Continuity in Times of Change

Ri‘in Dr. Nadja Reimold

doi:10.5771/9783748943396

Summary

While much ink has been spilled over successions’ ramifications for international treaties and state debts, less attention has been paid to their effects on the internal law of states. When it comes to individual rights, this deficit represents a huge lacuna since a myriad of individual rights are still exclusively granted by state domestic law. This book fills the gap by exploring vast material from diverse succession scenarios since 1990 and detects general rules guiding the treatment of private rights when sovereignty changes. It represents a comprehensive and the only up-to-date work dealing with the general subject of ‘acquired rights’ in cases of state succession and presents innovative and thought-provoking ideas on the future handling of the topic.

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2024
ISBN-Print: 978-3-7560-1535-1
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-4339-6
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht
Volume: 328
Language: English
Pages: 631
Product type: Book Titles

Titelei/InhaltsverzeichnisPages 1 - 30 Download chapter (PDF)
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1. A) The Diffuse State of the Law on the Issue of Acquired Rights
2. B) The Reasons for This Confusion
3. 1. I) The Genesis of the Doctrine of Acquired Rights
  2. 1. 1) The German Settlers Case (1923)
    2. 2) The Mavrommatis Concessions Cases (1924-1925)
    3. 3) Cases Concerning Certain German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia (1925-1929)
    4. 4) The Lighthouses Case (1934)
    5. 5) Interim Conclusions
  3. 1. 1. a) Legal Basis
      2. b) Possibility to Abrogate
      3. c) Nature of the Right
      4. d) The Public-Private Divide
      5. e) Holders of Acquired Rights
    2. 1. a) Legal Basis
      2. b) Possibility to Abrogate
      3. c) Nature of the Right
      4. d) The Public-Private Divide
      5. e) Conclusions
    3. 3) Mohammed Bedjaoui
    4. 4) Interim Conclusions
  4. 1. 1) Pecuniary Rights
    2. 1. a) The Public-Private Divide
      2. b) Property Rights
      3. c) Real Rights and Contractual Rights
    3. 3) Bearers of Acquired Right
    4. 4) In Cases of State Succession
4. D) The Task Ahead
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1. A) The Need for a Definition
2. 1. I) State Succession as a Set of Factual Events, not a Legal Effect
  2. II) Replacement of One State by Another State – Continuity and Succession
  3. III) Change of Responsibility for the International Relations
  4. IV) Lawfulness of Succession
3. 1. I) Dismemberment (or Dissolution) and Separation
  2. II) Incorporation and Merger (Uniting)
  3. III) Cessions
  4. IV) Decolonization
  5. V) Pacific Occupation
4. D) Conclusions
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1. A) Preliminary Remarks
2. 1. 1. 1) General Observations
    2. 2) The Relevance of Acquired Rights
  2. 1. 1) Individuals as Subjects of International Law
    2. 2) The Enforcement of Individual Positions as Community Interests under International Law
3. 1. I) Preliminary Remarks
  2. 1. 1. aa) Universal Instruments
        bb) Regional Instruments
        cc) Interim Conclusion
      2. b) A Human Right of Property and Investment Law
      3. c) A Human Right of Property and Domestic Instruments
      4. d) Interim Conclusions
    2. 1. a) Reliance on Rules Outside the Specific Treaty
      2. b) The Argument of “Objective Regime”
      3. c) Practice of Human Rights Organs
      4. d) State Practice
      5. aa) Preliminary Remarks
        bb) Termination Pursuant to Art. 54 and 56 VCLT
        cc) Termination by Consensus
        dd) Third-Party Rights
        ee) Interim Conclusions
      6. aa) General Remarks
        bb) Executed and Executory Rights
        cc) Judicial Claims as Executed Rights
        dd) Interim Conclusions
      7. g) Interim Conclusions
    3. 3) The Argument of Self-Determination
    4. 1. a) International Treaties
      2. b) Customary Law
      3. c) Political Resistance to Human Rights
      4. d) Interim Conclusions
  3. 1. 1. a) Customary Investment Law as Inter-State Law Protecting Commercial Interests of Foreigners
      2. aa) State Practice
        bb) Investment Treaties
      3. c) Interim Conclusion
    2. 1. aa) Yemen
        bb) Soviet Union
        cc) Yugoslavia
        dd) Czechoslovakia
        ee) Ethiopia
        ff) Hong Kong, Macau, Walvis Bay
        gg) South Sudan
        hh) The ICSID Convention
      2. b) Interim Conclusions
    3. 1. aa) The Comparison to Human Rights Law
        bb) The Inconsistent Argumentation
      2. b) State Practice
      3. c) Jurisprudence
    4. 4) Interim Conclusions
4. D) Conclusions – A Place for Acquired Rights
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1. A) Preliminary Remarks
2. 1. 1. 1) General Background
    2. 2) Continuity of the Legal Framework
    3. 3) Restitution of Nationalized Land Holdings
    4. 4) Interim Conclusions
  2. 1. 1) General Background
    2. 2) International Treaties
    3. 1. a) The Continuity of the Legal Order in General
      2. aa) Old-Age Pensions of Former GDR Citizens
        i. Restitution
        ii. The Land Reform (“Bodenreform”) before the BVerfG and the ECtHR
    4. 4) Interim Conclusions
  3. 1. 1) General Background
    2. 1. a) International Treaties
      2. aa) Nationality Legislation and Pertaining Civil Status
        bb) Non-recognition of SU Nationalization Measures
    3. 1. a) International Treaties
      2. b) Domestic Law
    4. 4) Interim Conclusions
  4. 1. 1) General Background
    2. 1. a) General Preliminary Remarks
      2. aa) Continuity of the Legal Order in General
        i. The “Erased”
        ii. Property
      3. aa) Continuity of the Legal Order in General
        bb) Private Rights
      4. d) Domestic Law of Macedonia
      5. aa) Continuity of the Legal Order in General
        bb) Private Rights
      6. f) Domestic Law of the FRY
    3. 1. a) Private Property and Acquired Rights
      2. b) Pensions
      3. c) External Debts of the SFRY, Especially Foreign Currency Accounts
      4. d) Interim Conclusions
    4. 1. a) Serbia and Montenegro
      2. aa) International Treaties
        bb) Domestic Law
      3. c) Serbia
    5. 1. aa) Continuity of the Legal Order in General
        bb) Private Rights
      2. b) The Legal Landscape After Independence
    6. 6) Interim Conclusions
  5. 1. 1) General Background
    2. 2) The Continuity of the Legal Order in General
    3. 3) Private Rights
    4. 4) Interim Conclusions
  6. 1. 1) General Background
    2. 2) The Continuity of the Legal Order in General
    3. 1. a) Land Reform
      2. aa) Citizenship and Property Rights
        bb) Pensions of Ethiopian Civil Servants
    4. 4) Interim Conclusions
  7. 1. 1) General Background
    2. 1. a) The Legacy of the South African Legal Order
      2. b) Continuity of Private Rights
    3. 3) Interim Conclusions
  8. 1. 1. a) General Background
      2. b) The Continuity of the Hong Kong Legal Order in General
      3. c) Individual Rights
    2. 1. a) General Background
      2. b) The Continuity of the Macau Legal Order and Individual Rights
    3. 3) Interim Conclusions
  9. 1. 1) General Background
    2. 2) The Continuity of the Legal Order in General
    3. 1. a) Property Rights in General
      2. b) Land Rights
      3. c) Ownership of Natural Resources
      4. d) The Status of Nationals
      5. e) Other Issues
    4. 4) Interim Conclusions
  10. 1. 1) General Background
    2. 1. a) Theoretical Approaches
      2. aa) The General Conception of the Agreement
        bb) The Rights Protected
        cc) What is Lost?
        dd) The Actual Implementation
    3. 3) Interim Conclusions - Theory Tested Against the Facts
3. 1. I) Practice with Regard to the Domestic Legal Order in General
  2. II) Practice with Respect to Acquired Rights of Individuals in Particular
  3. III) What Can Be Taken from Those Findings?
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1. A) Preliminary Remarks
2. 1. I) Acquired Rights as a Norm of Treaty Law
  2. 1. 1) General Prerequisites for the Formation of a Norm of Customary International Law
    2. 2) The Binding Character of Pre-Existing Customary International Law for a New State
    3. 1. a) The Singularization of Succession Cases
      2. b) The Issue of Inferring Custom from Treaty Practice
      3. c) The Issue of Determination of Relevant Acts of State Practice
    4. 4) Interim Conclusions
  3. 1. 1) Prerequisites for the Formation of a General Principle
    2. 1. a) Rights Acquired under a Domestic Legal Order and Succession
      2. b) Human Rights Law, the Law on the Protection of Foreign Investment and Succession
      3. c) The Law on the Termination of Treaties
    3. 3) Interim Conclusions
3. 1. I) Presumption of Continuity of the Domestic Private Legal Order
  2. II) Obligation to Respect Factual Situations Emanating from the Exercise of Rights
  3. III) Legitimate Expectations as New Point of Reference
  4. 1. 1) Acquired Rights as Rights Acquired under Domestic Law
    2. 2) Acquired Rights and Public (“Political”) Rights
    3. 3) Acquired Rights and the Local Nature of the Right
    4. 4) Acquired Rights and Property Rights
    5. 5) Acquired Rights and Pecuniary Rights
  5. V) Bearers of Rights - The Relevance of Nationality
  6. 1. 1) Cessions, Mergers, and Absorptions
    2. 2) Dissolutions and Separations
  7. 1. 1) No Source of Directly Enforceable Rights
    2. 2) No Material Yardstick but Procedural Rule
    3. 3) Limited Scope of Protected Situations
  8. VIII) Interim Conclusions - the Principle’s New Clothes
4. 1. I) The Filling of Gaps Left by the Law of State Succession
  2. 1. 1) The Inclusion of New, Specific, and Informal Types of Property
    2. 2) Rectifying the “Implementation Gap”
  3. 1. 1) Example: Transfer of Territory According to a(n) Judicial/Arbitral Decision
    2. 2) Example: Expansion of Sovereignty and Rights Without Formal Legal Title
  4. IV) Holistic Approach - the Coherence of the International Legal System
5. E) Final Conclusions – Continuity in Times of Change
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1. 1. Case Law
2. 2. State Acts, Laws and Conventions
3. 3. EC/EU Documents
4. 4. League of Nations and UN Documents
5. 5. Literature
German Summary: Wohlerworbene Rechte in Fällen der StaatennachfolgePages 615 - 631 Download chapter (PDF)