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The Freedom of Peaceful Assembly in Europe

Editors:
Publisher:
 2016

Summary

This volume presents an accessible overview over the current state of the legislation on the freedom of assembly in eleven selected member states of the Venice Commission: the UK, France, the US, Belgium, Germany, Turkey, the Russian Federation, the Ukraine, Poland, Hungary and Tunisia. The volume may serve as a work of reference for the researcher or practitioner who seeks specific information on the legal bases, restrictions, or implementation of the freedom of assembly in a specific country or on more recent themes such as the legal implications of flashmobs. It is also a helpful starting point for anyone interested in comparing the state of assembly legislation in Europe and beyond. Next to information on details of the domestic regulation of assemblies, each study contains information on recent events, changes and debates on the laws on assemblies. Examples are the handling of the Arab spring in Tunisia, freedom of assembly-implications and management of the Gezi Park protests in Turkey, or the constitutional upheavals in the Ukraine.

<b>With contributions by:</b>

Anne Peters, Isbelle Ley, Elif Askin, Melina Garcin, Rainer Grote, Jannika Jahn, Steven Less, Halyna Perepelyuk, Orsolya Salát, Maria Stozek, Evgeniya Yushkova, Friederike Ziemer

Bibliographic data

Edition
1/2016
Copyright Year
2016
ISBN-Print
978-3-8487-2449-9
ISBN-Online
978-3-8452-6608-4
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series
Beiträge zum ausländischen und vergleichenden öffentlichen Recht
Volume
35
Language
English
Pages
342
Product Type
Edited Book

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access 1 - 8
  2. Authors:
    1. 1. State of research No access
      Authors:
    2. 2. History No access
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    3. 3. Rationale No access
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    4. 4. Legal bases No access
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    5. 5. Current challenges No access
      Authors:
    6. 6. Organisation of the book No access
      Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. Abstract No access
      Authors:
    2. 1. Legal bases and scope of the guarantee No access
      Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. 2.1 Targeted statutory powers No access
        Authors:
      2. 2.2 Public order (criminal) offences No access
        Authors:
      3. 2.3 Non-targeted statutory powers and offences No access
        Authors:
      4. 2.4 By-laws No access
        Authors:
      5. 2.5 Common law powers No access
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    4. 3. Implementing the constitutional guarantee and freedom of assembly legislation No access
      Authors:
    5. Authors:
      1. 4.1 Judicial review and the responsiveness of the democratic process No access
        Authors:
      2. 4.2 The Independent Police Complaints Commission and other types of review No access
        Authors:
    6. 5. Conclusions and outlook No access
      Authors:
  4. Authors:
    1. Abstract No access
      Authors:
    2. 1. Legal bases No access
      Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. 2.1 Case law No access
        Authors:
      2. 2.2 Flashmobs No access
        Authors:
    4. Authors:
      1. 3.1 Place and time restrictions No access
        Authors:
      2. 3.2 Manner restrictions No access
        Authors:
      3. 3.3 Sight and sound restrictions No access
        Authors:
    5. Authors:
      1. 4.1 Notification and authorisation No access
        Authors:
      2. 4.2 Decision-making No access
        Authors:
    6. Authors:
      1. 5.1 Spontaneous assemblies No access
        Authors:
      2. 5.2 Assemblies gathered by means of new technologies No access
        Authors:
      3. 5.3 Assemblies taking place on public property No access
        Authors:
      4. 5.4 Counter-demonstrations No access
        Authors:
    7. Authors:
      1. 6.1 Pre-event planning No access
        Authors:
      2. 6.2 Costs No access
        Authors:
      3. 6.3 Use of force No access
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      4. 6.4 Liability of organisers No access
        Authors:
    8. Authors:
      1. 7.1 Review and appeal No access
        Authors:
      2. 7.2 Liability and accountability of law enforcement personnel No access
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      3. 7.3 Monitoring No access
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      4. 7.4 Media access No access
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    9. 8. Conclusions and outlook No access
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  5. Authors:
    1. Abstract No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1.1 Constitutional right to assemble No access
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      2. 1.2 Scope of the guarantee No access
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    3. Authors:
      1. 2.1 Assemblies on public property No access
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      2. 2.2 Assemblies on private property No access
        Authors:
    4. Authors:
      1. 3.1 Content-based restrictions No access
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      2. Authors:
        1. Place restrictions: restricted zones No access
          Authors:
      3. 3.3 Vagueness and overbreadth No access
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      4. 3.4 Prior restraints No access
        Authors:
    5. Authors:
      1. 4.1 Notification and spontaneous assemblies No access
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      2. 4.2 Decision-making No access
        Authors:
      3. 4.3 Review of denial of permits No access
        Authors:
      4. 4.4 Implementation costs No access
        Authors:
    6. Authors:
      1. 5.1 Use of force by the police No access
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      2. 5.2 Liability of assemblers No access
        Authors:
    7. Authors:
      1. 6.1 Liability of law enforcement authorities No access
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      2. 6.2 Monitoring No access
        Authors:
    8. Authors:
      1. 7.1 Law enforcement policy and technology No access
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      2. 7.2 Prohibited and controlled equipment and the problem of militarised policing No access
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      3. 7.3 Body-worn cameras (BWC) and police accountability No access
        Authors:
      4. 7.4 Police interference with wireless communications and social media No access
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      5. 7.5 Police surveillance and unmanned aerial systems (UAS) No access
        Authors:
  6. Authors:
    1. Abstract No access
      Authors:
    2. 1. Legal bases No access
      Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. 2.2 No specific laws on flashmobs No access
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    4. Authors:
      1. 3.1 Place and time restrictions No access
        Authors:
      2. 3.2 Manner restrictions No access
        Authors:
    5. Authors:
      1. 4.1 Authorisation No access
        Authors:
      2. 4.2 Decision-making No access
        Authors:
      3. 4.3 Review and appeal No access
        Authors:
    6. Authors:
      1. 5.1 Assemblies gathered by means of new technologies (such as social networks) No access
        Authors:
      2. 5.2 Spontaneous assemblies No access
        Authors:
      3. 5.3 Assemblies taking place on public property No access
        Authors:
      4. 5.4 Counter-demonstrations No access
        Authors:
    7. Authors:
      1. 6.1 Pre-event planning No access
        Authors:
      2. 6.2 Costs No access
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      3. 6.3 Use of force by the police No access
        Authors:
      4. 6.4 Liability of organisers No access
        Authors:
    8. Authors:
      1. 7.1 Liability and accountability of law enforcement personnel No access
        Authors:
      2. 7.3 Media access No access
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    9. 8. Conclusions and outlook No access
      Authors:
  7. Authors:
    1. Abstract No access
      Authors:
    2. 1. Legal bases No access
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    3. Authors:
      1. 2.1 Ratione personae No access
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      2. 2.2 Ratione materiae No access
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      3. 2.3 Peaceful character of assembly No access
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      4. 2.4 Protected activities No access
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    4. 3. Restrictions No access
      Authors:
    5. Authors:
      1. 4.1 Indoor assemblies No access
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      2. 4.2 Outdoor assemblies No access
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    6. Authors:
      1. 5.1 General provisions concerning liability, costs, and the like No access
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      2. 5.2 The recent Assembly Acts of the states (Länder) No access
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    7. 6. Conclusions and outlook No access
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  8. Authors:
    1. Abstract No access
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    2. 1. Introduction No access
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    3. Authors:
      1. Post-Gezi amendments to the Law on Demonstrations No access
        Authors:
    4. Authors:
      1. Authors:
        1. Specific legal restrictions for assemblies in public space No access
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        2. Protests around Taksim Square No access
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        3. Place restrictions concerning Cyprus and the “Green Line” No access
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        4. Manner No access
          Authors:
      2. 3.2 Counter-terrorism restrictions No access
        Authors:
    5. Authors:
      1. 4.1 Advance notification No access
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      2. 4.2 Decision-making No access
        Authors:
    6. Authors:
      1. 5.1 Flashmobs No access
        Authors:
      2. 5.2 Assemblies gathered by means of new technologies, especially social media No access
        Authors:
    7. Authors:
      1. Authors:
        1. The use of “less lethal” weapons: tear gas and pepper spray No access
          Authors:
        2. Stop and search powers of the police No access
          Authors:
      2. 6.2 “Security Package” of 2015: restraining the right to freedom of assembly No access
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      3. 6.3 Reprisals against peaceful protestors No access
        Authors:
      4. 6.4 Liability of organisers No access
        Authors:
      5. 6.5 Liability of specific groups supporting assemblies No access
        Authors:
    8. Authors:
      1. Authors:
        1. Independent complaints mechanism No access
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      2. Authors:
        1. Civil society No access
          Authors:
        2. Ombudsman No access
          Authors:
      3. 7.3 Media access No access
        Authors:
    9. 8. Conclusions and outlook No access
      Authors:
  9. Authors:
    1. Abstract No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1.1 Constitutional guarantee No access
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      2. 1.2 Primary legislation No access
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      3. 1.3 Secondary legislation No access
        Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. 2.1 Case law No access
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      2. 2.2 Experiences with flashmobs No access
        Authors:
    4. Authors:
      1. 3.1 Legitimate grounds for restrictions No access
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      2. 3.2 Refusal to agree No access
        Authors:
      3. 3.3 Suspension and termination No access
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      4. Authors:
        1. Place No access
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        2. Time No access
          Authors:
        3. Manner No access
          Authors:
        4. “Sight and sound” No access
          Authors:
    5. Authors:
      1. 4.1 Notification No access
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      2. 4.2 Decision-making No access
        Authors:
      3. 4.3 Review and appeal No access
        Authors:
    6. Authors:
      1. 5.1 Spontaneous assemblies No access
        Authors:
      2. 5.2 Assemblies gathered by means of new technologies No access
        Authors:
      3. 5.3 Counter-demonstrations No access
        Authors:
    7. Authors:
      1. 6.1 Pre-event planning No access
        Authors:
      2. 6.2 Costs No access
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      3. 6.3 Use of force by the police No access
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      4. 6.4 Liability of organisers No access
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    8. Authors:
      1. 7.1 Liability and accountability of law enforcement personnel No access
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      2. 7.2 Monitoring No access
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      3. 7.3 Media access No access
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    9. 8. Conclusions and outlook No access
      Authors:
  10. Authors:
    1. Abstract No access
      Authors:
    2. 1. Legal bases and scope of the guarantee No access
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    3. Authors:
      1. 2.1 Time No access
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      2. 2.2 Place No access
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      3. 2.3 Sight and Sound No access
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    4. Authors:
      1. 3.1 Notification No access
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      2. 3.2 Decision-making No access
        Authors:
      3. 3.3 Review and appeal No access
        Authors:
    5. Authors:
      1. 4.1 Spontaneous assemblies No access
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      2. 4.2 Assemblies organised by means of new technologies No access
        Authors:
      3. 4.3 Assemblies taking place on public properties No access
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      4. 4.4 Counter-demonstrations No access
        Authors:
    6. Authors:
      1. 5.1 Pre-event planning No access
        Authors:
      2. 5.2 Costs No access
        Authors:
      3. 5.3 Use of force by the police No access
        Authors:
      4. 5.4 The use of drones during demonstrations No access
        Authors:
      5. 5.5 Liability of organisers No access
        Authors:
    7. Authors:
      1. 6.1 Liability and accountability of law enforcement personnel No access
        Authors:
      2. 6.2 Monitoring No access
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      3. 6.3 Media access No access
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    8. 7. Conclusions and outlook No access
      Authors:
  11. Authors:
    1. Abstract No access
      Authors:
    2. 1. Legal bases No access
      Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. 2.1 Experiences with flashmobs No access
        Authors:
    4. 3. Restrictions No access
      Authors:
    5. Authors:
      1. 4.1 Notification No access
        Authors:
      2. 4.2 Decision-making No access
        Authors:
      3. 4.3 Review and appeal No access
        Authors:
    6. Authors:
      1. 5.1 Spontaneous assemblies No access
        Authors:
      2. 5.2 Assemblies gathered by means of new technologies No access
        Authors:
      3. 5.3 Counter-demonstrations No access
        Authors:
    7. Authors:
      1. 6.1 Pre-event planning No access
        Authors:
      2. 6.2 Costs No access
        Authors:
      3. 6.3 No strict liability of the organisers No access
        Authors:
      4. 6.4 Use of force by police No access
        Authors:
    8. Authors:
      1. 7.1 Liability and accountability of law enforcement personnel No access
        Authors:
      2. 7.2 Monitoring No access
        Authors:
      3. 7.3 Media access No access
        Authors:
    9. 8. Conclusions and outlook No access
      Authors:
  12. Authors:
    1. Abstract No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1.1 Changing constitutional context No access
        Authors:
      2. 1.2 The Act on the Right to Assembly No access
        Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. 2.1 Peacefulness No access
        Authors:
      2. 2.2 Narrow (or enlarged) notion of assembly No access
        Authors:
      3. 2.3 Choice of place, time, and circumstances No access
        Authors:
      4. 2.4 Types of assemblies protected No access
        Authors:
    4. Authors:
      1. 3.1 Legitimate grounds for restrictions No access
        Authors:
      2. 3.2 Specific place and time restrictions No access
        Authors:
      3. 3.3 Manner restrictions No access
        Authors:
      4. 3.4 Sight and sound restrictions No access
        Authors:
    5. Authors:
      1. 4.1 Notification No access
        Authors:
      2. 4.2 Spontaneous assemblies No access
        Authors:
      3. 4.3 Assemblies gathered by means of new technologies No access
        Authors:
      4. 4.4 Decision-making No access
        Authors:
      5. 4.5 Review and appeal No access
        Authors:
    6. Authors:
      1. 5.1 Counter-demonstrations are not regulated No access
        Authors:
    7. Authors:
      1. 6.1 Pre-event planning No access
        Authors:
      2. 6.2 Costs No access
        Authors:
      3. 6.3 Liability of organisers No access
        Authors:
      4. 6.4 Use of force by the police No access
        Authors:
    8. Authors:
      1. 7.1 Liability and accountability of law enforcement personnel No access
        Authors:
      2. 7.2 Monitoring No access
        Authors:
      3. 7.3 Media access No access
        Authors:
    9. 8. Conclusions and outlook No access
      Authors:
  13. Authors:
    1. Abstract No access
      Authors:
    2. 1. Legal bases No access
      Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. 2.1 Comments on the final draft No access
        Authors:
      2. 2.2 Experiences with flashmobs No access
        Authors:
    4. 3. Restrictions No access
      Authors:
    5. Authors:
      1. 4.1 Notification and authorisation No access
        Authors:
      2. 4.2 Decision-making No access
        Authors:
      3. 4.3 Review and appeal No access
        Authors:
    6. Authors:
      1. 5.1 Spontaneous assemblies No access
        Authors:
      2. 5.2 Assemblies gathered by means of new technologies No access
        Authors:
      3. 5.3 Assemblies taking place on public property No access
        Authors:
      4. 5.4 Counter-demonstrations No access
        Authors:
    7. Authors:
      1. 6.1 Pre-event planning No access
        Authors:
      2. 6.2 Costs No access
        Authors:
      3. 6.3 Use of force by the police No access
        Authors:
      4. 6.4 Liability and accountability of organisers No access
        Authors:
    8. Authors:
      1. 7.1 Liability and accountability of law enforcement personnel No access
        Authors:
      2. 7.2 Monitoring No access
        Authors:
      3. 7.3 Media access No access
        Authors:
    9. 8. Conclusions and outlook No access
      Authors:
  14. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. 1.1 Wording No access
        Authors:
      2. Authors:
        1. Ratione personae No access
          Authors:
        2. Ratione materiae No access
          Authors:
      3. 1.3 Flashmobs No access
        Authors:
      4. 1.4 Federal states No access
        Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 2.1 Private space No access
        Authors:
      2. 2.2 Prohibition, bans, and dispersals of assemblies No access
        Authors:
      3. 2.3 Time, place, and manner restrictions No access
        Authors:
      4. 2.4 Place restrictions: specifically designated areas No access
        Authors:
      5. 2.5 Time restrictions No access
        Authors:
      6. 2.6 Sound restrictions No access
        Authors:
      7. 2.7 Anonymity of participants No access
        Authors:
      8. 2.8 Fringe areas and other restricted zones No access
        Authors:
      9. 2.9 Use of force by the police No access
        Authors:
      10. 2.10 State of emergency No access
        Authors:
      11. 2.11 Anti-terrorism legislation No access
        Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. 3.1 Notification or authorisation requirement No access
        Authors:
      2. 3.2 Pre-event planning by law enforcement officials with the organiser No access
        Authors:
      3. 3.3 Spontaneous assemblies No access
        Authors:
      4. 3.4 Decision-making No access
        Authors:
      5. 3.5 Review and appeal No access
        Authors:
    4. Authors:
      1. 4.1 Same sex pride parades No access
        Authors:
      2. 4.2 Use of force No access
        Authors:
      3. 4.3 Liability and accountability of law enforcement personnel No access
        Authors:
      4. 4.4 Liability of organisers No access
        Authors:
      5. 4.5 Media access and documentation No access
        Authors:
      6. 4.6 Monitoring No access
        Authors:
    5. 5. Compact assessment No access
      Authors:
    6. 6. Convergence and divergence in protecting freedom of assembly No access
      Authors:
  15. Table of ECtHR and ECmHR Cases No access 329 - 332
  16. Bibliography No access 333 - 338
  17. Contributors No access 339 - 342

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