The Struggle in Online Copyright Enforcement

Sandra Schmitz

doi:10.5771/9783845265872

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2015
Publication date: 09.11.2015
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-2428-4
ISBN-Online: 978-3-8452-6587-2
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Luxemburger Juristische Studien - Luxembourg Legal Studies
Volume: 8
Language: German
Pages: 800
Product type: Book Titles

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages 1 - 20
1. A. Defining Copyright No access
2. B. Defining Copyright Enforcement No access
3. 1. I. Ordinary Users Easily Become Infringers No access
  2. II. Changed Concept of Ownership No access
  3. III. Do Consumers Understand the System and Vice Versa? No access
4. D. The Research Topic: Copyright Enforcement on the Internet No access
5. 1. I. Unilateral or Multilateral Enforcement: Strengthening Enforcement within and outside of National Borders No access
  2. II. Multilateral: Proposal for New Trade Agreement ACTA No access
  3. III. United States: SOPA and PIPA – Initiatives to Strengthen Enforcement Globally No access
  4. IV. EU: IPRED2 No access
  5. V. Copyright Enforcement in the EU: No Uniform Approach in Member States No access
6. F. Limits of the Research No access
7. G. Terminology No access
8. H. Sources No access
9. I. Outline of the Research No access
1. 1. 1. 1. A Short History of Copyright and Copyright Enforcement in the Offline World No access
    2. 1. a) Technological Progress No access
      2. b) Failure of Technological Protection Measures No access
      3. c) Lack of Understanding Intellectual Property Rights No access
      4. d) User-Generated Content and a Participatory Internet No access
      5. e) Necessity to Reform Copyright Law? No access
    3. 1. a) Difficulties in Determining the Scope of Online Copyright Infringements No access
      2. b) The Impact of Illegal Downloads on Sales Figures No access
  2. 1. 1. Peer-to-Peer File-sharing No access
    2. 2. File Hosting Services No access
    3. 3. USENET No access
    4. 4. Streaming No access
    5. 5. File-Sharing as of Today No access
  3. 1. 1. Early Responses to File-Sharing: Legal Action against the Innovators No access
    2. 1. aa) The US Digital Millennium Copyright Act No access
        bb) The E-Commerce Directive 2000/31/EC No access
        cc) The US and EU Regimes: Similarities and Deficits No access
      2. b) The Necessity to Go Beyond Notice and Take down No access
2. 1. 1. 1. a) The Evolution of the Internet in a Nutshell No access
      2. b) IP Address Allocation No access
      3. c) Domain Name System No access
    2. 1. a) “On the Internet, Nobody Knows You’re a Dog” No access
      2. b) Dynamic IP Addresses No access
      3. c) Anonymous Web Browsing No access
    3. 3. The Difficulties to Delete or Block Access No access
    4. 4. The Role of Technology in the Assessment of Interferences with Fundamental Rights No access
  2. 1. 1. aa) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights No access
        bb) The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights No access
      2. aa) The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms No access
        bb) Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union No access
        cc) The Relationship between the Convention and the Charter No access
    2. 1. aa) Freedom of Expression in General No access
        bb) The Right to Receive and Seek Information No access
        cc) The Right to Impart Information No access
        dd) The Right to Internet Access No access
        ee) Justification of Interference No access
      2. aa) Privacy Rights in General No access
        bb) Right to Respect for Family and Private Life No access
        cc) Right to the Confidentiality of Communications No access
        dd) Right to Protection of Personal Data No access
        ee) Justification of Interference No access
      3. aa) Right to a Fair Trial No access
        bb) Presumption of Innocence and Right of Defence No access
        cc) Principles of Legality and Proportionality of Criminal Offences and Penalties No access
        dd) Ne Bis in Idem Rule No access
    3. 1. a) Freedom to Conduct Business No access
      2. b) Freedom of Expression No access
    4. 1. a) Right to Intellectual Property No access
      2. b) Right to an Effective Remedy No access
    5. 5. In Brief: The Balancing of Fundamental Rights No access
1. 1. I. The Idea of Enforcement in Peer-to-Peer File-Sharing Networks No access
  2. 1. 1. Peer-to-Peer File-Sharing Networks in General No access
    2. 2. The Third Generation of Peer-to-Peer File Sharing Networks No access
    3. 3. Peer-to-Peer File-Sharing in Numbers No access
    4. 1. a) Uploading Regularly Goes Along with Downloading No access
      2. b) Parts of a Protected Work Enjoy Protection No access
      3. c) Non-Applicability of the Private Copying Exception No access
    5. 5. Explaining the Demand for Enforcement Schemes Focussing on Peer-to-Peer Networks No access
  3. 1. 1. In General: Collecting Digital Evidence No access
    2. 2. The Necessary Evidence No access
    3. 1. a) The Copyright Infringement No access
      2. b) The IP Address No access
    4. 1. a) How Data Is Harvested No access
      2. aa) Manipulation of File-Sharing Clients No access
        bb) Mistimed and Mismatched Logs No access
        cc) Misreporting by Trackers No access
        dd) Problems Belonging to the Sphere of the Subscriber: Unsecured Computers and Wi-Fi Connections No access
      3. aa) Anonymous Peer-to-Peer Networks No access
        bb) Friends-to-Friends Networks No access
        cc) VPN Clients, Proxies and TOR No access
      4. d) The Burden of Proof No access
  4. IV. Resume No access
2. 1. 1. 1. a) IPR Enforcement Directive 2004/48/EC No access
      2. b) Information Society Directive 2001/29/EC No access
      3. c) EU Telecoms Reform Package No access
      4. d) Rome II Regulation No access
    2. 1. a) Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC No access
      2. b) E-Privacy Directive 2002/58/EC No access
      3. aa) The Scope of Application of the Data Retention Directive No access
        bb) The Declaration of the Invalidity of the Data Retention Directive: Joined cases C-293/12 and C-594/12 Digital Rights Ireland and Seitlinger and Others No access
    3. 3. Liability Exemption for Access Providers under the E-Commerce Directive 2000/31 No access
    4. 1. a) Disclosure of Traffic Data: C-275/06 Promusicae No access
      2. b) Disclosure of Traffic Data to Third Parties: C-557/07 LSG-Gesellschaft zur Wahrnehmung von Leistungsschutzrechten No access
      3. c) Legitimacy of National Disclosure Legislation : C-461/10 Bonnier Audio v Perfect Communication Sweden No access
      4. d) Prohibition of General Monitoring Duty: C-70/10 Scarlet Extended v SABAM No access
      5. e) Practical Impact of the Decisions No access
  2. 1. 1. aa) The Origin of Copyright in France No access
        bb) The Private Copying Exception No access
        cc) Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights upon Initiative of the Rights-Holder No access
      2. aa) Loi Relative au Droit d’Auteur et aux Droits Voisins dans la Société de l’Information – Loi DADVSI No access
        bb) Loi Favorisant la Diffusion et la Protection de la Création sur Internet – Loi HADOPI I No access
        cc) Loi Relative à la Protection Pénale de la Propriété Littéraire et Artistique sur Internet – Loi HADOPI II No access
        dd) Summary No access
      3. aa) The Missions and Powers of HADOPI No access
        (1) Gathering of Information of Infringements No access
        (2) The Warning Procedure No access
        (3) Consequences: Referral to the Prosecutor’s Office and Criminal Proceedings No access
      4. aa) The Graduated Response Scheme in Numbers No access
        bb) The Unsatisfying Results of HADOPI No access
      5. e) A Sustainable Model Regime? The Order of 8 July 2013 and the Lescure Rapport No access
    2. 1. aa) The Origins of Copyright in the UK No access
        bb) The Fair Dealing Exception No access
        cc) Enforcement of IP Rights upon Initiative of the Rights-Holder No access
      2. aa) Digital Britain Report No access
        bb) Digital Economy Act No access
        (1) Online Infringement of Copyright Initial Obligations Code No access
        (2) Online Infringement of Copyright (Initial Obligations) (Sharing of Costs) Order No access
        (3) Technical Obligations Code No access
        dd) Summary No access
      3. aa) The Role of the Ofcom No access
        (1) Gathering of Information of Infringements No access
        (2) The Warnings: Applicant, Content and Proceedings No access
        (3) Consequences No access
      4. d) The Status Quo No access
      5. e) The DEA’s Future in Limbo No access
    3. 1. (1) Determination of a Copyright Infringement No access
        (2) Fact that IP Address Identification Does Not Necessarily Identify the Actual Infringer No access
        (1) Concerns in Relation to Reliability of Data No access
        (2) Responses to Evasion of Detection No access
        cc) Enforcement of Internet Suspension or Restriction No access
        dd) No Prescribed Standard for Securing Internet Access No access
      2. aa) Compliance of Graduated Response Schemes with Secondary EU Law in General No access
        (1) Questions of Applicability of Data Protection Law: IP Address as Personal Data No access
        (2) Processing of Data No access
        (3) Disclosure of Personal Data No access
        (4) Processing of Sensitive Data No access
        cc) Compliance of Internet Suspension or Restriction Orders with Secondary EU Law No access
        dd) Compliance of Cost-Sharing with Secondary EU Law No access
      3. (1) Interference No access
        (2) Justification of Interference No access
        (1) Interference with the Right to Respect for Family and Private Life No access
        (2) Interference with the Right to the Confidentiality of Communications No access
        (3) Interference with the Right to the Protection of Personal Data No access
        (4) Justification No access
        (5) In Specific: Data Retention Requirements for Access Providers No access
        (1) Right to a Fair Trial No access
        (2) Presumption of Innocence No access
        (3) Principles of Legality and Proportionality of Criminal Offences and Penalties No access
      4. aa) Freedom to Conduct Business of Traditional Access Providers No access
        bb) Freedom to Conduct Business of Providers of Free Wi-Fi Services No access
        cc) Freedom to Conduct Business of Commercial Wi-Fi Operators No access
        dd) The UK Graduated Response Scheme Violates the Rights of Access Providers No access
      5. e) Achieving a Fair Balance of the Contravening Interests No access
  3. 1. 1. (1) Direct, Contributory and Vicarious Liability No access
        (2) Störerhaftung: Liability as a Disturber No access
        (3) Application of the Liability Concepts to the Subscriber of an IP Address No access
        (1) Damages No access
        (2) Cease and Desist No access
        cc) Information Rights No access
        dd) The Abmahnung No access
      2. aa) Gathering of Information on Infringements No access
        bb) Disclosure Orders No access
        cc) Pre-Litigation Correspondence: Request to Cease and Desist and Claim for Damages No access
      3. aa) Information Requests Are not Thoroughly Assessed No access
        bb) A Narrow Interpretation of “Non-Complex” Cases No access
        cc) Optimisation of Pre-Litigation Correspondence No access
        dd) False Allegations – The Redtube.com Case No access
      4. d) Steps Taken to Prevent that “Piracy Turns into Profit” No access
    2. 1. aa) The Service of Disclosure Orders in the UK – Right to Information and Norwich Pharmacal orders No access
        bb) Remedies for Copyright Infringement in the UK No access
      2. aa) Introducing the Antipiracy Industry in the UK No access
        bb) The History of Speculative Invoicing in the UK No access
        (1) Golden Eye v Telefonica UK: Facts of the Case No access
        (2) The Conditions for Granting Norwich Pharmacal Relief in Relation to Peer-to-Peer File-Sharing Cases and Speculative Invoicing No access
        (3) Establishment of Genuine Intent to Seek Redress for Arguable Wrongs No access
        (4) Disclosure Order Must be Necessary to Pursue Redress No access
        (5) Proportionality of a Disclosure Order No access
        (6) Control of the litigation No access
        dd) Summary No access
        ee) The UK Application Departs from the German Approach No access
    3. 1. aa) IP Address Subscribers Must Not be Equalled with Actual Infringers No access
        bb) Obligations to Secure a Wi-Fi Connection under Private Law No access
        cc) Concerns in Relation to Reliability of Data No access
      2. b) Compliance of Information Disclosure with Secondary EU Law No access
      3. aa) Collecting of Personal Data Interfering with Privacy Rights No access
        bb) Disclosure of Personal Data Interfering with Privacy Rights No access
        cc) Right to Fair Trial of Alleged Infringers No access
      4. d) Achieving a Fair Balance of the Contravening Interests No access
1. 1. I. The Idea of Enforcement via Online Intermediaries No access
  2. 1. 1. File-Hosting Services, Indexing Sites and Link Directories No access
    2. 2. Streaming No access
    3. 3. File Hosting and Streaming Websites in Numbers No access
    4. 1. a) The Legality of the Provision of File Hosting Services No access
      2. b) The Illegality of Making Available Links to the General Public No access
      3. c) The (Il)Legality of Unauthorised Streaming No access
      4. d) The (Il)Legality of Consumption of Streams No access
    5. 5. The Reasons for Targeting these Services No access
  3. 1. 1. a) Internet Protocol Address Blocking No access
      2. b) Domain Name System Name Blocking No access
      3. c) Uniform Resource Locator Site Blocking No access
      4. d) Deep Packet Inspection-Based Blocking No access
      5. e) Hybrid Systems – The Example of CleanFeed No access
    2. 1. aa) Change of IP Address and/or Additional Domain Names No access
        bb) Proxy Services, Anonymising Services and Virtual Private Networking No access
        cc) Mirroring No access
      2. aa) Encryption No access
        bb) Proxy Services, Anonymising Services and Virtual Private Networking No access
      3. c) The Efficiency of Blocking No access
  4. IV. Resume No access
2. 1. 1. 1. Liability of Intermediaries in General: The E-Commerce Directive 2000/31 No access
    2. 1. a) Information Society Directive 2001/29/EC No access
      2. b) IPR Enforcement Directive 2004/48/EC No access
      3. c) Data Protection Framework: E-Privacy Directive 2002/58 No access
    3. 1. a) Injunctions in General: Case C-324/09 L’Oréal v eBay No access
      2. b) Injunctions against Access Providers: Case C-70/10 Scarlet Extended v SABAM No access
      3. c) Injunctions against Host Providers: Case C-360/10 SABAM v Netlog No access
      4. d) Injunctions Specifying the Means of Access Blocking: Case C-314/12 UPC Telekabel Wien v Constantin Film Verleih No access
      5. e) Summary of the Case Law of the CJEU No access
    4. 1. a) Access Blocking: Yildirim v Turkey No access
      2. b) Criminal Liability of Intermediaries: Neij and Sunde Kolmisoppi v Sweden No access
      3. c) Civil Liability of Intermediaries: Delfi v Estonia No access
      4. d) Summary of the Case-Law of the ECtHR No access
  2. 1. 1. France: No Competence of Administrative Authorities to Order Access Blocking to Illegal Materials No access
    2. 1. a) “Düsseldorfer Sperrverfügungen” No access
      2. b) The Fate of the “Zugangserschwerungsgesetz” No access
      3. c) No Positive Future for Access Blocking by Administrative Authorities in Germany No access
    3. 1. a) Legal Framework foreseen in the DEA 2010 No access
      2. b) Sections 17 and 18 of the DEA 2010: Unnecessary? No access
    4. 4. Resume: No Blocking of Copyright Infringing Content to Be Ordered by Administrative Authorities No access
  3. 1. 1. a) The Legal Framework: Section 97A CDPA 1988 No access
      2. aa) Excursus: From NewzBin1 (Twentieth Century Fox v NewzBin) to NewzBin2 (Twentieth Century Fox v BT) No access
        bb) The Injunctions against BT in NewzBin2 No access
      3. c) Applying the Precedent No access
      4. d) Injunctions under Section 97A CDPA 1988: A Pyrrhic Victory for Copyright Owners No access
    2. 2. Germany: No Injunctions against Access Providers No access
    3. 1. a) Technological Concerns in Relation to Access Blocking No access
      2. b) Compliance with Secondary EU Law No access
      3. aa) Interference with Users’ Rights to Seek, Receive and Impart Information No access
        bb) Interference with the Users’ Privacy Rights No access
      4. d) Conformity with Fundamental Rights of Access Providers No access
      5. e) Striking a Fair Balance between the Contravening Interests No access
  4. 1. 1. aa) Telemediengesetz No access
        bb) Störerhaftung No access
        cc) The Scope of Monitoring Duties of Host Providers No access
      2. b) Liability of File-Hosting Services in General No access
      3. c) Notice and Stay-Down: Scope of Specific Monitoring Duties of File-Hosting Services No access
      4. d) Extensive Monitoring in Practice No access
    2. 1. a) Legal Framework: Loi pour la confiance dans l’économie numerique No access
      2. b) Scope of Any Blocking Obligation: Take down and Stay Down? No access
      3. c) Limits of Notice and Take down and the Shift to Content Blocking by Search Engines No access
    3. 1. a) Dealing with Technological Matters: The Difficulties to Identify Similar or Identical Infringements No access
      2. b) Compliance with Secondary EU Law No access
      3. aa) Freedom to Pursue Business and Property Rights No access
        bb) Right to Impart Information Created by Third Parties No access
      4. d) Extensive Monitoring and a Fair Balance of Rights No access
1. 1. I. Copyright Enforcement on the Internet is a Struggle to Find the Right Target No access
  2. II. Copyright Enforcement on the Internet Puts Disproportionate Weight on Intellectual Property Rights No access
  3. III. Copyright Enforcement Discourages Innovation and Creativity No access
  4. IV. Copyright Enforcement on the Internet Targets End-Users Rather than Commercial Infringers No access
  5. V. No Evidence of Effectiveness of Current Initiatives No access
  6. VI. Access Blocking is Playing Cat and Mouse No access
2. 1. I. The German Cease and Desist Letter Regime: Not so Bad as it May Seem No access
  2. II. Search Engines as Law Enforcement Officers: Limiting Visibility of Illegal Materials No access
  3. III. A Promising Alternative: Follow the Money No access
  4. 1. 1. In Specific: Remove Obstacles to the Provision of Cross-Border Digital Content Services No access
    2. 2. In Specific: Education of Users and Promotion of Legal Offers No access
  5. V. Exciting Time with Pitfalls No access
List of References No access Pages 747 - 789
Table of Cases No access Pages 789 - 800

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