The Freedom of Peaceful Assembly in Europe

Prof. Dr. Anne Peters LL.M. (Harvard); Dr. Isabelle Ley

doi:10.5771/9783845266084

Summary

This volume presents an accessible overview over the current state of the legislation on the freedom of assembly in eleven selected member states of the Venice Commission: the UK, France, the US, Belgium, Germany, Turkey, the Russian Federation, the Ukraine, Poland, Hungary and Tunisia. The volume may serve as a work of reference for the researcher or practitioner who seeks specific information on the legal bases, restrictions, or implementation of the freedom of assembly in a specific country or on more recent themes such as the legal implications of flashmobs. It is also a helpful starting point for anyone interested in comparing the state of assembly legislation in Europe and beyond. Next to information on details of the domestic regulation of assemblies, each study contains information on recent events, changes and debates on the laws on assemblies. Examples are the handling of the Arab spring in Tunisia, freedom of assembly-implications and management of the Gezi Park protests in Turkey, or the constitutional upheavals in the Ukraine.

<b>With contributions by:</b>

Anne Peters, Isbelle Ley, Elif Askin, Melina Garcin, Rainer Grote, Jannika Jahn, Steven Less, Halyna Perepelyuk, Orsolya Salát, Maria Stozek, Evgeniya Yushkova, Friederike Ziemer

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2016
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-2449-9
ISBN-Online: 978-3-8452-6608-4
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Beiträge zum ausländischen und vergleichenden öffentlichen Recht
Volume: 35
Language: English
Pages: 342
Product type: Edited Book

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages 1 - 8
Anne Peters, Isabelle Ley
1. 1. State of research No access Anne Peters, Isabelle Ley
2. 2. History No access Anne Peters, Isabelle Ley
3. 3. Rationale No access Anne Peters, Isabelle Ley
4. 4. Legal bases No access Anne Peters, Isabelle Ley
5. 5. Current challenges No access Anne Peters, Isabelle Ley
6. 6. Organisation of the book No access Anne Peters, Isabelle Ley
Jannika Jahn
1. Abstract No access Jannika Jahn
2. 1. Legal bases and scope of the guarantee No access Jannika Jahn
3. Jannika Jahn
  1. 2.1 Targeted statutory powers No access Jannika Jahn
  2. 2.2 Public order (criminal) offences No access Jannika Jahn
  3. 2.3 Non-targeted statutory powers and offences No access Jannika Jahn
  4. 2.4 By-laws No access Jannika Jahn
  5. 2.5 Common law powers No access Jannika Jahn
4. 3. Implementing the constitutional guarantee and freedom of assembly legislation No access Jannika Jahn
5. Jannika Jahn
  1. 4.1 Judicial review and the responsiveness of the democratic process No access Jannika Jahn
  2. 4.2 The Independent Police Complaints Commission and other types of review No access Jannika Jahn
6. 5. Conclusions and outlook No access Jannika Jahn
Melina Garcin
1. Abstract No access Melina Garcin
2. 1. Legal bases No access Melina Garcin
3. Melina Garcin
  1. 2.1 Case law No access Melina Garcin
  2. 2.2 Flashmobs No access Melina Garcin
4. Melina Garcin
  1. 3.1 Place and time restrictions No access Melina Garcin
  2. 3.2 Manner restrictions No access Melina Garcin
  3. 3.3 Sight and sound restrictions No access Melina Garcin
5. Melina Garcin
  1. 4.1 Notification and authorisation No access Melina Garcin
  2. 4.2 Decision-making No access Melina Garcin
6. Melina Garcin
  1. 5.1 Spontaneous assemblies No access Melina Garcin
  2. 5.2 Assemblies gathered by means of new technologies No access Melina Garcin
  3. 5.3 Assemblies taking place on public property No access Melina Garcin
  4. 5.4 Counter-demonstrations No access Melina Garcin
7. Melina Garcin
  1. 6.1 Pre-event planning No access Melina Garcin
  2. 6.2 Costs No access Melina Garcin
  3. 6.3 Use of force No access Melina Garcin
  4. 6.4 Liability of organisers No access Melina Garcin
8. Melina Garcin
  1. 7.1 Review and appeal No access Melina Garcin
  2. 7.2 Liability and accountability of law enforcement personnel No access Melina Garcin
  3. 7.3 Monitoring No access Melina Garcin
  4. 7.4 Media access No access Melina Garcin
9. 8. Conclusions and outlook No access Melina Garcin
Steven Less
1. Abstract No access Steven Less
2. Steven Less
  1. 1.1 Constitutional right to assemble No access Steven Less
  2. 1.2 Scope of the guarantee No access Steven Less
3. Steven Less
  1. 2.1 Assemblies on public property No access Steven Less
  2. 2.2 Assemblies on private property No access Steven Less
4. Steven Less
  1. 3.1 Content-based restrictions No access Steven Less
  2. Steven Less
    1. Place restrictions: restricted zones No access Steven Less
  3. 3.3 Vagueness and overbreadth No access Steven Less
  4. 3.4 Prior restraints No access Steven Less
5. Steven Less
  1. 4.1 Notification and spontaneous assemblies No access Steven Less
  2. 4.2 Decision-making No access Steven Less
  3. 4.3 Review of denial of permits No access Steven Less
  4. 4.4 Implementation costs No access Steven Less
6. Steven Less
  1. 5.1 Use of force by the police No access Steven Less
  2. 5.2 Liability of assemblers No access Steven Less
7. Steven Less
  1. 6.1 Liability of law enforcement authorities No access Steven Less
  2. 6.2 Monitoring No access Steven Less
8. Steven Less
  1. 7.1 Law enforcement policy and technology No access Steven Less
  2. 7.2 Prohibited and controlled equipment and the problem of militarised policing No access Steven Less
  3. 7.3 Body-worn cameras (BWC) and police accountability No access Steven Less
  4. 7.4 Police interference with wireless communications and social media No access Steven Less
  5. 7.5 Police surveillance and unmanned aerial systems (UAS) No access Steven Less
Melina Garcin
1. Abstract No access Melina Garcin
2. 1. Legal bases No access Melina Garcin
3. Melina Garcin
  1. 2.2 No specific laws on flashmobs No access Melina Garcin
4. Melina Garcin
  1. 3.1 Place and time restrictions No access Melina Garcin
  2. 3.2 Manner restrictions No access Melina Garcin
5. Melina Garcin
  1. 4.1 Authorisation No access Melina Garcin
  2. 4.2 Decision-making No access Melina Garcin
  3. 4.3 Review and appeal No access Melina Garcin
6. Melina Garcin
  1. 5.1 Assemblies gathered by means of new technologies (such as social networks) No access Melina Garcin
  2. 5.2 Spontaneous assemblies No access Melina Garcin
  3. 5.3 Assemblies taking place on public property No access Melina Garcin
  4. 5.4 Counter-demonstrations No access Melina Garcin
7. Melina Garcin
  1. 6.1 Pre-event planning No access Melina Garcin
  2. 6.2 Costs No access Melina Garcin
  3. 6.3 Use of force by the police No access Melina Garcin
  4. 6.4 Liability of organisers No access Melina Garcin
8. Melina Garcin
  1. 7.1 Liability and accountability of law enforcement personnel No access Melina Garcin
  2. 7.3 Media access No access Melina Garcin
9. 8. Conclusions and outlook No access Melina Garcin
Rainer Grote
1. Abstract No access Rainer Grote
2. 1. Legal bases No access Rainer Grote
3. Rainer Grote
  1. 2.1 Ratione personae No access Rainer Grote
  2. 2.2 Ratione materiae No access Rainer Grote
  3. 2.3 Peaceful character of assembly No access Rainer Grote
  4. 2.4 Protected activities No access Rainer Grote
4. 3. Restrictions No access Rainer Grote
5. Rainer Grote
  1. 4.1 Indoor assemblies No access Rainer Grote
  2. 4.2 Outdoor assemblies No access Rainer Grote
6. Rainer Grote
  1. 5.1 General provisions concerning liability, costs, and the like No access Rainer Grote
  2. 5.2 The recent Assembly Acts of the states (Länder) No access Rainer Grote
7. 6. Conclusions and outlook No access Rainer Grote
Elif Askin
1. Abstract No access Elif Askin
2. 1. Introduction No access Elif Askin
3. Elif Askin
  1. Post-Gezi amendments to the Law on Demonstrations No access Elif Askin
4. Elif Askin
  1. Elif Askin
    1. Specific legal restrictions for assemblies in public space No access Elif Askin
    2. Protests around Taksim Square No access Elif Askin
    3. Place restrictions concerning Cyprus and the “Green Line” No access Elif Askin
    4. Manner No access Elif Askin
  2. 3.2 Counter-terrorism restrictions No access Elif Askin
5. Elif Askin
  1. 4.1 Advance notification No access Elif Askin
  2. 4.2 Decision-making No access Elif Askin
6. Elif Askin
  1. 5.1 Flashmobs No access Elif Askin
  2. 5.2 Assemblies gathered by means of new technologies, especially social media No access Elif Askin
7. Elif Askin
  1. Elif Askin
    1. The use of “less lethal” weapons: tear gas and pepper spray No access Elif Askin
    2. Stop and search powers of the police No access Elif Askin
  2. 6.2 “Security Package” of 2015: restraining the right to freedom of assembly No access Elif Askin
  3. 6.3 Reprisals against peaceful protestors No access Elif Askin
  4. 6.4 Liability of organisers No access Elif Askin
  5. 6.5 Liability of specific groups supporting assemblies No access Elif Askin
8. Elif Askin
  1. Elif Askin
    1. Independent complaints mechanism No access Elif Askin
  2. Elif Askin
    1. Civil society No access Elif Askin
    2. Ombudsman No access Elif Askin
  3. 7.3 Media access No access Elif Askin
9. 8. Conclusions and outlook No access Elif Askin
Evgeniya Yushkova
1. Abstract No access Evgeniya Yushkova
2. Evgeniya Yushkova
  1. 1.1 Constitutional guarantee No access Evgeniya Yushkova
  2. 1.2 Primary legislation No access Evgeniya Yushkova
  3. 1.3 Secondary legislation No access Evgeniya Yushkova
3. Evgeniya Yushkova
  1. 2.1 Case law No access Evgeniya Yushkova
  2. 2.2 Experiences with flashmobs No access Evgeniya Yushkova
4. Evgeniya Yushkova
  1. 3.1 Legitimate grounds for restrictions No access Evgeniya Yushkova
  2. 3.2 Refusal to agree No access Evgeniya Yushkova
  3. 3.3 Suspension and termination No access Evgeniya Yushkova
  4. Evgeniya Yushkova
    1. Place No access Evgeniya Yushkova
    2. Time No access Evgeniya Yushkova
    3. Manner No access Evgeniya Yushkova
    4. “Sight and sound” No access Evgeniya Yushkova
5. Evgeniya Yushkova
  1. 4.1 Notification No access Evgeniya Yushkova
  2. 4.2 Decision-making No access Evgeniya Yushkova
  3. 4.3 Review and appeal No access Evgeniya Yushkova
6. Evgeniya Yushkova
  1. 5.1 Spontaneous assemblies No access Evgeniya Yushkova
  2. 5.2 Assemblies gathered by means of new technologies No access Evgeniya Yushkova
  3. 5.3 Counter-demonstrations No access Evgeniya Yushkova
7. Evgeniya Yushkova
  1. 6.1 Pre-event planning No access Evgeniya Yushkova
  2. 6.2 Costs No access Evgeniya Yushkova
  3. 6.3 Use of force by the police No access Evgeniya Yushkova
  4. 6.4 Liability of organisers No access Evgeniya Yushkova
8. Evgeniya Yushkova
  1. 7.1 Liability and accountability of law enforcement personnel No access Evgeniya Yushkova
  2. 7.2 Monitoring No access Evgeniya Yushkova
  3. 7.3 Media access No access Evgeniya Yushkova
9. 8. Conclusions and outlook No access Evgeniya Yushkova
Halyna Perepelyuk
1. Abstract No access Halyna Perepelyuk
2. 1. Legal bases and scope of the guarantee No access Halyna Perepelyuk
3. Halyna Perepelyuk
  1. 2.1 Time No access Halyna Perepelyuk
  2. 2.2 Place No access Halyna Perepelyuk
  3. 2.3 Sight and Sound No access Halyna Perepelyuk
4. Halyna Perepelyuk
  1. 3.1 Notification No access Halyna Perepelyuk
  2. 3.2 Decision-making No access Halyna Perepelyuk
  3. 3.3 Review and appeal No access Halyna Perepelyuk
5. Halyna Perepelyuk
  1. 4.1 Spontaneous assemblies No access Halyna Perepelyuk
  2. 4.2 Assemblies organised by means of new technologies No access Halyna Perepelyuk
  3. 4.3 Assemblies taking place on public properties No access Halyna Perepelyuk
  4. 4.4 Counter-demonstrations No access Halyna Perepelyuk
6. Halyna Perepelyuk
  1. 5.1 Pre-event planning No access Halyna Perepelyuk
  2. 5.2 Costs No access Halyna Perepelyuk
  3. 5.3 Use of force by the police No access Halyna Perepelyuk
  4. 5.4 The use of drones during demonstrations No access Halyna Perepelyuk
  5. 5.5 Liability of organisers No access Halyna Perepelyuk
7. Halyna Perepelyuk
  1. 6.1 Liability and accountability of law enforcement personnel No access Halyna Perepelyuk
  2. 6.2 Monitoring No access Halyna Perepelyuk
  3. 6.3 Media access No access Halyna Perepelyuk
8. 7. Conclusions and outlook No access Halyna Perepelyuk
Maria Stożek
1. Abstract No access Maria Stożek
2. 1. Legal bases No access Maria Stożek
3. Maria Stożek
  1. 2.1 Experiences with flashmobs No access Maria Stożek
4. 3. Restrictions No access Maria Stożek
5. Maria Stożek
  1. 4.1 Notification No access Maria Stożek
  2. 4.2 Decision-making No access Maria Stożek
  3. 4.3 Review and appeal No access Maria Stożek
6. Maria Stożek
  1. 5.1 Spontaneous assemblies No access Maria Stożek
  2. 5.2 Assemblies gathered by means of new technologies No access Maria Stożek
  3. 5.3 Counter-demonstrations No access Maria Stożek
7. Maria Stożek
  1. 6.1 Pre-event planning No access Maria Stożek
  2. 6.2 Costs No access Maria Stożek
  3. 6.3 No strict liability of the organisers No access Maria Stożek
  4. 6.4 Use of force by police No access Maria Stożek
8. Maria Stożek
  1. 7.1 Liability and accountability of law enforcement personnel No access Maria Stożek
  2. 7.2 Monitoring No access Maria Stożek
  3. 7.3 Media access No access Maria Stożek
9. 8. Conclusions and outlook No access Maria Stożek
Orsolya Salát
1. Abstract No access Orsolya Salát
2. Orsolya Salát
  1. 1.1 Changing constitutional context No access Orsolya Salát
  2. 1.2 The Act on the Right to Assembly No access Orsolya Salát
3. Orsolya Salát
  1. 2.1 Peacefulness No access Orsolya Salát
  2. 2.2 Narrow (or enlarged) notion of assembly No access Orsolya Salát
  3. 2.3 Choice of place, time, and circumstances No access Orsolya Salát
  4. 2.4 Types of assemblies protected No access Orsolya Salát
4. Orsolya Salát
  1. 3.1 Legitimate grounds for restrictions No access Orsolya Salát
  2. 3.2 Specific place and time restrictions No access Orsolya Salát
  3. 3.3 Manner restrictions No access Orsolya Salát
  4. 3.4 Sight and sound restrictions No access Orsolya Salát
5. Orsolya Salát
  1. 4.1 Notification No access Orsolya Salát
  2. 4.2 Spontaneous assemblies No access Orsolya Salát
  3. 4.3 Assemblies gathered by means of new technologies No access Orsolya Salát
  4. 4.4 Decision-making No access Orsolya Salát
  5. 4.5 Review and appeal No access Orsolya Salát
6. Orsolya Salát
  1. 5.1 Counter-demonstrations are not regulated No access Orsolya Salát
7. Orsolya Salát
  1. 6.1 Pre-event planning No access Orsolya Salát
  2. 6.2 Costs No access Orsolya Salát
  3. 6.3 Liability of organisers No access Orsolya Salát
  4. 6.4 Use of force by the police No access Orsolya Salát
8. Orsolya Salát
  1. 7.1 Liability and accountability of law enforcement personnel No access Orsolya Salát
  2. 7.2 Monitoring No access Orsolya Salát
  3. 7.3 Media access No access Orsolya Salát
9. 8. Conclusions and outlook No access Orsolya Salát
Melina Garcin
1. Abstract No access Melina Garcin
2. 1. Legal bases No access Melina Garcin
3. Melina Garcin
  1. 2.1 Comments on the final draft No access Melina Garcin
  2. 2.2 Experiences with flashmobs No access Melina Garcin
4. 3. Restrictions No access Melina Garcin
5. Melina Garcin
  1. 4.1 Notification and authorisation No access Melina Garcin
  2. 4.2 Decision-making No access Melina Garcin
  3. 4.3 Review and appeal No access Melina Garcin
6. Melina Garcin
  1. 5.1 Spontaneous assemblies No access Melina Garcin
  2. 5.2 Assemblies gathered by means of new technologies No access Melina Garcin
  3. 5.3 Assemblies taking place on public property No access Melina Garcin
  4. 5.4 Counter-demonstrations No access Melina Garcin
7. Melina Garcin
  1. 6.1 Pre-event planning No access Melina Garcin
  2. 6.2 Costs No access Melina Garcin
  3. 6.3 Use of force by the police No access Melina Garcin
  4. 6.4 Liability and accountability of organisers No access Melina Garcin
8. Melina Garcin
  1. 7.1 Liability and accountability of law enforcement personnel No access Melina Garcin
  2. 7.2 Monitoring No access Melina Garcin
  3. 7.3 Media access No access Melina Garcin
9. 8. Conclusions and outlook No access Melina Garcin
Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
1. Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
  1. 1.1 Wording No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
  2. Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
    1. Ratione personae No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
    2. Ratione materiae No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
  3. 1.3 Flashmobs No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
  4. 1.4 Federal states No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
2. Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
  1. 2.1 Private space No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
  2. 2.2 Prohibition, bans, and dispersals of assemblies No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
  3. 2.3 Time, place, and manner restrictions No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
  4. 2.4 Place restrictions: specifically designated areas No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
  5. 2.5 Time restrictions No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
  6. 2.6 Sound restrictions No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
  7. 2.7 Anonymity of participants No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
  8. 2.8 Fringe areas and other restricted zones No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
  9. 2.9 Use of force by the police No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
  10. 2.10 State of emergency No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
  11. 2.11 Anti-terrorism legislation No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
3. Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
  1. 3.1 Notification or authorisation requirement No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
  2. 3.2 Pre-event planning by law enforcement officials with the organiser No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
  3. 3.3 Spontaneous assemblies No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
  4. 3.4 Decision-making No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
  5. 3.5 Review and appeal No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
4. Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
  1. 4.1 Same sex pride parades No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
  2. 4.2 Use of force No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
  3. 4.3 Liability and accountability of law enforcement personnel No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
  4. 4.4 Liability of organisers No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
  5. 4.5 Media access and documentation No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
  6. 4.6 Monitoring No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
5. 5. Compact assessment No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
6. 6. Convergence and divergence in protecting freedom of assembly No access Isabelle Ley, Anne Peters
Table of ECtHR and ECmHR Cases No access Pages 329 - 332
Bibliography No access Pages 333 - 338
Contributors No access Pages 339 - 342

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