltgesetzlicher Ansatzpunkte Kein Zugriff
          1. a) Systematik des Grundrechtsschutzes Kein Zugriff
          2. b) Nach Bedeutung des betroffenen Rechts gestufte Kontrolldichte Kein Zugriff
          1. a) Schutz auch für ungeschriebene Rechte und Freiheiten Kein Zugriff
          2. b) Strenge Kontrolle bei Einschränkung fundamentaler Rechte und Freiheiten Kein Zugriff
          3. c) Kontrollmaßstab Shocks-the-Conscience für Exekutivhandeln Kein Zugriff
              1. (a) Fundamentales Recht auf existenzsicherndes Klima in Juliana v. United States Kein Zugriff
              2. (b) Kein fundamentales Recht auf Klimaschutz in anderen Entscheidungen Kein Zugriff
              3. (c) In der Wissenschaft umstrittenes fundamentales Recht auf Klimaschutz Kein Zugriff
            1. (2) Keine Relevanz der Due-Process-Garantien für Leben und Eigentum Kein Zugriff
            2. (3) Ausnahmsweise Schutzpflichten des Staates bei Gefahrverursachung umstritten Kein Zugriff
          4. e) Ergebnis: Staatliche Klimaschutzpflichten aufgrund von Substantive Due Process nur bei erheblicher Rechtsfortbildung Kein Zugriff
          1. a) Entwicklung der Equal-Protection-Garantie Kein Zugriff
          2. b) Nach Bedenklichkeit der Unterscheidungsmerkmale gestufte Kontrolldichte Kein Zugriff
          3. c) Bedeutungsverlust der gestuften Kontrolle Kein Zugriff
            1. (1) Zurückhaltung der Rechtsprechung gegenüber Klimaschutzpflichten aufgrund von Equal Protection Kein Zugriff
            2. (2) Einzelne Literaturvorschläge zu Umwelt- und Klimaschutz mittels Equal Protection Kein Zugriff
            1. (1) Unklare Dogmatik zu Synergien zwischen Due Process und Equal Protection Kein Zugriff
            2. (2) Bedeutung der Methodik für eine Kombinierbarkeit von Due Process und Equal Protection Kein Zugriff
          4. f) Ergebnis: Allenfalls stützende Bedeutung von Equal Protection zur Begründung von Klimaschutzpflichten des Staates Kein Zugriff
        1. 4. Keine praktische Relevanz anderer Grundrechtsansätze im Bundesrecht Kein Zugriff
        2. 5. Tragfähigere Umweltgrundrechte in Verfassungen von Bundesstaaten Kein Zugriff
          1. a) Spezifischer Anwendungsbereich der Public Trust Doctrine im 19. Jahrhundert Kein Zugriff
          2. b) Von den römischen Wurzeln der Public Trust Doctrine Kein Zugriff
          1. a) Joseph Sax und die Operationalisierung der Public Trust Doctrine für den Umweltschutz Kein Zugriff
          2. b) Public Trust Doctrine in der Umweltrechtsprechung Kein Zugriff
            1. (1) Schiffbare Gewässer und Gezeitengewässer Kein Zugriff
            2. (2) Luft und Atmosphäre Kein Zugriff
            3. (3) Alle natürlichen Ressourcen Kein Zugriff
          1. b) Anwendbarkeit der Public Trust Doctrine im Bundesrecht Kein Zugriff
          2. c) Verdrängung der Public Trust Doctrine durch Gesetzesrecht Kein Zugriff
            1. (1) Durchsetzbarkeit in Verbindung mit Umweltschutz- oder Public-Trust-Normen in Verfassungen von Bundesstaaten Kein Zugriff
            2. (2) Durchsetzbarkeit in Verbindung mit der Bundesverfassung Kein Zugriff
        1. 4. Ergebnis: Geringe Erfolgsaussichten für die Rechtsfortbildung der Public Trust Doctrine hin zu einer Atmospheric Trust Doctrine Kein Zugriff
      1. IV. Verfassungsrechtlich begründete Handlungspflicht bei Existenzgefährdung der Vereinigten Staaten durch Klimawandel Kein Zugriff
    1. D. Ergebnis: Hohe Hürden für Klimaschutzklagen im prozessualen und materiellen Recht der Vereinigten Staaten Kein Zugriff
    1. A. Erscheinungsformen von Klimaschutzklagen Kein Zugriff
      1. I. Verortung der indischen Rechtsordnung Kein Zugriff
        1. 1. Aufbau der Gerichtsbarkeit Kein Zugriff
            1. (1) Zuständigkeiten und Befugnisse Kein Zugriff
            2. (2) Besetzung Kein Zugriff
            3. (3) Geschäftsverteilung Kein Zugriff
          1. b) High Courts Kein Zugriff
          2. c) District Courts und Subordinate Courts Kein Zugriff
          3. d) National Green Tribunal als besonderes Umweltgericht Kein Zugriff
          4. e) Zwischenergebnis: Mehrere Eingangsinstanzen für Klimaschutzklagen Kein Zugriff
        1. 1. Basic Structure Doctrine und die Beschränkung des verfassungsändernden Gesetzgebers durch die Rechtsprechung Kein Zugriff
        2. 2. Sozialprogrammatischer Charakter der indischen Verfassung und die Directive Principles of State Policy Kein Zugriff
        3. 3. Selbstverständnis der Rechtsprechung als Akteurin des gesellschaftlichen Wandels Kein Zugriff
        4. 4. Grundrechtsbeschwerde als verfassungsrechtlicher Anker der Public Interest Litigation Kein Zugriff
            1. (1) Eigene Beschwernis als ursprüngliche Voraussetzung des Standings Kein Zugriff
            2. (2) Ausweitung des Standings auf Dritte und bei Belangen von öffentlichem Interesse Kein Zugriff
            3. (3) Dogmatische Begründung des erweiterten Standings Kein Zugriff
            4. (4) Representative Standing und Citizen Standing Kein Zugriff
            5. (5) Eigennützigkeit einer Public-Interest-Beschwerde als Ausschlussgrund Kein Zugriff
            6. (6) Sporadische Anerkennung von Flüssen und Gletschern als Rechtspersönlichkeiten Kein Zugriff
            7. (7) Bisher kein Standing für künftige Generationen Kein Zugriff
            8. (8) Zwischenergebnis: Günstige Standing-Voraussetzungen für prozessuale Verfolgung von Umweltschutzzielen Kein Zugriff
          1. b) Verfahrenseinleitung durch formlosen Brief Kein Zugriff
          2. c) Verfahrenseinleitung durch das Gericht suo motu Kein Zugriff
          3. d) Amicus Curiae zur Unterstützung des Gerichts und Vertretung der öffentlichen Interessen Kein Zugriff
          4. e) Ersatz des kontradiktorischen Beweisrechts durch Amtsermittlung Kein Zugriff
          5. f) Continuing Mandamus zur Verfahrensleitung durch weitreichende Zwischenverfügungen Kein Zugriff
          6. g) Schleichende Ausdehnung des Streitgegenstandes Kein Zugriff
          7. h) Weitreichende Rechtsfolgen Kein Zugriff
          8. i) Urteilsbegründungen mit minimaler Rückbindung an Normen und Präjudizien Kein Zugriff
          9. j) Legislativ- und exekutivähnliches Tätigwerden der Gerichte durch Guidelines und Monitoringverfahren Kein Zugriff
        5. 6. Rechtspolitische Begründung der Public Interest Litigation Kein Zugriff
        6. 7. Public Interest Litigation in der Kritik Kein Zugriff
        7. 8. Zwischenergebnis: Public Interest Litigation als potenzielle Verfahrensart für Klimaschutzklagen Kein Zugriff
      2. IV. Justiziabilität von Klimasachverhalten Kein Zugriff
      3. V. Klagefrist Kein Zugriff
      4. VI. Ergebnis: Günstige Zulässigkeitsvoraussetzungen und prozessuale Rahmenbedingungen für Klimaschutzklagen Kein Zugriff
        1. 1. Fragmentierte Architektur der indischen Umweltgesetzgebung und Aufsichtsbehörden Kein Zugriff
          1. a) Verschärfung von Klimaschutzmaßnahmen durch Generalklausel im Environment (Protection) Act Kein Zugriff
          2. b) Verschärfung der Treibhausgas-Regulierung nach dem Air (Prevention and Control Pollution) Act Kein Zugriff
      1. II. Climate Change Action Plan als nicht-gesetzlicher Anknüpfungspunkt Kein Zugriff
        1. 1. Erweiterung der Garantie des Rechts auf Leben in Art. 21 der Verfassung um Umweltbelange Kein Zugriff
        2. 2. Spektrum der Formulierungen zum Umweltschutz im Rahmen von Art. 21 Kein Zugriff
        3. 3. Unklare Kontur und Formulierung des Umwelt(grund)rechts Kein Zugriff
        4. 4. Bedeutung der Directive Principles und Fundamental Duties für die umweltschützende Auslegung von Art. 21 Kein Zugriff
        5. 5. Ergebnis: Starke Verankerung von Umweltschutz im Recht auf Leben in Art. 21 durch die Rechtsprechung Kein Zugriff
          1. a) Dualistischer Verfassungstext und monistische Rechtsprechungspraxis Kein Zugriff
          2. b) Berücksichtigung von Völkerrecht bei der Auslegung von Verfassung und Gesetzen Kein Zugriff
            1. (1) Schließen von Regelungslücken Kein Zugriff
            2. (2) Unvereinbarkeit mit Völkerrecht als Zusatzargument Kein Zugriff
            1. (1) Konzept der Nachhaltigen Entwicklung auf internationaler Ebene Kein Zugriff
            2. (2) Einführung des Konzepts der Nachhaltigen Entwicklung durch die indische Rechtsprechung Kein Zugriff
            3. (3) Nachhaltige Entwicklung als Abwägungsgrundsatz Kein Zugriff
            4. (4) Kritik in der indischen Rechtsprechung am anthropozentrischen Ansatz der Nachhaltigen Entwicklung Kein Zugriff
            5. (5) Zwischenergebnis: Nachhaltige Entwicklung als flexibler Abwägungsgrundsatz für die Ausübung gerichtlichen Ermessens Kein Zugriff
            1. (1) Unterscheidung zwischen Precaution und Prevention im Völkerrecht Kein Zugriff
            2. (2) Einführung des Vorsorgeprinzips durch die indische Rechtsprechung Kein Zugriff
            3. (3) Inhalt des Vorsorgeprinzips im indischen Recht Kein Zugriff
            4. (4) Zwischenergebnis: Vorsorgeprinzip als allgemeiner Grundsatz des Vorbeugens vor und Beseitigens von Umweltschäden Kein Zugriff
            1. (1) Intergenerationelle Gerechtigkeit im internationalen Diskurs Kein Zugriff
            2. (2) Einführung der Intergenerationellen Gerechtigkeit durch die indische Rechtsprechung Kein Zugriff
            3. (3) Berücksichtigung Intergenerationeller Gerechtigkeit durch die Gerichte Kein Zugriff
            4. (4) Schwache Rezeption in der Literatur Kein Zugriff
            5. (5) Zwischenergebnis: Intergenerationelle Gerechtigkeit als unscharfer Grundsatz über die Einbeziehung der Interessen künftiger Generationen Kein Zugriff
          1. d) Ergebnis: Große Relevanz von umweltrechtlichen Prinzipien und Umweltvölkerrecht in der indischen Umwelt- und Verfassungsrechtsprechung Kein Zugriff
        1. 1. Herleitung der Public Trust Doctrine aus römischem Recht und englischem Common Law Kein Zugriff
        2. 2. Umweltschützende Weiterentwicklung der Doktrin Kein Zugriff
        3. 3. Schutzdimensionen der Public Trust Doctrine Kein Zugriff
        4. 4. Zunehmende verfassungsrechtliche Verortung der Lehre Kein Zugriff
        5. 5. Verschärfte gerichtliche Kontrolle aufgrund der Public Trust Doctrine Kein Zugriff
        6. 6. Häufige Verbindung der Public Trust Doctrine mit anderen Normen und Prinzipien Kein Zugriff
        7. 7. Ergebnis: Public Trust Doctrine als Ergänzung zum grundrechtlichen Ansatz von Klimaschutzklagen Kein Zugriff
      2. VI. Keine Relevanz deliktischer Anspruchsgrundlagen aus dem Common Law Kein Zugriff
        1. 1. Entstehung der indischen Umweltrechtsprechung im Kontext nationaler und internationaler Entwicklungen Kein Zugriff
        2. 2. Unterschiedliches Gewicht der Begründungsstränge Kein Zugriff
        3. 3. Variable Kombination von Begründungssträngen Kein Zugriff
        4. 4. Typische Kombinationen von Begründungssträngen Kein Zugriff
        5. 5. Eröffnen gerichtlicher Entscheidungsspielräume durch dogmatische Unschärfen Kein Zugriff
      3. VIII. Ergebnis: Grundsätzlich günstige materielle Rechtslage, aber im Einzelfall schwer prognostizierbare Gerichtsentscheidungen Kein Zugriff
    2. D. Ergebnis: Große potenzielle Offenheit und zugleich geringe Prognostizierbarkeit des indischen Rechts infolge weiten gerichtlichen Ermessens Kein Zugriff
      1. I. Bewahrende und liberale Verfassungstradition in den USA Kein Zugriff
      2. II. Dynamische Verfassungstradition in Indien zur Verwirklichung von Gerechtigkeit, Freiheit und Gleichheit in nationaler Einheit Kein Zugriff
      1. I. Offenheit für gemeinwohlorientierten Rechtsschutz in Indien Kein Zugriff
      2. II. Auf Individualrechtsschutz zugeschnittenes Verfahrensrecht in den USA Kein Zugriff
      1. I. Environmental Constitutionalism in Indien Kein Zugriff
      2. II. Umweltschutz als Leerstelle in der US-Bundesverfassung Kein Zugriff
      1. I. Behutsame Rechtsfortbildung in den USA Kein Zugriff
      2. II. Energische Rechtfortbildung in Indien Kein Zugriff
      1. I. Dogmentreue und detaillierte Exegese der US-Gerichte Kein Zugriff
      2. II. Ergebnisorientierte Argumentation der indischen Gerichte Kein Zugriff
      1. I. Postkoloniale Kontinuitäten englischen Rechts in den USA und Indien Kein Zugriff
      2. II. Selektive Offenheit für internationale Rechtseinflüsse in Indien Kein Zugriff
      3. III. Prinzipielle Reserviertheit gegenüber internationalen Rechtseinflüssen in den USA Kein Zugriff
      1. I. Indiens Streben nach Entwicklung und internationaler Führungsrolle neben innerstaatlichem Ringen um Gewaltenteilung und Verfassungshoheit Kein Zugriff
      2. II. Klimaschutz als mobilisierendes Reizthema der polarisierten US-Gesellschaft Kein Zugriff
    1. A. Hohe fundamentale rechtliche Hürden für Klimaschutzklagen in den USA Kein Zugriff
    2. B. Theoretisch ausgezeichnete rechtliche Voraussetzungen für Klimaschutzklagen in Indien Kein Zugriff
    3. C. Die Klimakrise als besondere Herausforderung für die Gerichte beider Rechtsordnungen Kein Zugriff
      1. I. Der Klimabeschluss des Bundesverfassungsgerichts Kein Zugriff
      2. II. Grundsätzliche Offenheit für Rechtsfortbildung und Sensibilität für Gewaltenteilung Kein Zugriff
      3. III. Systematische und begriffsorientierte Rechtsprechungsmethodik Kein Zugriff
      4. IV. Mittelstarke verfassungsrechtliche Verankerung des Umweltschutzes als Staatszielbestimmung Kein Zugriff
      5. V. Maßgeblicher Einfluss des Klimavölkerrechts und begrenzte Rezeptivität für rechtsvergleichende Einflüsse Kein Zugriff
      6. VI. Subjektiv-rechtlich ausgerichteter Verfassungsrechtsschutz als Hürde für gemeinwohlorientierte Klagen Kein Zugriff
      7. VII. Politischer und gesellschaftlicher Kontext des Klimabeschlusses Kein Zugriff
      1. USA Kein Zugriff
      2. Indien Kein Zugriff
      3. Sonstige nationale Normen Kein Zugriff
      4. Internationale Normen Kein Zugriff
      1. USA Kein Zugriff
      2. Indien Kein Zugriff
      3. Deutschland Kein Zugriff
      4. Andere nationale Verfahren Kein Zugriff
      5. Internationale Verfahren Kein Zugriff
      6. Verfahrensdokumente Kein Zugriff
    1. Literatur Kein Zugriff

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