Cover of book: Legal and Regulatory Framework of European Energy Markets
Buy in shop
, to see if you have full access to this publication.
Monograph No access

Legal and Regulatory Framework of European Energy Markets

Competition Law and Sector-Specific Regulations
Authors:
Publisher:
 2020

Summary

Since the beginning of the 1990s, Europe has been struggling to establish a competitive as well as a fully integrated internal energy market. Until the early 1990s, the European energy markets consisted of national monopolies possessing vertically integrated structures. They were also still nationally segregated. Since, the EU has made the decision to open European energy markets to competition and subsequently establish an internal energy market.

The European energy markets are currently controlled by a dual structure consisting of two different regulatory frameworks: competition law and sector-specific regulations. The primary goal of these legal instruments is the establishment of an internal energy market.

This book aims at analysing the development of the European energy markets and policies from the perspective of competition law as well as sector-specific regulations and, hence, identifying the problems regarding the introduction of competition into the energy markets.

Bibliographic data

Edition
1/2020
Copyright Year
2020
ISBN-Print
978-3-8288-4429-2
ISBN-Online
978-3-8288-7440-4
Publisher
Tectum, Baden-Baden
Series
Wissenschaftliche Beiträge aus dem Tectum Verlag: Rechtswissenschaft
Volume
127
Language
English
Pages
270
Product Type
Monograph

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access I - XXXVIII
  2. Introduction No access 1 - 6
        1. A. World No access
        2. B. Europe No access
          1. 1. World No access
          2. 2. Europe No access
          3. 3. OPEC No access
          1. 1. World No access
          2. 2. Europe No access
        1. A. World No access
        2. B. Europe No access
        1. A. State-owned Undertakings No access
        2. B. Municipal Utilities No access
      2. II. Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) No access
      3. III. Privately Held Undertakings No access
      1. I. European Coal and Steel Treaty No access
      2. II. Euratom Treaty No access
      3. III. Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union No access
          1. 1. Expiry of the European Coal and Steel Community Treaty No access
          2. 2. State-Aid Regulations for Coal No access
          1. 1. Carbon Capture and Storage Technologies No access
          2. 2. The CCS Directive No access
          1. 1. Directive 91/296/EEC No access
          2. 2. Directive 98/30/EC No access
          3. 3. Directive 2003/55/EC No access
          4. 4. Directive 2009/73/EC No access
          1. 1. Regulation 1775/2005 No access
          2. 2. Regulation 715/2009 No access
          1. 1. Directive 90/547/EEC No access
          2. 2. Directive 96/92/EC No access
          3. 3. Directive 2003/54/EC No access
          4. 4. Directive 2009/72/EC No access
          1. 1. Regulation 1228/2003 No access
          2. 2. Regulation 714/2009 No access
        1. A. Directive 2001/77/EC No access
        2. B. Directive 2003/30/EC No access
        3. C. Directive 2009/28/EC No access
        1. A. The Concept of Competition No access
          1. 1. Introduction No access
          2. 2. Competition Law in the EU No access
        1. A. The Concept of Regulation No access
        2. B. The Concept of Sector-Specific Regulations No access
        1. A. Structural Differences No access
        2. B. Institutional Differences No access
        1. A. Exclusive Jurisdiction No access
        2. B. Concurrent Jurisdiction No access
        3. C. Summary No access
      1. I. Deutsche Telekom No access
      2. II. TeliaSonera No access
      3. III. Telefónica No access
      4. IV. Orange Polska No access
          1. 1. Ownership Unbundling No access
          2. 2. Independent System Operator (ISO) No access
          3. 3. Independent Transmission Operator (ITO) No access
          1. 1. Accounting Unbundling No access
          2. 2. Functional Unbundling No access
          3. 3. Legal Unbundling No access
          1. 1. Regulated Third-Party Access No access
          2. 2. Access to Upstream Pipeline Networks No access
          3. 3. Negotiated Third-Party Access No access
        2. B. Refusal of Access No access
        3. C. Exemption of Third-Party Access No access
        1. A. Article 101 TFEU No access
        2. B. Article 102 TFEU No access
      2. II. State Aid Rules No access
      3. III. Merger Regulation No access
          1. 1. Subject Matter No access
          2. 2. Preliminary Assessment and Decision No access
          1. 1. Subject Matter No access
          2. 2. Preliminary Assessment and Decision No access
          1. 1. Subject Matter No access
          2. 2. Preliminary Assessment and Decision No access
          1. 1. Subject Matter No access
          2. 2. Preliminary Assessment and Decision No access
              1. 1) Subject Matter No access
              2. 2) Relevant Markets and Dominant Position No access
              3. 3) Preliminary Assessment and Decision No access
              1. 1) Subject Matter No access
              2. 2) Relevant Markets and Dominant Position No access
              3. 3) Preliminary Assessment and Decision No access
              1. 1) Subject Matter No access
              2. 2) Relevant Market and Dominant Position No access
              3. 3) Preliminary Assessment and Decision No access
              1. 1) Subject Matter No access
              2. 2) Relevant Market and Dominant Position No access
              3. 3) Preliminary Assessment and Decision No access
              1. 1) Subject Matter No access
              2. 2) Relevant Market and Dominant Position No access
              3. 3) Preliminary Assessment and Decision No access
            1. a. Refusal to Supply No access
            2. b. Capacity Hoarding/Capacity Degradation and Margin Squeeze No access
            3. c. Long-term Capacity Booking No access
            4. d. Strategic Underinvestment No access
            1. a. Subject Matter No access
            2. b. Relevant Market and Dominant Position No access
            3. c. Preliminary Assessment and Decision No access
            1. a. Subject Matter No access
            2. b. Relevant Market and Dominant Position No access
            3. c. Preliminary Assessment and Decision No access
          3. 3. Summary No access
            1. a. Subject Matter No access
            2. b. Relevant Market and Dominant Position No access
            3. c. Preliminary Assessment and Decision No access
            1. a. Subject Matter No access
            2. b. Relevant Market and Dominant Position No access
            3. c. Preliminary Assessment and Decision No access
          3. 3. Summary No access
            1. a. Subject Matter No access
            2. b. Relevant Market and Dominant Position No access
            3. c. Preliminary Assessment and Decision No access
            1. a. Subject Matter No access
            2. b. Relevant Market and Dominant Position No access
            3. c. Preliminary Assessment and Decision No access
            1. a. Capacity withdrawal No access
            2. b. Purchase of overpriced balancing energy No access
            3. c. Discrimination through congestion management and market segmentation No access
          1. 1. Subject Matter No access
          2. 2. Decision No access
          1. 1. Subject Matter No access
          2. 2. Decision No access
          1. 1. Subject Matter No access
          2. 2. Decision No access
          1. 1. Subject Matter No access
          2. 2. Decision No access
          1. 1. Subject Matter No access
          2. 2. Decision No access
          1. 1. Subject Matter No access
          2. 2. Decision No access
      1. I. Development of the Regulatory Framework No access
      2. II. Assessment on the Current State of the Liberalisation No access
    2. § 11. Sector-Specific Regulations and Competition Law No access
    3. § 12. Competition in Energy Markets No access

Bibliography (404)

  1. Bibliography Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  2. AAI, 2005. Comments of The American Antitrust Institute Working Group on Regulated Industries. Washington, DC: The American Antritrust Institute. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  3. Advocacy Working Group, 2002. Advocacy and Competition Policy. Naples: International Competition Network. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  4. Ahner, N., 2011. The Framework for Supporting Renewable Energy in Europe: Implementing Directive 2009/28/EC. In: M. M. Roggenkamp & U. Hammer, eds. European Energy Law Report VIII. Antwerp: Intersentia, pp. 93–116. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  5. Akman, P., 2012. The General Court’s judgment in Telefónica: has the Atlantic Ocean just got wider? (Online) Available at: https://competitionpolicy.wordpress.com/2012/04/17/the-general-courts-judgment-in-telefonica-has-the-atlantic-ocean-just-got-wider/ (accessed 1 June 2019). Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  6. Akman, P., 2015. The Concept of Abuse in EU Competition Law: Law and Economic Approaches. 2nd ed. Oxford: Hart Publishing. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  7. Alexiadis, P., 2008. Informative and Interesting: The CFI Rules in Deutsche Telekom v. European Commission. Global Competition Policy Magazine, 1 May, pp. 1–16. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  8. Alexiadis, P., 2012. Balancing the Application of Ex Post and Ex Ante Disciplines under Community Law in Electronic Communications Markets: Square Pegs in Round Holes? In: E. Buttigieg, ed. Rights and Remedies in a Liberalised and Competitive Internal Market. Msida: University of Malta, pp. 137–164. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  9. Almunia, J., 2010. Competition v Regulation: where do the roles of sector specific and competition regulators begin and end? (Online) Available at: europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-10–121_en.pdf (accessed 1 June 2019). Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  10. Alter, K. & Steinberg, D., 2007. The Theory and Reality of the European Coal and Steel Community. In: S. Meunier & K. McNamara, eds. Making History: European Integration and Institutional Change at Fifty. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 89–105. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  11. Andersen, S., 2001. Energy Policy: Interest Interaction and Supranational Authority. In: S. Andersen, ed. Making Policy in Europe. London: Sage Publishing, pp. 106–124. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  12. Ardiyok, S. & Oguz, F., 2010. Competition Law and Regulation in the Turkish Telecommunications Industry: Friends or Foes? Telecommunications Policy, 34(4), pp. 233–243. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  13. Armenteros, M. F. & Lefevere, J., 2001. European Court of Justice, 13 March 2001, Case C-379/98, PreussenElektra Aktiengesellschaft v. Schleswag Aktiengesellschaft. Review of European Community & International Environmental Law, 10(3), pp. 344–347. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  14. Arnold, R., 2006. Régulation économique et démocratie politique. In: M. Lombard, ed. Régulation économique et démocratie. Paris: Dalloz, pp. 83–96. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  15. Aronson, E. & Stern, P. C., 1984. Energy Use: The Human Dimension, New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  16. Baldwin, R., Cave, M. & Lodge, M., 2012. Understanding Regulation Theory, Strategy, and Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  17. Baldwin, R., Scott, C. & Hood, C., 1998. Introduction. In: R. Baldwin, C. Scott & C. Hood, eds. A Reader on Regulation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1–55. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  18. Banks, F. E., 1983. Resources and Energy: An Economic Analysis. Lexington: Lexington Books. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  19. Barros, P. P. & Hoernig, S., 2018. Sectoral Regulators and the Competition Authority: Which Relationship is Best? Review of Industrial Organization, 52(3), pp. 451–472. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  20. Bartok, C. et al., 2006. A combination of gas release programmes and ownership unbundling as remedy to a problematic energy merger: E.ON / MOL. Competition Policy Newsletter, 13(2), pp. 73–83. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  21. Battista, J., Gee, A. & Koppenfels, U. v., 2009. Commission imposes heavy fine on two major European gas companies for operating a market-sharing agreement. Competition Policy Newsletter, 16(3), pp. 38–40. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  22. Bebr, G., 1953. The European Coal and Steel Community: A Political and Legal Innovation. The Yale Law Journal, 63(1), pp. 1–43. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  23. Bechtold, R., 2000. Modernisierung des EG-Wettbewerbsrechts: Der Verordnungs-Entwurf der Kommission zur Umsetzung des Weißbuchs. Betriebs-Berater, 17(48), pp. 2425–2430. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  24. Bellamy, C. & Child, G. D., 1987. Common Market Law of Competition. London: Sweet & Maxwell. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  25. Bellamy, C. & Child, G. D., 2013. European Community Law of Competition. 7th ed. London: Sweet & Maxwell. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  26. Bengtsson, M., 1998. Climates of Competition. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  27. Better Regulation Task Force, 2003. Principles of Good Regulation, London: BRTF. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  28. Bishop, M., Kay, J. & Mayer, C., 1995. Introduction. In: M. Bishop, J. Kay & C. Mayer, eds. The Regulatory Challenge. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  29. Bishop, S. & Walker, M., 2010. Economics of EC Competition Law: Concepts, Application and Measurement. 3rd ed. London: Sweet & Maxwell. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  30. Black, J., 2005. What is Regulatory Innovation? In: J. Black, M. Lodge & M. Thatcher, eds. Regulatory Innovation: A Comparative Analysis. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 1–16. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  31. Blakey, S., 2013. Long-term Outlook for Gas to 2035. Brussels: Eurogas. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  32. Börner, A. R., 2002. Negotiated Third Party Access in Germany: Electricity and Gas. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 20(1), pp. 27–39. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  33. Boscheck, R., 2009. The EU’s Third Internal Energy Market Legislative Package: Victory of Politics over Economic Rationality? World Competition, 32(4), pp. 593–608. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  34. BP, 2015. Energy Outlook to 2035. London: BP Publications. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  35. BP, 2016. Statistical Review of World Energy. London: BP Publications. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  36. Brakman, S., Marrewijk, C. V. & Witteloostuijn, A. v., 2009. Market liberalization in the European Natural Gas Market: The importance of capacity constraints and efficiency differences. Utrecht: Tjalling C. Koopmans Research Institute. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  37. Brennan, T. J., 2005. Regulation and Competition as Complements. In: M. A. Crew & M. Spiegel, eds. Obtaining the Best from Regulation and Competition. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 1–21. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  38. Brennan, T. J., 2008. Essential Facilities and Trinko: Should Antitrust and Regulation Be Combined? Federal Communications Law Journal, 61(1), pp. 133–147. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  39. Breyer, S. G., 1982. Regulation and Its Reform. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  40. Breyer, S. G., Stewart, R. B., Sunstein, C. R. & Vermeule, A., 2006. Administrative Law and Regulatory Policy: Problems, Text and Cases. New York: Aspen Publishers. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  41. Buigues, P. A., 2006. Competition Policy and Sector-Specific Regulation in Network Industries: The EU Experience. Geneva: UNCTAD. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  42. Burger, M., Graeber, B. & Schindlmayr, G., 2014. Managing Energy Risk: An Integrated View on Power and Other Energy Markets. 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  43. Buschle, D., 2013. Unbundling of State-owned Transmission System Operators – Effective Remedy or Eyewash? European Networks Law and Regulation Quarterly, 1(1), pp. 49–64. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  44. Buts, C., Jegers, M. & Juris, T., 2011. Determinants of the European Commission’s State Aid Decisions. Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, 11(4), pp. 399–426. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  45. Cabau, E., 2016. The relevant product market – Gas. In: E. Cabau, ed. The Internal Energy Market. 4th ed. Leuven: Claeys & Casteels, pp. 105–124. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  46. Cabau, E. & Sandberg, L., 2016. Unbundling of Transmission System Operators. In: C. Jones, ed. EU Energy Law: The Internal Energy Market. Deventer: Claeys & Casteels, pp. 91–191. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  47. Cameron, P. D., 2007. Competition in Energy Markets: Law and Regulation in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  48. Cameron, P. D., 2010. International Energy Investment Law: The Pursuit of Stability. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  49. Capece, G., Pillo, F. D., Gastaldi, M. & Levialdi, N., 2007. The European gas market: the effects of liberalization on retail prices. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 105, pp. 417–442. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  50. Cardoso, R. et al., 2010. The Commission’s GDF and E.ON Gas decisions concerning long-term capacity bookings: Use of own infrastructure as possible abuse under Article 102 TFEU. Competition Policy Newsletter, 17(3), pp. 8–11. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  51. Carlton, D. W. & Picker, R. C., 2007. Antitrust and Regulation. Cambridge: The National Bureau of Economic Research. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  52. Chalmers, D., Davies, G. & Monti, G., 2010. European Union Law Cases and Materials. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  53. Chauve, P. et al., 2009. The E.ON electricity cases: an antitrust decision with structural remedies. Competition Policy Newsletter, 16(1), pp. 51–54. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  54. Chemtob, S. M., 2007. The Role of Competition Agencies in Regulated Sectors. Beijing, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  55. Clark, J. M., 1940. Toward a Concept of Workable Competition. The American Economic Review, 30(2), pp. 241–256. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  56. Coal Mines Committee, 1947. General Report. Geneva: International Labour Organisation. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  57. Colangelo, M., 2013. The Interface between Competition Rules and Sector-Specific Regulation in the Telecommunications Sector: Evidence from Recent EU Margin Squeeze Cases. Competition and Regulation in Network Industries, 14(3), pp. 214–240. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  58. Colomo, P. I., 2016. EU Competition Law in the Regulated Network Industries. London: London School of Economics and Political Science. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  59. Cook, B. A., 2001. Europe since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Volume II. New York: Garland Publishing. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  60. Cook, P., 2002. Competition and Its Regulation: Key Issues. Manchester: Centre on Regulation and Competition. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  61. Cook, P., Kirkpatrick, C., Minogue, M. & Parker, D., 2004. Competition, Regulation and Regulatory Governance: An Overview. In: P. Cook, C. Kirkpatrick, M. Minogue & D. Parker, eds. Leading Issues in Competition, Regulation and Development. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 3–39. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  62. Cottier, T., Matteotti-Berkutova, S. & Nartova, O., 2010. Third Country Relations in EU Unbundling of Natural Gas Markets: The “Gazprom Clause” of Directive 2009/73 EC and WTO Law. Bern: National Centre of Competence in Research on Trade Regulation. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  63. Council of Economic Advisers, 2016. Benefits of Competition and indicators of market power. (Online) Available at: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/page/files/20160414_cea_competition_issue_brief.pdf (accessed 1 June 2019). Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  64. Courivaud, H., 2004. L’ouverture à la concurrence des marchés de l’énergie. Ankara: Turkish Competition Authority. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  65. CPS, 2011. EU Acquis Guide Related to Steel Sector. Brussels: MESS. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  66. CPS, 2012. EU Acquis Guide Related to Competition. Brussels: MESS. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  67. Crampton, P., 2002. Striking the Right Balance between Competition and Regulation: The Key Is Learning from Our Mistakes. Jesu Island, OECD. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  68. Dabbah, M. M., 2003. The Internationalisation of Antitrust Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  69. Dabbah, M. M., 2004. EC and UK Competition Law: Commentary, Cases and Materials. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  70. Dabbah, M. M., 2010. International and Comparative Competition Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  71. Dabbah, M. M., 2011. The Relationship between Competition Authorities and Sector Regulators. The Cambridge Law Journal, 70(1), pp. 113–143. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  72. Dahl, C. A., 2015. International Energy Markets: Understanding Pricing, Policies, and Profits. 2nd ed. Tulsa: PennWell. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  73. Davies, S. & Price, C. W., 2007. Does Ownership Unbundling Matter? Evidence from UK Energy Markets. Intereconomics, 42(6), pp. 297–301. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  74. Davis, L. W. & Muehlegger, E., 2010. Do Americans Consume Too Little Natural Gas? An Empirical Test of Marginal Cost Pricing. The RAND Journal of Economics, 41(4), pp. 791–810. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  75. De Bronett, G.-K., 2003. Die Verordnung Nr. 17. In: H. Schröter, T. Jakob & W. Mederer, eds. Kommentar zum europäischen Wettbewerbsrecht. Baden-Baden: Nomos, pp. 1016–1136. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  76. De Clercq, G., 2014. Insight: Europe’s utilities squeezed by creeping nationalization. (Online) Available at: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-utilities-unplugged-renationalisation-idUSBREA0I03720140119 (accessed 1 June 2019). Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  77. Delvaux, B., 2007. The Gas Transmission Regulation 1775/2005: Has a Genius been born? In: M. M. Roggenkamp & U. Hammer, eds. European Energy Law Report IV. Antwerp: Intersentia, pp. 41–70. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  78. Department of the Taoiseach, 2004. Regulating Better. Dublin: Department of the Taoiseach. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  79. Diathesopoulos, M., 2010. Third Party Access and Refusal to Deal in European Energy Networks: How Sector Regulation and Competition Law Meet Each Other. Tilburg: Tilburg Law and Economics Center. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  80. Diathesopoulos, M., 2011. Competition Law and Sector Regulation in the European Energy Market after the Third Energy Package: Hierarchy and Efficiency. Tilburg: Tilburg University. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  81. Dogan, S. L. & Lamley, M. A., 2009. Antitrust Law and Regulatory Gaming. Texas Law Review, pp. 685–730. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  82. Drauz, G., Chellingsworth, T. & Hyrkas, H., 2010. Recent Developments in EC Merger Control. Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, 1(1), p. 12–26. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  83. Dube, C., 2008. Competition Authorities and Sector Regulators: What is the Best Operational Framework? Jaipur: Cuts International. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  84. Dunne, N., 2015. Competition Law and Economic Regulation: Making and Managing Markets. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  85. Dziadykiewicz, E., 2007. Refusal to Grant Third-Party Access by an Electricity Transmission System Operator – Overview of Competition Law Issues. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 25(2), pp. 114–149. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  86. EFET, 2000. Unbundling as a crucial factor in the completion of European Electricity and Gas Market Liberalisation. Amsterdam: EFET. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  87. Ehlermann, C.-D. & Laudati, L. L., 1998. Introduction. In: C.-E. Ehlermann & L. L. Laudati, ed. European Competition Law Annual 1997: Objectives of Competition Policy. Oxford: Hart Publishing, pp. vii–xviii. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  88. Ehlers, E., 2010. Electricity and gas supply network unbundling in Germany, Great Britain and The Netherlands and the law of the European Union. Intersentia: Portland. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  89. ENISA, 2011. Desktop Research on Public Private Partnership. Athens: ENISA. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  90. Erbach, G., 2019. Common rules for the internal electricity market. Brussels: European Parliamentary Research Service. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  91. ERG, 2009. Transition from Sector Specific Regulation to Competition Law. Brussels: ERG. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  92. ESTEP, 2013. State-Owned Enterprises in the European Union: ensuring level playing field. Brussels: ESTEP. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  93. Euracoal, 2011. Coal Industry across Europe. Brussels: European Association for Coal and Lignite. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  94. Euracoal, 2013. Coal Industry across Europe. Brussels: European Association for Coal and Lignite. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  95. Euracoal, 2017. Coal Industry across Europe. Brussels: European Association for Coal and Lignite. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  96. EUREL, 2013. Electrical Power Vision 2040 for Europe. Brussels: EUREL General Secretariat. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  97. European Commission, 1997. Commission Notice on the definition of relevant market for the purposes of Community competition. Brussels: EC. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  98. European Commission, 1999. White Paper on Modernisation of the Rules Implementing Articles 85 and 86 of the EC Treaty. Brussels: EC. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  99. European Commission, 2001. Commission Staff Working Paper: First benchmarking report on the implementation of the internal electricity and gas market. Brussels: EC. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  100. European Commission, 2004. Green Paper on Public Private Partnerships. Brussels: EC. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  101. European Commission, 2004. Green Paper on public-private partnerships and Community law on public contracts and concessions. Brussels: EC. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  102. European Commission, 2004. Guidelines on the application of Article 81(3) of the Treaty. Brussels: EC. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  103. European Commission, 2004. Guidelines on the effect on trade concept contained in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty. Brussels: EC. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  104. European Commission, 2005. DG Competition discussion paper on the application of Article 82 of the Treaty to exclusionary abuses. Brussels: EC. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  105. European Commission, 2006. Annex to the Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy. Brussels: EC. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  106. European Commission, 2006. Competition: Commission has carried out inspections in the EU gas sector in five Member States. (Online) Available at: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-06-205_en.htm (accessed 1 June 2019). Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  107. European Commission, 2007. Accompanying the legislative package on the internal market for electricity and gas – Impact Assessment. Brussels: EC. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  108. European Commission, 2007. Commission Report on the Application of Council Regulation (EC) No 1407/2002 on State Aid to the Coal Industry, COM(2007) 253 final. Brussels: EC. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  109. European Commission, 2007. Sustainable power generation from fossil fuels: aiming for near-zero emissions from coal after 2020. Brussels: EC. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  110. European Commission, 2009. Antitrust: Commission fines E.ON and GDF Suez €553 million each for market-sharing in French and German gas markets. (Online) Available at: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-09-1099_en.htm?locale=fr (accessed 1 June 2019). Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  111. European Commission, 2010. Europe 2020 – A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. Brussels: EU. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  112. European Commission, 2010. Frequently Asked Questions – Coal Regulation. (Online) Available at: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-10-348_en.htm (accessed 1 June 2019). Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  113. European Commission, 2010. The Unbundling Regime. Brussels: EC. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  114. European Commission, 2014. European energy security strategy. Brussels: EU. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  115. European Commission, 2014. Quarterly Report on European Gas Markets. Brussels: EU. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  116. European Commission, 2015. Antitrust: Commission sends Statement of Objections to Gazprom for alleged abuse of dominance on Central and Eastern European gas supply markets. (Online) Available at: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-15-4828_en.htm (accessed 1 June 2019). Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  117. European Commission, 2015. Renewable Energy Package: New Renewable Energy Directive and bioenergy sustainability policy for 2030. Brussels: EU. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  118. European Commission, 2015. Renewable energy progress report. Brussels: EU. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  119. European Commission, 2016. State aid: Commission opens in-depth investigation into support for Romanian petrochemical company Oltchim. (Online) Available at: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-16-1321_en.htm (accessed 1 June 2019). Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  120. European Commission, 2016. State-Owned Enterprises in the EU: Lessons Learnt and Ways Forward in a Post-Crisis Context. Brussels: EU. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  121. Eurostat, 2015. Electricity production and supply statistics. (Online) Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/ (accessed 1 June 2019). Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  122. Eurostat, 2016. Energy saving statistics. (Online) Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/ (accessed 1 June 2019). Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  123. Evrard, S. J., 2004. Essential Facilities in the European Union: Bronner and Beyond. Columbia Journal of European Law, 10(3), pp. 491–526. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  124. Eydeland, A. & Wolyniec, K., 2003. Energy and Power Risk Management: New Developments in Modeling, Pricing, and Hedging. New Jersey: Wiley Finance. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  125. Ezrachi, A., 2018. EU Competition Law: an analytical guide to the leading cases. 6th ed. Oxford: Hart Publishing. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  126. Faella, G. & Pardolesi, R., 2010. Squeezing Price Squeeze under EC Antitrust Law. European Competition Journal, 6(1), pp. 255–284. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  127. Faull, J., Kjolbye, L., Leupold, H. & Nikpay, A., 2014. Article 101. In: J. Faull & A. Nikpay, eds. The EU Law of Competition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 183–328. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  128. Fodorova, K., Lovasova, E. & Sabová, Z., 2014. Interplay between Competition Law and Sector-Specific Regulation – What Is the Role of the Ne Bis in Idem Principle. Common Law Review, 13, pp. 46–43. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  129. Friedmann, W., 1954. The Public Corporation: A comparative symposium. London: Stevens and Sons. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  130. Fumagalli, C., Motta, M. & Calcagno, C., 2018. Exclusionary Practices: The Economics of Monopolisation and Abuse of Dominance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  131. Fusaro, P. C., 1998. Energy Risk Management: Hedging Strategies and Instruments for the International Energy Markets. New York: McGraw-Hill. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  132. Gao, A. M.-Z., 2009. The Third European Energy Liberalization Package: Does Functional and Legal Unbundling in the Gas Storage Sector Go Too Far? Competition and Regulation in Network Industries, 10(1), pp. 17–44. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  133. Gao, A. M.-Z., 2010. Regulating Gas Liberalization. A Comparative Study on Unbundling and Open Access Regimes in the US, Europe, Japan. Austin: Wolters Kluwer. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  134. Gauer, C., Dalheimer, D., Kjolbye, L. & Smijter, E. D., 2003. Regulation 1/2003: A modernised application of EC competition rules. Competition Policy Newsletter, 10(1), pp. 3–8. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  135. Gauer, C. & Kjolbye, L., 2014. Energy. In: J. Faull & A. Nikpay, eds. The EU Law of Competition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1581–1646. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  136. Geradin, D., 2011. Refusal to Supply and Margin Squeeze: A Discussion of Why the “Telefonica Exceptions” are Wrong. Tilburg: TILEC. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  137. Geradin, D., Layne-Farrar, A. & Petit, N., 2012. EU Competition Law and Economics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  138. Geradin, D. & O’Donoghue, R., 2005. The Concurrent Application of Competition Law and Regulation: the Case of Margin Squeeze Abuses in the Telecommunications Sector. Bruges: The Global Competition Law Centre. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  139. Gillingham, J., 1991. Coal, steel, and the rebirth of Europe, 1945–1955. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  140. Girdis, D., 2001. Power and Gas Regulation Issues and International Experience. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  141. Gómez, L. & Murray, G., 2015. Competition Regime: State Measures and Public Bodies under EC Law. (Online) Available at: http://us.practicallaw.com/5-107-4648?q=Private (accessed 1 June 2019). Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  142. Goyder, D., Goyder, J. & Albors-Llorens, A., 2009. Goyder’s EC competition law. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  143. Graells, A. S., 2015. Public Procurement and the EU Competition Rules. 2nd ed. Oxford: Hart Publishing. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  144. Granville, L. & Irvine, H., 2015. The impact of regulation on competition in telecommunications and piped gas. The African Journal of Information and Communication, 2015(14), pp. 1–14. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  145. Gräper, F., Schoser, C. & Papsch, J., 2016. Third Party Access. In: C. Jones, ed. EU Energy Law: The Internal Energy Market. Leuven: Claeys & Casteels, pp. 27–89. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  146. Groot, K., 2013. European Power Utilities under Pressure. The Hague: Clingendael International Energy Programme (CIEP). Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  147. Guayo, I. d., Kühne, G. & Roggenkamp, M. M., 2010. Ownership Unbundling and Property Rights in the EU Energy Sector. In: A. McHarg, B. Barton, A. Bradbrook & L. Godden, eds. Property and the Law in Energy and Natural Resources. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 326–360. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  148. Haghighi, S. S., 2007. Energy Security: The external legal relations of the European Union with major oil- and gas-supplying countries. Oxford: Hart Publishing. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  149. Hahn, H. J., 1958. Euratom: The Conception of an International Personality. Harvard Law Review, 71(6), pp. 1001–1056. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  150. Hall, D., 2013. Re-municipalising municipal services in Europe. London: Public Services International Research Unit. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  151. Hancher, L. & Klasse, M., 2018. Aid to Nuclear and Coal. In: L. Hancher, A. d. Hauteclocque & F. M. Salerno, eds. State Aid and the Energy Sector. Oxford: Hart Publishing, pp. 201–235. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  152. Hancher, L. & Vlam, R. D., 2004. Mergers in the Electricity Sector – Relevant Markets and Related Issues. In: M. M. Roggenkamp & U. Hammer, eds. European Energy Law Report I. Antwerp: Intersentia, pp. 29–73. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  153. Hauteclocque, A. d., 2009. Legal Uncertainty and Competition Policy in European Deregulated Electricity Markets: the Case of Long-term Exclusive Supply Contracts. World Competition, 32(1), pp. 91–112. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  154. Hauteclocque, A. d., 2016. Article 102 TFEU – Abuse of a dominant position. In: C. Jones, ed. EU Competition Law and Energy Markets. Deventer: Claeys & Casteels, pp. 283–375. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  155. Hauteclocque, A. d. & Hancher, L., 2011. The Svenska Kraftnät case: introduction of bidding zones in Sweden. Network Industries Quarterly, 13(1), pp. 20–22. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  156. Hauteclocque, A. d. & Talus, K., 2011. Capacity to Compete: Recent Trends in Access Regimes in Electricity and Natural Gas Networks. Florence: Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  157. Heimler, A., 2010. Is a Margin Squeeze an Antitrust or a Regulatory Violation? Journal of Competition Law & Economics, 6(4), pp. 879–891. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  158. Hellwig, M., 2008. Competition Policy and Sector-Specific Regulation for Network Industries. Bonn: Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  159. Hey, C., 2005. EU Environmental Policies: A Short History of the Policy Strategies. In: S. Scheuer, ed. EU Environmental Policy Handbook. Utrecht: International Books, pp. 15–30. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  160. Höffler, F. & Kranz, S., 2011. Legal unbundling can be a golden mean between vertical integration and ownership separation. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 29(5), pp. 576–588. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  161. Hofmann, M., 2013. Regulierung und Wettbewerb: Koordinationsmechanismen im europäischen Energiesektor. Zürich: Schulthess. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  162. Holland, J. & Luoma, A., 2010. Decision-Making Powers and Institutional Design in Competition Cases: The Application of Competition Rules by Sectoral Regulators in the United Kingdom. Competition Policy International, 10(1), pp. 92–109. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  163. Horstmann, N., 2011. Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators: Its Particularities and Its Role in Enhancing the Cooperation of National Energy Regulators. In: M. M. Roggenkamp & U. Hammer, eds. European Energy Law Report VIII. Antwerp: Intersentia, pp. 43–58. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  164. Hospers, G.-J. & Groenendijk, N. S., 2003. The European Coal and Steel Community. In: A. Prinz, A. E. Steenge & A. Vogel, eds. Grenzüberschreitende Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik. Münster: Lit, pp. 87–109. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  165. Hossenfelder, S. & Lutz, M., 2003. Die neue Durchführungsverordnung zu den Artikeln 81 und 82 EG-Vertrag. Wirtschaft und Wettbewerb, 2003/2, pp. 118–129. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  166. Hulst, R. & Montfort, A. v., 2007. Inter-Municipal Cooperation in Europe. Dordrecht: Springer. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  167. Hyde-Smith, P., 1983. Legal Regulation of Pricing and Competition in the European Coal and Steel Community. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 1(3), pp. 176–185. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  168. ICF Consultancy Services & DIW Berlin, 2016. The economic impact of enforcement of competition policies on the functioning of EU energy markets. Luxembourg: European Commission. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  169. ICN, 2004. Antitrust Enforcement in Regulated Sectors. Seoul: International Competition Network. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  170. IEA, 2014. Energy Supply Security: The Emergency Response of IEA Countries. Paris: IEA Publications. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  171. IEA, 2015. Medium Term Coal Market Report. Paris: OECD/IEA. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  172. IEA, 2015. Medium Term Gas Market Report. Paris: OECD/IEA. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  173. IEA, 2015. Oil Medium-Term Market Report. Paris: OECD/IEA. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  174. IEA, 2015. World Energy Outlook: Factsheet Global energy trends to 2040. Paris: OECD/IEA. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  175. IEA, 2016. Coal Information. Paris: OECD/IEA. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  176. IEA, 2016. Electricity information. Paris: OECD/IEA. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  177. IEA, 2016. Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Czech Republic. Paris: OECD/IEA. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  178. IEA, 2016. Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Poland. Paris: OECD/IEA. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  179. IEA, 2016. Key World Energy Statistics. Paris: OECD/IEA. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  180. IEA, 2016. Medium Term Coal Market Report. Paris: OECD/IEA. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  181. IEA, 2016. Oil Information. Paris: OECD/IEA. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  182. IEA, 2016. Oil Market Report. (Online) Available at: https://www.iea.org/oilmarketreport/omrpublic/ (accessed 1 June 2019). Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  183. Ilzkovitz, F., Dierx, A., Kovacs, V. & Sousa, N., 2007. Steps towards a deeper economic integration: the Internal Market in the 21st century – A contribution to the Single Market Review. Brussels: European Commission. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  184. Immenga, U., 1993. The Development of European Energy Policy: From the ECSC Treaty to the Internal Market. In: E. J. Mestmäcker, ed. Natural Gas in the Internal Market: a review of energy policy. London: Graham & Trotman, pp. 47–58. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  185. Immenga, U. & Mestmäcker, E.-J., 2012. EU-Wettbewerbsrecht. 5th ed. München: Beck. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  186. InterEnerStat, 2008. Harmonisation of Definitions of Energy Products and Flows. Paris: IEA. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  187. Jaag, C. & Trinkner, U., 2009. A General Framework for Regulation and Liberalization in Network Industries. Zurich: Swiss Economics. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  188. Jakovac, P., 2012. Electricity Directives and Evolution of the EU Internal Electricity Market. Economic Thought and Practice, 1(11), pp. 315–338. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  189. Joekes, S. & Evans, P., 2008. Competition and Development. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  190. Johnston, A., 1999. Maintaining the Balance of Power: Liberalisation, Reciprocity and Electricity in the European Community. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 17(2), pp. 121–150. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  191. Johnston, A. & Block, G., 2012. EU Energy Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  192. Jones, A. & Sufrin, B., 2016. EU Competition Law: Text, cases, and materials. 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  193. Jones, C., 2016. Introduction. In: C. Jones, ed. EU Energy Law: The Internal Energy Market. Deventer: Claeys & Casteels, pp. 1–14. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  194. Jones, D. & Gutmann, K., 2015. End of an Era: Why Every European Country Needs Coal Phase-out Plan. London: Greenpeace. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  195. Jordana, J. & Levi-Faur, D., 2004. The politics of regulation in the age of governance. In: J. Jordana & D. Levi-Faur, eds. The Politics of Regulation: Institutions and Regulatory Reforms for the Age of Governance. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 1–31. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  196. Jungjohann, A. & Morris, C., 2014. The German Coal Conundrum: The status of coal power in Germany’s energy transition. Washington, DC: Heinrich Böll Stiftung. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  197. Kahl, W., 2009. Die Kompetenzen der EU in der Energiepolitik nach Lissabon. Europarecht, 5(44), pp. 601–621. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  198. Kahn, A. E., 1998. The Economics of Regulation: Principles and Institutions. Massachusetts: MIT Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  199. Kanai, M., 2010. Putting a Price on Energy: International Coal Pricing. Brussels: Energy Charter Secretariat. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  200. Kavalov, B. & Peteves, S. D., 2007. The Future of Coal. Petten: DG JRC Institute for Energy. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  201. Kekelekis, M., 2006. The EC Merger Control Regulation – Rights of Defence: A critical analysis of DG COMP practice and Community Courts’ jurisprudence. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  202. Khemai, S. & Waverman, L., 1997. Strategic Alliances: A threat to competition? In: Competition Policy in the Global Economy: Modalities for Co-operation. London: Routledge, pp. 121–157. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  203. Kikeri, S., Nellis, J. & Shirley, M., 1992. Privatization: The lessons of experience. Washington DC: The World Bank. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  204. Kilian, L., 2015. Energy Price Shocks. In: S. N. Durlauf & L. E. Blume, eds. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  205. Kirchner, C., 2004. Competition policy vs. regulation: administration vs. judiciary. In: M. Neumann & J. Weigand, eds. The International Handbook of Competition. 1st ed. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 306–321. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  206. Kirchner, C., 2006. Regulating towards what? The concepts of competition in sector-specific regulation, the likelihood of their realisation and of their sustainability, and their relationship to rendering public infrastructure services. In: H. Ullrich, ed. The Evolution of European Competition Law: Whose regulation, which competition? Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 241–256. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  207. Kirschen, D. & Strbac, G., 2005. Fundamentals of Power System Economics. Chichester: Wiley & Sons. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  208. Kishimoto, S., Petitjean, O. & Steinfort, L., 2017. Reclaiming Public Services: How cities and citizens are turning back privatisation, Amsterdam: Transnational Institute. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  209. Kjolbye, L., 2016. Horizontal Agreements. In: C. Jones, ed. EU Competition Law and Energy Markets. Leuven: Claeys & Casteels, pp. 157–220. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  210. Klein, M., 1996. Competition in Network Industries. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  211. Kloc-Evison, K. & Koska, D., 2012. Competition Law Mechanism as Additional Tool of the III Energy Package Implementation. In: R. Zajdler, ed. EU Energy Law: Constraints with the Implementation of the Third Liberalisation Package. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars, pp. 27–53. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  212. Koch, N., 1959. Das Verhältnis der Kartellvorschriften des EWG-Vertrages zum Gesetz gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen. Betriebs-Berater, 1959, pp. 241–248. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  213. Koch, O. & Gauer, C., 2011. Energy Liberalisation and Competition Law – the Commission’s Recent Antitrust Case Practice. In: D. Buschle, S. Hirsbrunner & C. Kaddous, eds. European Energy Law. Bâle: Helbing Lichtenhahn, pp. 209–249. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  214. Koch, O., Nagy, K., Pucinskaite-Kubik, I. & Tretton, W., 2009. The RWE gas foreclosure case: Another energy network divestiture to address foreclosure concerns. Competition Policy Newsletter, 16(2), pp. 32–34. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  215. Kohl, W. L., 1978. Energy Policy in the Communities. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 440(1), pp. 111–121. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  216. Kotlowski, A., 2007. Third-party Access Rights in the Energy Sector: A Competition Law Perspective. Utilities Law Review, 16(3), pp. 101–109. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  217. Kratz, B. & Kreuzer, F., 2011. Ownership Unbundling – A Swiss Perspective. In: D. Buschle, S. Hirsbrunner & C. Kaddous, eds. European Energy Law. Bâle: Helbing Lichtenhahn, pp. 51–77. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  218. Kroes, N., 2005. European Competition Policy – Delivering Better Markets and Better Choices. (Online) Available at: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-05-512_en.htm (accessed 1 June 2019). Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  219. Kroes, N., 2006. Towards an Efficient and Integrated European Energy – First Findings and Next Steps. Brussels, European Commission Conference. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  220. Kroes, N., 2007. Improving Competition in European Energy Markets through Effective Unbundling. Fordham International Law Journal, 35(1), pp. 1387–1441. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  221. Kroes, N., 2008. Consumers at the heart of EU Competition Policy. (Online) Available at: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-08-212_en.htm?locale=en (accessed 1 June 2019). Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  222. Kühne, G., 1994. GATT and EC Subsidies and State Aids: The Coal Sector. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 12(1), pp. 83–94. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  223. Laffont, J. J. & Tirole, J., 2000. Competition in Telecommunications. Cambridge: MIT Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  224. Landes, V., 2016. Jurisdiction: When does a merger fall under the Merger Regulation? In: C. Jones, ed. EU Competition Law and Energy Markets. Leuven: Claeys & Casteels, pp. 437–473. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  225. Lang, J. T., 2007. The Use of Competition Law Powers for Regulatory Purposes. Oxford, Regulatory Policy Institute. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  226. Liesen, R., 1999. Transit under the 1994 Energy Charter Treaty. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 17(1), pp. 56–73. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  227. Lindroos, M., Schichel, D. & Svane, L. P., 2002. Liberalisation of European Gas Markets – Commission settles GFU. Competition Policy Newsletter, 9(3), pp. 50–52. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  228. Littlechild, S. C., 1983. Regulation of British Telecommunications’ Profitability. London: Department of Industry. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  229. Liu, H., 2010. Liner Conferences in Competition Law: A Comparative Analysis of European and Chinese Law. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  230. Lohmann, H., 2009. The German Gas Market post 2005: Development of Real Competition. Oxford: Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  231. London Economics, 1997. The Single Market Review, Sub-series V: Impact on Competition and Scale Effects. Vol. 3: Competition Issues. London: Earthscan. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  232. Loring, A., 1979. OPEC Oil. Cambridge Mass: Oelgeschlager Gunn & Hain. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  233. Lowe, P., 2003. Applying EU Competition Law to Newly Liberalised Energy Markets. Brussels, Mentor Group – Forum for EU-US Legal-Economic Affairs. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  234. Lucas, N., 1977. Energy and the European Communities. London: Europa Publications. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  235. Lyons, P. K., 1998. What is energy Policy? EC Inform – EU Energy Policies towards the 21st Century. Surrey: EC Inform. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  236. Mabry, R. H. & Ulbrich, H. H., 1989. Introduction to Economic Principles. New York: McGraw-Hill. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  237. Maier Rigaud, F., Manca, F. & Koppenfels, U. v., 2011. Strategic underinvestment and gas network foreclosure?– the ENI case. Competition Policy Newsletter, 18(1), pp. 18–23. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  238. Majone, G., 2003. Deregulation, Liberalization and Regulatory Reform in the European Union. Mexico City, Public Administration and Development Management UN. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  239. Mallard, G., 2008. Can the Euratom Treaty Inspire the Middle East? The Political Promises of Regional Nuclear Communities. The Nonproliferation Review, 15(3), pp. 459–477. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  240. Malmendier, B. & Schendel, J., 2006. Unbundling Germany’s Energy Networks. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 24(3), pp. 362–383. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  241. Mankabady, S., 1990. Energy Law. London: Euromoney Books. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  242. Mäntysaari, P., 2015. EU Electricity Trade Law: The Legal Tools of Electricity Producers in the Internal Electricity Market. Cham: Springer International Publishing. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  243. Martin, S. & El-Agraa, A. M., 2004. Energy Policy and Energy Markets. In: A. M. El-Agraa, ed. The European Union Economics and Policies. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, pp. 270–288. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  244. Martin, S. & El-Agraa, A. M., 2011. Energy policy and energy markets. In: A. M. El-Agraa, ed. The European Union Economics and Policies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 257–288. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  245. Mason, H. L., 1955. The European Coal and Steel Community – Experiment in Supranationalism. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  246. Mateus, A. M., 2010. Competition and Development: Towards an Institutional Foundation for Competition Enforcement. World Competition: Law and Economics Review, 33(2), pp. 275–299. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  247. Mathieu, G., 1970. The history of the ECSC: good times and bad. Le Monde, 9 May, p. 874. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  248. Mathijsen, P., 1961. Problems Connected with the Creation of Euratom. Law and Contemporary Problems, 26(3), pp. 438–453. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  249. Mathijsen, P., 1966. Some Legal Aspects of Euratom. Common Market Law Review, 3(3), pp. 326–343. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  250. Matláry, J. H., 1997. Energy Policy in the European Union. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  251. Maugeri, L., 2006. The Age of Oil: The Mythology, History, and Future of the World’s Most Controversial Resource. Westport: Prager. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  252. Meeus, L., Purchala, K. & Belmans, R., 2005. Development of the Internal Electricity Market in Europe. The Electricity Journal, 18(6), pp. 25–35. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  253. Merlino, P. & Faella, G., 2013. Strategic Underinvestment as an Abuse of Dominance under EU Competition Rules. World Competition, 36(4), pp. 513–539. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  254. Mestmäcker, E. J., 1993. Energy Policy for Natural Gas in the Internal Market. In: E. J. Mestmäcker, ed. Natural Gas in the Internal Market: a review of energy policy. London: Graham & Trotman, pp. 1–18. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  255. Mete, G., 2015. Analysis of the Term ‘Transit’ in Cross-Border Energy Transport: A Comparative Study of Regulatory Frameworks in the Eurasian Context. In: D. Buschle & K. Talus, eds. The Energy Community: A new energy governance system. Cambridge: Intersentia, pp. 591–619. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  256. Midttun, A., 2001. Deregulation and Reconfiguration of Infrastructure Industry: Theoretical Reflections on Empirical Patterns from Nordic Markets. Journal of Network Industries, 2(1), pp. 25–68. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  257. Mills, S. J., 2010. Prospects for coal, CCTs and CCS in the European Union. Paris: IEA. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  258. Mitchell, R. A., 1999. The Electricity Directive of the European Union: What Can the Member States Learn from the Experiences of Privatized England and Wales? American University International Law Review, 14(3), pp. 761–803. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  259. Moisejevas, R. & Novosad, A., 2013. Some Thoughts Concerning the Main Goals of Competition Law. Jurisprudencija, 20(2), pp. 627–642. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  260. Molle, W., 1991. The Economics of European Integration: Theory, practice, policy. Aldershot: Dartmouth. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  261. Monti, G., 1996. Oligopoly: Conspiracy? Joint Monopoly?, Or Enforceable Competition? World Competition, 19(3), pp. 59–102. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  262. Monti, G., 2002. Article 81 and Public Policy. Common Market Law Review, 39(5), pp. 1057–1099. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  263. Monti, G., 2017. Article 102: sources of interpretation. In: P. L. Parcu, G. Monti & M. Botta, eds. Abuse of Dominance in EU Competition Law: Emerging Trends. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 34–52. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  264. Monti, M., 2003. Competition and Regulation in the New Framework. Brussels, European Commission. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  265. Möschel, W., 2002. The Relationship between Competition Authorities and Sector-Specific Regulators. European Business Organization Law Review, 3(4), pp. 823–831. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  266. Motta, M., 2009. Competition Policy: Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  267. Mukhigulishvili, G. & Margvelashvili, M., 2012. Competition and Monopoly in Internal Energy Markets. Tblisi: World Experience for Georgia. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  268. Mulder, M., Shestalova, V. & Lijesen, M., 2005. Vertical Separation of the Energy-Distribution Industry: An Assessment of Several Options for Unbundling. The Hague: CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  269. Murphy, A., 2014. Juggling Geopolitics and Competition Law – an Analysis of the Role Geopolitics Plays in the Application of Competition Law in Upstream Gas Contracts. Natolin: College of Europe. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  270. Nanes, A., 1958. The Evolution of Euratom. International Journal, 13(1), pp. 12–20. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  271. Neresian, R. L., 2016. Energy Economics: Markets, History and Policy. London: Routledge. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  272. Newbery, D. M., 1999. Privatization Restructuring and Regulation of Network Utilities. Cambridge: MIT Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  273. Newbery, D. M., 2002. Regulating Unbundled Network Utilities. The Economic and Social Review, 33(1), pp. 23–41. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  274. Newbery, D. M. G., 2004. Privatising Network Industries. Munich: CESifo (Center for Economic Studies and Ifo Institute). Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  275. Nieburg, H. L., 1963. EURATOM: A Study in Coalition Politics. World Politics, 15(4), pp. 597–622. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  276. Noguera, J., 2017. The Seven Sisters versus OPEC: Solving the mystery of the petroleum market structure. Energy Economics, 64(4), pp. 298–305. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  277. Oberthür, S. & Pallemaerts, M., 2010. The EU’s External and Internal Climate Policies: an Historical Overview. In: S. Oberthür & M. Pallemaerts, eds. The New Climate Policies of the European Union: Internal Legislation and Climate Diplomacy. Brussels: VUBPRESS, pp. 27–64. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  278. O’Donoghue, R., 2008. Regulating the Regulated: Deutsche Telekom v. European Commission. Global Competition Policy, 1 May, pp. 1–24. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  279. O’Donoghue, R. & Padilla, J., 2013. The Law and Economics of Article 102 TFEU. 2nd ed. Oxford: Hart Publishing. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  280. Odudu, O., 2002. A new economic approach to Article 81(1)? European Law Review, 27(1), pp. 100–105. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  281. Odudu, O., 2006. The Boundaries of EC Competition Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  282. OECD, 1996. The Essential Facilities Concept. Paris: OECD. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  283. OECD, 1998. Relationship between Regulators and Competition. Paris: OECD. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  284. OECD, 2000. Privatisation, Competition and Regulation. Paris: OECD. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  285. OECD, 2001. Restructuring Public Utilities for Competition. Paris: OECD. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  286. OECD, 2005. Guiding Principles for Regulatory Quality and Performance. Paris: OECD. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  287. OECD, 2006. OECD Economic Surveys: Germany. Paris: OECD. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  288. OECD, 2009. OECD Guidelines for Fighting Bid Rigging in Public Procurement. Paris: OECD. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  289. OECD, 2010. Regulatory Policy and the Road to Sustainable Growth. Paris: OECD. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  290. OECD, 2011. Emission Permits and Competition. Paris: OECD. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  291. OECD, 2012. Recommendation of the Council on Principles for Public Governance of Public-Private Partnerships. Paris: OECD. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  292. OECD, 2014. Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics. Paris: OECD. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  293. OECD, 2015. OECD Guidelines on Corporate Governance of State-Owned Enterprises. Paris: OECD. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  294. Ogus, A., 2004. Regulation: Legal Form and Economic Theory. Oxford: Hart Publishing. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  295. Ordover, J. A., Pittman, R. W. & Clyde, P., 1994. Competition policy for natural monopolies in a developing market economy. Economics of Transition, 2(3), pp. 317–343. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  296. Pace, L. F. & Seidel, K., 2013. The Drafting and the Role of Regulation 17: A Hard-Fought Compromise. In: K. K. Patel & H. Schweitzer, eds. The Historical Foundations of EU Competition Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 54–89. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  297. Palasthy, A., 2002. Third Party Access in the Electricity Sector: EC Competition Law and Sector-Specific Regulation. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 20(1), pp. 1–26. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  298. Papadopoulos, A. S., 2010. The International Dimension of EU Competition Law and Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  299. Park, P., 2013. International Law for Energy and the Environment. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  300. Parker, C. & Braithwaite, J., 2005. Regulation. In: M. Tushnet & P. Cane, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Legal Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 119–146. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  301. Parret, L., 2009. Do we (still) know what we are protecting? The discussion on the objectives of competition law from different perspectives. Tilburg: TILEC. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  302. Parret, L., 2010. Shouldn’t We Know What We Are Protecting? Yes We Should! A Plea for a Solid and Comprehensive Debate About the Objectives of EU Competition Law and Policy. European Competition Journal, 6(2), pp. 339–376. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  303. Peeperkorn, L. & Verouden, V., 2014. The Economics of Competition. In: J. Faul & A. Nikpay, eds. The EU Law of Competition. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 3–90. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  304. Peltzman, S., 1989. The Economic Theory of Regulation after a Decade of Deregulation. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1989, pp. 1–41. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  305. Penttinen, S.-L., 2014. The role of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the energy market liberalization. In: K. Talus, ed. Research Handbook on International Energy Law. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 241–275. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  306. Pepe, L. S. d., 2014. European Union climate law and practice at the end of the Kyoto era: unilateralism, extraterritoriality and the future of global climate change governance. In: Global Environmental Law at a Crossroads. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 279–294. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  307. Pielow, J.-C., Brunekreeft, G. & Ehlers, E., 2009. Legal and Economic Aspects of Ownership Unbundling in the EU. Journal of World Energy Law & Business, 2(2), pp. 96–116. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  308. Pielow, J.-C. & Ehlers, E., 2008. Ownership Unbundling and Constitutional Conflict: A Typical German Debate? European Review of Energy Markets, 2(3), pp. 55–88. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  309. Pielow, J.-C. & Lewendel, B. J., 2011. The EU Energy Policy after the Lisbon Treaty. In: A. Dorsman, W. Westerman, M. B. Karan & Ö. Arslan, eds. Financial Aspects in Energy: A European Perspective. Berlin: Springer, pp. 147–167. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  310. Pielow, J.-C. & Lewendel, B. J., 2012. Beyond ‘Lisbon’: EU Competences in the Field of Energy Policy. In: K. Talus & B. Delvaux, eds. EU Energy Law and Policy Issues. Cambridge: Intersentia, pp. 261–300. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  311. Piergiovanni, M., 2009. Competition and regulation in the energy sector in Europe in the post-sector inquiry era. Competition Law International, 1(7), pp. 3–9. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  312. Pisarkiewicz, A. R., 2018. Margin Squeeze in the Electronic Communications Sector. Alphen aan den Rijn: Wolter Kluwer. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  313. Poelmans, E., 2012. Changes in the Structure of Coal and Steel Industries under the ECSC (1952–1967): Was West Germany Kept ‘Small’? Essays in economic and business history: the journal of the economic and business historical society, 30(1), pp. 5–30. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  314. Pollitt, M. G., 2007. Vertical Unbundling in the EU Electricity Sector. Intereconomics, 42(6), pp. 292–296. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  315. Posner, R. A., 1999. Natural Monopoly and Its Regulation. Washington: Cato Institute. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  316. Praduroux, S. & Talus, K., 2008. The Third Legislative Package and Ownership Unbundling in the Light of the European Fundamental Rights Discourse. Competition and Regulation in Network Industries, 9(1), pp. 3–29. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  317. Proedrou, F., 2012. EU Energy Security in the Gas Sector Evolving Dynamics, Policy Dilemmas and Prospects. Farnham: Ashgate. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  318. Prosser, T., 2005. The Limits of Competition Law: Markets and Public Services. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  319. Quigley, C., 2009. European State Aid Law and Policy. 2nd ed. Portland: Hart Publishing. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  320. Quigley, C., 2015. European State Aid Law and Policy. 3rd ed. Portland: Hart Publishing. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  321. Raalte, E. v., 1952. The Treaty Constituting the European Coal and Steel Community. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 1(1), pp. 73–85. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  322. Rakova, E., 2008. Economic Aspects of the Energy Sector in CIS Countries. Warsaw: Centre for Social and Economic Research. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  323. Ratliff, J. & Grasso, R., 2012. Unilateral conduct in the energy sector: An overview of EU and national case law. Brussels: E-competitions. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  324. Ratliff, J. & Grasso, R., 2014. EPEX Spot, NPS, and OPCOM: the European Commission Fines Three Power Exchanges for Breach of EU Competition Law. Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, 5(6), pp. 371–372. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  325. Ratner, M., Belkin, P., Nichol, J. & Woehrel, S., 2013. Europe’s Energy Security: Options and Challenges to Natural Gas Supply Diversification. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  326. Ray, G. F. & Dean, A., 1975. Possible Approaches to a Common European Energy Policy. In: F. A. M. A. V. Geusau, ed. Energy in the European Communities. Leyden: A. W. Sijthoff, pp. 166–182. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  327. Renda, A. & Schrefler, L., 2006. Public-Private Partnerships: National Experiences in the European Union. Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  328. Reuters, 2009. Factbox – 18 countries affected by Russia-Ukraine gas row. (Online) Available at: http://www.reuters.com/article/uk-russia-ukraine-gas-factbox-idUKTRE5062Q520090107?sp=true (accessed 1 June 2019). Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  329. Reynolds, P. A., 1952. The European Coal and Steel Community. The Political Quarterly, 23(3), pp. 282–292. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  330. Ritter, L. & Braun, W. D., 2004. European Competition Law: A practitioner's guide. 3rd ed. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  331. Robinson, D. et al., 2000. The Impact of Higher Oil Prices on the Global Economy. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  332. Rodríguez, M. A. U., 2014. Analysis of Distribution System Operator Unbundling. Madrid: Universidad Pontificia Comillas. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  333. Roggenkamp, M. M. & Boisseleau, F., 2005. The Liberalisation of the EU Electricity Market and the Role of Power Exchanges. In: M. M. Roggenkamp & F. Boisseleau, eds. The Regulation of Power Exchanges in Europe. Antwerp: Intersentia, pp. 1–31. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  334. Roncaglia, A., 1985. The International Oil Market: A Case of Trilateral Oligopoly. London: Macmillan. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  335. Rudianto, E., 2006. Coal in Europe: what future? Prospects of the coal industry and impacts study of the Kyoto protocol. Paris: École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  336. Sadowska, M. M., 2011. Energy Liberalization in Antitrust Straitjacket: A Plant Too Far? World Competition: Law and Economics Review, pp. 449–476. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  337. Sadowska, M. & Willems, B., 2012. Market Integration and Economic Efficiency at Conflict? Commitments in the Swedish Interconnectors Case. Tilburg: Tilburg University. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  338. Sadowska, M. & Willems, B., 2012. Power Markets Shaped by Antitrust. Tilburg: Tilburg University. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  339. Salter, J. R., 1994. Third Party Access to Gas and Electricity Transmission Systems in the Community: Third Party Access – Your Flexible Friend? In: D. S. M. Dougall & T. W. Wälde, eds. European Community Energy Law. London: Graham & Trotman, pp. 85–98. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  340. Sandbergy, L. & Davies, L., 2016. The Relevant Geographic Market-Electricity. In: C. Jones, ed. EU Competition Law and Energy Markets. Leuven: Claeys & Casteels, pp. 43–104. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  341. Schaub, A., 1997. Competition Policy Objectives. Oxford, Hart Publishing, pp. 9–10. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  342. Schaub, A., 2000. Modernization of EC Competition Law: Reform of Regulation No. 17. Fordham International Law Journal, 23(3), pp. 752–777. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  343. Schmitt, H. A., 1964. The European Coal and Steel Community: Operations of the First European Antitrust Law, 1952–1958. The Business History Review, 38(1), pp. 102–122. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  344. Schnichels, D. & Valli, F., 2003. Vertical and horizontal restraints in the European gas sector: lessons learnt from the DONG/DUC case. Competition Policy Newsletter, 9(2), pp. 60–63. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  345. Schülke, C., 2010. The EU’s Major Electricity and Gas Utilities since Market Liberalization. Paris: IFRI. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  346. Selznick, P., 1985. Focusing Organizational Research on Regulation. In: R. G. Noll, ed. Regulatory Policy and the Social Sciences. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 363–367. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  347. Shapiro, S. A. & McGarity, T. O., 1991. Not So Paradoxical: The Rationale for Technology-Based Regulation. Duke Law Journal, 40(3), pp. 739–742. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  348. Shively, B. & Ferrare, J., 2010. Understanding Today’s Electricity Business. Laporte: Enerdynamics LLC. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  349. Sidak, G. & Spulber, D. F., 1998. Deregulatory Takings and the Regulatory Contract: The Competitive Transformation of Network Industries in the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  350. Slocock, B., 2002. The Market Economy Investor Principle. Competition Policy Newsletter, 9(2), pp. 23–26. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  351. Smijter, E. D. & Sinclair, A., 2014. The Enforcement System under Regulation 1/2003. In: J. Faull & A. Nikpay, eds. The EU Law of Competition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 91–181. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  352. Spanjer, A., 2009. Long-Term Contracts and Competition on European Gas Markets – Has the Commission Struck the Right Balance? Competition and Regulation in Network Industries, 10(2), pp. 189–204. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  353. Stern, J. P., 2005. The Future of Russian Gas and Gazprom. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  354. Stigler, G. J., 1971. The Theory of Economic Regulation. Bell Journal of Economics, 2(1), pp. 3–21. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  355. Stigler, G. J., 1975. The Citizen and the State: Essays on Regulation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  356. Stockmann, K., 2006. Comments on Regulating towards what? The concepts of competition in sectorspecific regulation, the likelihood of their realisation and of their sustainability, and their relationship to rendering public infrastructure services. In: H. Ullrich, ed. The Evolution of European Competition Law: Whose regulation, which competition? Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 256–263. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  357. Stoft, S., 2002. Power System Economics: Designing Markets for Electricity. New Jersey: IEEE Press, Wiley-Interscience. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  358. Stork, J., 1973. Middle East Oil and the Energy Crisis: Part One. Washington, DC: MERIP Reports. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  359. Strange, S., 2009. The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  360. Stucke, M. E., 2012. What is competition? In: D. Zimmer, ed. The Goals of Competition Law. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 27–53. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  361. Stucke, M. E., 2013. Is competition always good? Journal of Antitrust Enforcement, 1(1), pp. 162–197. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  362. Subiotto, R., Little, D. R. & Lepetska, R., 2016. The Application of Article 102 TFEU by the European Commission and the European Courts. Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, 7(4), pp. 288–296. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  363. Sunstein, C. R., 1990. Remaking Regulation. The American Prospect, pp. 73–82. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  364. Sunstein, C. R., 1991. Administrative Substance. Duke Law Journal, 40(3), pp. 607–646. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  365. Talus, K., 2009. Public-private partnerships in energy – Termination of public service concessions and administrative acts in Europe. Journal of World Energy Law & Business, 2(1), pp. 43–67. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  366. Talus, K., 2011. Long-term natural gas contracts and antitrust law in the European Union and the United States. Journal of World Energy Law and Business, 4(3), pp. 260–315. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  367. Talus, K., 2011. Vertical Natural Gas Transportation Capacity, Upstream Commodity Contracts and EU Competition Law. Alphen Aan Den Rijn: Wolters Kluwer. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  368. Talus, K., 2013. EU Energy Law and Policy: A Critical Account. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  369. Tapia, J. & Mantzari, D., 2013. The Regulation/Competition Interaction. In: I. Lianos & D. Geradin, eds. Handbook on European Competition Law: Substantive Aspects. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 588–629. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  370. Thatcher, M., 2014. European Commission merger control: combining competition and the creation of larger European firms. European Journal of Political Research, 53(3), pp. 443–464. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  371. The World Bank, 2004. Doing Business in 2004: Understanding Regulation, Washington, DC: The World Bank. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  372. Thieme, D. & Rudolf, B., 2002. PreussenElektra AG v. Schleswag AG. Case C-379/98. The American Journal of International Law, 96(1), pp. 225–230. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  373. Thomas, S., 2003. The Seven Brothers. Energy Policy, 31(5), pp. 393–403. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  374. Thomas, S., 2007. Unbundling of Electricity Transmission Networks: Analysis of the European Commission’s position. London: PSIRU. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  375. Thomas, S. D., 2006. Electricity industry reforms in smaller European countries and the Nordic experience. Energy, 31(6–7), pp. 788–801. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  376. Torti, V., 2016. Intellectual Property Rights and Competition in Standard Setting: Objectives and Tensions. London: Routledge. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  377. Toth, A., 2005. Relationship between Competition Law and Sector Specific Regulation regarding the Abuse of Dominant Position. Budapest, OECD. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  378. Train, K. E., 1997. Optimal Regulation: The Economic Theory of Natural Monopoly. Cambridge: MIT Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  379. Tugendhat, C., 1968. Oil: The Biggest Business. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  380. Ubertazzi, B., 2004. The End of the ECSC. European Integration Online Papers, 8(20), pp. 1–36. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  381. Uchelen, W. v. & Roggenkamp, M. M., 2004. Regulatory Reforms in the Norwegian Gas Industry. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 22(4), pp. 450–464. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  382. Ugarte, S. & Di Masi, L., 2016. EU: Energy. The European, Middle Eastern and African Antitrust Review, 2016, pp. 22–28. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  383. Vedder, H., Roggenkamp, M. M., Ronne, A. & Guayo, I. d., 2016. EU Energy Law. In: M. Roggenkamp, C. Redgwell, A. Ronne & I. d. Guayo, eds. Energy Law in Europe. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 187–366. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  384. Vertessy, Z., 2015. The Court of Justice’s Judgment in the Telefonica Case: Margins, Markets and Judicial Restraint. European Networks Law and Regulation Quarterly, 3(1), pp. 39–48. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  385. Vickers, J., 2009. Competition Policy and Property Rights. Oxford: University of Oxford. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  386. Vijver, T. v. d., 2012. Third Party Access Exemption Policy in the EU Gas and Electricity Sectors: Finding the Right Balance between Competition and Investments. In: M. M. Roggenkamp, ed. Energy Networks and the Law: Innovative Solutions in Changing Markets. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 333–353. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  387. Vogelaar, T., 1964. Euratom, its relations to the other European Communities and its regulatory responsibilities. Arlington: The Federal Bar Association. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  388. Wägenbaur, R. & Wainwright, R., 1996. European Community Energy and Environment Policy. Yearbook of European Law, 16(1), pp. 59–86. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  389. Waloszyk, M., 2014. Law and Policy of the European Gas Market. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  390. Wårell, L., 2006. Market Integration in the International Coal Industry: A Cointegration Approach. The Energy Journal, 27(1), pp. 99–118. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  391. Weber, R. H., 2012. Energy Law in Switzerland. Bern, Alphen aan den Rijn: Stämpfli, Wolters Kluwer. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  392. Weber, R. H. & Kratz, B., 2009. Stromversorgungsrecht: Ergänzungsband Elektrizitätswirtschaftsrecht. Bern: Stämpfli. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  393. Werner, P., 2012. European commission v Electricité de France: the private investor test and state aid. (Online) Available at: http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=01eb1ceb-ff0f-4cb0-aa84-04b1598abd0d (accessed 1 June 2019). Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  394. Wesseling, R., 1997. The Commission Notices on decentralisation of E.C. antitrust law: in for a penny, not for a pound. European Competition Law Review, 18(2), pp. 94–97. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  395. Whish, R. & Bailey, D., 2018. Competition Law. 9th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  396. Wilde, M., 2010. European Union policies and strategies related to the use of coal. Moscow, European Commission. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  397. Wood, J., 2007. Nuclear Power. London: The Institution of Engineering and Technology. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  398. World Energy Council, 2016. World Energy Resources. London: WEC. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  399. World Trade Organization, 1998. Energy Services – Background Note by the Secretariat. Geneva: WTO. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  400. Wright, K., Waddams, C. & Davies, L., 2005. Experience of Privatisation, Regulation and Competition: Lessons for Governments. Norfolk: ESRC Centre for Competition Policy. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  401. Wurmnest, W., 2012. Case C-52/09, Konkurrensverket v. TeliaSonera Sverige AB, Judgment of the Court of Justice (First Chamber) of 17 February 2011. Common Market Law Review, 49(2), pp. 721–736. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  402. Yarrow, G., 1994. The Economics of Regulation. In: V. V. Ramanadham, ed. Privatization and After: Monitoring and Regulation. London: Routledge, pp. 35–47. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  403. Yu, M., 2010. Liberalization of the European Natural Gas Market and Achieving Energy Security: An Internal Solution to an External Problem. Pennsylvania: Dickinson College. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404
  404. Zafirova, Z., 2007. Unbundling the Network: the Case for Ownership Unbundling? International Energy Law & Taxation Review, 2, pp. 29–36. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783828874404

Similar publications

from the series "Wissenschaftliche Beiträge aus dem Tectum Verlag: Rechtswissenschaft"
Cover of book: Die Gesamtschuld in der Bauwirtschaft
Monograph No access
Christian Stürmer
Die Gesamtschuld in der Bauwirtschaft
Cover of book: Anforderungen an Clawback-Vereinbarungen nach der InstitutsVergV und deren Umsetzung im Arbeitsvertrag
Monograph No access
Michal Joachim Wanik
Anforderungen an Clawback-Vereinbarungen nach der InstitutsVergV und deren Umsetzung im Arbeitsvertrag
Cover of book: Beihilferechtliche Probleme im vorinsolvenzlichen Sanierungsverfahren
Monograph No access
Maike Sophie Kreys
Beihilferechtliche Probleme im vorinsolvenzlichen Sanierungsverfahren
Cover of book: Ungeschriebene Kompetenzen des Aufsichtsrats einer deutschen Aktiengesellschaft
Monograph No access
Tilmann Warweg
Ungeschriebene Kompetenzen des Aufsichtsrats einer deutschen Aktiengesellschaft
Cover of book: Die Rechtsdienstleistungen der Handwerkskammern im Spannungsverhältnis zum Rechtsberatungsmonopol der Anwaltschaft
Monograph No access
Mina Bettinghausen
Die Rechtsdienstleistungen der Handwerkskammern im Spannungsverhältnis zum Rechtsberatungsmonopol der Anwaltschaft

Notice

This work is protected by copyright and may only be used in accordance with the provisions of the Terms of Use and License Agreement. Any use of the work beyond this is expressly prohibited and will be prosecuted.

Give feedback

We welcome your feedback on content and features. Your message helps us to continuously improve our service.

Rating
Attach images
or drag and drop
PNG or JPG (max. 3 MB)

Login

Forgotten your password?
Login via your Institution (SSO, Shibboleth, OpenAthens)
Don't have an account yet?
Register now

Cite publication

Download: RIS BibTex