Harmonizing Digital Contract Law

Prof. Dr. Alberto De Franceschi; Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Reiner Schulze

doi:10.5771/9783748941415

Summary

“Harmonising Digital Law” has become a crucial task for European and national legislation in view of the challenges of the “digital revolution” for the European Union and for its Member States. The implementation of the 2019 “Twin Directives” on the sale of goods and the supply of digital content and services represents one of the most important steps on this path so far. In addition to the harmonization of Member State law, the emergence of a uniform law of the EU is becoming more and more important with regard to the challenges of digitization, as recently shown in particular by the Internet Platform Regulations. In view of these changes at European and national level, 40 legal scholars from all EU Member States examine in this volume the impact of European legislation on the development of private law in Europe on the basis of common questions. A number of other contributions analyse the overarching features of harmonization, the contours and effects of legal unification with regard to the Internet Platform Regulations, Smart Contracts and the further perspectives of EU legislation in face of digital and sustainability challenges.

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2023
Publication date: 19.12.2023
ISBN-Print: 978-3-7560-0605-2
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-4141-5
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Language: English
Pages: 768
Product type: Edited Book

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages I - XVII
Alberto De Franceschi,, Reiner Schulze
1. A. Contract Law in Transition to the Digital Age No access
2. 1. I. Conceptual Framework No access
  2. II. Data as Counter-Performance No access
  3. III. Supply of Digital Content No access
  4. IV. Adaptation of contractual obligation to digitization No access
  5. V. Objectification of the Concept of Contract No access
  6. VI. Remedies No access
3. 1. I. General Framework No access
  2. II. Definitions and Scope of Application No access
4. 1. I. The implementation of subjective and objective criteria for conformity No access
  2. II. Measures to Improve Sustainability and the Circular Economy No access
  3. III. Modification of Digital Content or Digital Service No access
  4. IV. The interruption of long-term supply of digital content or digital services No access
5. E. Liability of the Trader No access
6. 1. I. Repair and replacement No access
  2. II. Right of withdrawal, right to termination and price reduction No access
  3. III. The restitutions No access
  4. IV. Hierarchy of Remedies and Environmental Sustainability No access
  5. V. Premature obsolescence of goods and the relationship with the internal rules on unfair commercial practices No access
  6. VI. Transfer of the rights against the initial seller from the initial consumer to a subsequent buyer No access
7. G. Commercial Guarantees No access
8. 1. I. The implementation of the provisions on time limits for the trader’s liability No access
  2. II. Suspension and interruption No access
  3. III. The obligation to notify No access
9. I. Right of Redress No access
10. 1. I. In particular: right to withhold the payment No access
  2. II. Enforcement and penalties No access
11. K. Conclusions No access
12. Guidelines for Country Reports No access
1. Brigitta Zöchling-Jud
  1. 1. I. Overview of Implementation Measures No access
    2. II. Effects on the Structure of Austrian Private Law No access
  2. 1. I. Transposition of the Definitions Contained in the Directives No access
    2. II. Implications for General Contract Doctrine and Contract Types for the Provision of Digital Services or Content No access
    3. III. Effects of the Introduction of a Provision on Data as Counter-Performance No access
    4. IV. Applicability of the Transposition Provisions to B2B Contracts No access
  3. 1. 1. 1. Obligation to Update No access
      2. 2. Exceptions to the Obligation to Update No access
    2. II. Deviation from Objective Requirements No access
    3. 1. 1. Durability No access
      2. 2. Product-Related Legislation No access
      3. 3. National Regulations on the Availability of Spare Parts No access
      4. 4. Relationship of the Transposition Measures to the Ecodesign Regulation 2007 No access
      5. 5. Measures to Improve Sustainability as well as the Circular Economy No access
    4. IV. Installation of Digital Services or Digital Content No access
    5. V. Contractual Obligation of the Consumer to Provide Personal Data? No access
    6. VI. Modification of the Digital Content or Digital Service No access
    7. VII. Third-Party Rights No access
    8. VIII. Relation to Copyright and the Right to Resell Digital Content No access
    9. IX. Supply of Digital Content and Services No access
  4. 1. I. General No access
    2. 1. 1. Right of Retention No access
      2. 2. Place of Performance and Subsequent Performance No access
      3. 3. Transport Costs No access
      4. 4. Withdrawal and Termination of the Contract by Declaration No access
      5. 5. Reimbursement in Cases of the Provision of Digital Content or Digital Services No access
      6. 6. Reimbursement for the Provision of Digital Content or Digital Services in Exchange for the Provision of Personal Data No access
      7. 7. Relationship of Repair and Replacement No access
      8. 8. Obsolescence No access
      9. 9. Transferability of the Consumer’s Rights Against the Seller No access
  5. E. Contractual Guarantees No access
  6. 1. I. General Information No access
    2. II. Material Defects No access
    3. III. Legal Defects No access
    4. IV. Obligation to Give Notice of Defects No access
  7. 1. I. Previous Regulation No access
    2. II. New Regulation No access
  8. 1. I. Default No access
    2. II. Damages Instead of Warranty No access
    3. III. Usury and Laesio Enormis No access
    4. IV. Error No access
  9. Bibliography No access
2. Bert Keirsbilck, Evelyne Terryn
  1. A. Legislative framework and temporal scope of application No access
  2. B. Scope of application No access
  3. C. Delivery and supply in conformity with the contract – obligation to supply updates No access
  4. D. Liability of the seller / trader – time periods No access
  5. E. Remedies No access
  6. F. Commercial guarantees No access
  7. G. Right of redress No access
  8. H. Sanctions and enforcement No access
  9. I. Conclusion No access
  10. Bibliography No access
3. Plamena Markova
  1. A. Introduction: impact of digitalisation on the European and Bulgarian legal framework No access
  2. B. General regulatory framework – national law transposition and impacts on the existing legal framework General regulatory framework No access
  3. C. Definitions and scope of application No access
  4. 1. I. “Durability” requirement in Art. 7, para. 1, lett. d, SGD No access
    2. II. Supplying the consumer with updates and liability exemption No access
    3. III. The exclusion of existence of a lack of conformity in the case provided by Art. 8, para. 5 DCD and Art. 7, para. 5 SGD No access
    4. IV. Product specific Union legislation requirements – durability and repairability with views to Recital 32 SGD No access
    5. V. Ecodesign requirements – availability of spare parts and corresponding information obligations No access
    6. VI. Environmental sustainability and circular economy No access
    7. VII. Incorrect installation and/or integration of the goods and/or the digital content/digital service No access
    8. VIII. Third party rights in national law Art. 10 DCD and Art. 9 SGD No access
  5. 1. I. Single act/long-term supply of DC/DS and interruption of long-term supply No access
    2. II. Force majeure and change of circumstances No access
    3. III. Consequences of the trader’s non-compliance with the GDPR regarding contracts for the supply of digital content/digital services No access
  6. 1. I. The right to withhold payments No access
    2. II. Delivery, repair and replacement – specifics No access
    3. III. Right of withdrawal and right of termination No access
  7. G. Legal and Commercial Guarantees & Time limits and limitation periods No access
  8. H. Right of Redress & relationship with other remedies No access
  9. I. Conclusion No access
  10. Bibliography No access
4. Emilia Mišćenić
  1. A. General Remarks No access
  2. B. Definitions and Scope of Application No access
  3. 1. I. Subjective and Objective Requirements No access
    2. II. Durability Requirement No access
    3. III. Incorrect Installation and Integration and Modification of Digital Content or Digital Service No access
  4. 1. I. Specific Rules on Single / Long-term Supply of Digital Content and Digital Services No access
    2. II. General Rules on Impossibility, Force Majeure and Change of Circumstances No access
    3. III. Right of Redress No access
  5. 1. I. Repair and Replacement No access
    2. II. Termination and Withdrawal No access
    3. III. Restitution in Contracts on Digital Content or Digital Services No access
    4. IV. Commercial Guarantees No access
  6. 1. I. Interruption/Suspension of the Liability Period and Limitation Period No access
    2. II. Obligation to Notify No access
  7. G. Sustainability and Premature Obsolescence of Goods No access
  8. H. Third Party Rights and Personal Data Protection No access
  9. I. Concluding Remarks No access
  10. Bibliography No access
5. Christiana Markou
  1. A. Introduction. General Framework No access
  2. B. The Reach and Limits of the Twin Laws No access
  3. C. Definitions No access
  4. D. Conformity with the Contract No access
  5. E. Liability of the Trader, Burden of Proof and Time Limits No access
  6. F. Remedies for the Failure to Supply and Remedies for the Lack of Conformity No access
  7. G. Commercial Guarantees No access
  8. H. Right of Redress No access
  9. I. Enforcement No access
  10. Bibliography No access
6. Rita Simon, Jiří Hrádek
  1. A. Introduction – General Framework No access
  2. 1. I. Existing Legislatory Issues concerning Sales Law No access
    2. II. Inapplicable Rules and inconsistent Practice concerning Digital Contracts No access
    3. III. The new Regulation of Digital Content and Services No access
    4. IV. Data as Counter-Performance No access
  3. 1. I. Implementation of the subjective and the objective Requirements for Conformity No access
    2. II. Exclusion of Existence of a Lack of Conformity No access
    3. III. “Durability” and repairability No access
    4. IV. Consequences of the incorrect Installation of the Digital Content No access
    5. V. Consumer’s Duty to Provide personal Data as a Counter-Performance in Terms of its Enforceability No access
    6. VI. Modification of Digital Content or Digital Service No access
    7. VII. Art. 10 DCD and Art. 9 SGD on third Party Rights No access
    8. VIII. Relationship with Intellectual Property Law No access
  4. 1. I. Supply of digital content and digital services No access
    2. II. Interruption of long-term Supply of Digital Content No access
    3. III. Consequences of a Failure to Supply with Respect to Obstacles such as Impossibility No access
    4. IV. Early Termination of Number-Independent Interpersonal Communication Service No access
    5. V. Coordination with Art. 107, par. 2 European Electronic Communications Code No access
    6. VI. Consequences of the Trader’s Non-Compliance with the GDPR regarding Contracts for the Supply of Digital Content No access
  5. 1. I. Right to Withhold Payment No access
    2. II. Specific Rules in Order to Define the Place of Delivery No access
    3. III. Rules on the Costs of Transport in the Event of Repair or Replacement No access
    4. IV. Right of Withdrawal No access
    5. V. Restitution where the Trader Supplies Digital Content No access
    6. VI. Environmental Sustainability and Repair over Replacement No access
    7. VII. Rights against the initial Seller from the initial Consumer to a subsequent Buyer No access
  6. F. Commercial Guarantees No access
  7. G. Time Limits No access
  8. H. Right of Redress No access
  9. I. Other Consumer Requests beyond Warranty and Guarantee in the Case of Non-Conformity No access
  10. J. Conclusion No access
  11. Bibliography No access
7. Marie Jull Sørensen
  1. A. The Transposition No access
  2. B. Scope of Application No access
  3. C. Definitions No access
  4. D. Data as a Counter-Performance No access
  5. E. Application for B2B Contracts? No access
  6. 1. I. Subjective and Objective Requirements for Conformity No access
    2. 1. 1. ‘Particular characteristic’ No access
      2. 2. ‘Durability’ and sustainability No access
    3. III. Incorrect Installation of the Digital Content or Digital Service No access
    4. IV. Modification of Digital Content and Digital Services No access
    5. V. Third-Party Rights No access
  7. 1. I. Time Limits No access
    2. 1. 1. Force Majeure No access
      2. 2. Change of Circumstances No access
    3. III. Early Termination of Number-Independent Interpersonal Communication Service (NI-ICS)? No access
    4. IV. Directive 2018/1972 Art. 107(2) European Electronic Communications Code and Art. 3(6) subpara. 3 DCD on Bundles No access
  8. 1. I. DCD and SGD vs. National Law of Obligations and Contracts No access
    2. II. A Right to Withhold Payment No access
    3. 1. 1. Place of Delivery No access
      2. 2. Place of repair and replace No access
    4. IV. Costs of Transport for Repair/Replacement No access
    5. V. The Right of Withdrawal (regarding the Consent for the Processing of Personal Data) and the Right of Termination (see Art. 15 DCD) through Declaration vs. National Law No access
    6. VI. Restitution when Terminating Contracts for Supply of Digital Content and/or Digital Services No access
    7. VII. Repair over Replacement in Light of Environmental Sustainability No access
    8. VIII. Premature/Planned Obsolescence of Goods No access
    9. IX. The Right to Resell and the Rights of a Subsequent Buyer No access
    10. X. Cross Border Duties No access
  9. I. Commercial Guarantees No access
  10. J. Right of Redress No access
  11. Bibliography No access
8. Karin Sein
  1. 1. I. Principal Transposition Choices No access
    2. II. Wider Impact of the Transposition No access
  2. B. Extension of the Scope of Application of the Directives-based Rules No access
  3. C. Data as Counter-Performance: Impact of the New Concept No access
  4. D. Conformity Requirements No access
  5. E. Liability of the Trader No access
  6. F. Consequences of the Trader’s Non-Compliance with the GDPR regarding Contracts for the Supply of Digital Content and Digital Services Consequences of the Trader’s Non-Compliance with the GDPR No access
  7. 1. I. General remarks No access
    2. II. Relationship with other remedies No access
  8. H. Time Limits No access
  9. I. Right of Redress No access
  10. J. Conclusions No access
  11. Bibliography No access
9. Klaus Viitanen
  1. 1. I. Regulatory basis No access
    2. II. Enforcement agencies No access
    3. III. Later reforms No access
  2. 1. I. The implementation procedure and structure No access
    2. II. Earlier regulation of digital contents and services No access
    3. III. Seller’s delay and buyer’s obligation No access
  3. 1. I. Earlier regulation and reforms No access
    2. II. Implementation in year 2021 No access
  4. 1. I. The main rule No access
    2. II. Commercial guarantee No access
    3. III. Liability of the previous sellers No access
  5. 1. I. Notice of defect No access
    2. II. Limitation period for seller’s liability No access
  6. 1. I. The original remedy system No access
    2. II. The later reforms No access
    3. III. The implementation of the SGD No access
    4. IV. The implementation of the DCD No access
    5. V. Compensation of damages No access
  7. 1. I. Problems in harmonization No access
    2. II. Effects in Finland No access
    3. III. Further harmonization needed? No access
    4. IV. From consumer protection to client protection? No access
    5. V. Better access to justice No access
  8. Bibliography No access
10. Jean-Sébastien Borghetti
  1. A. Introduction No access
  2. B. Definitions and Scope of Application No access
  3. 1. I. The Obligation to Deliver No access
    2. 1. 1. Durability No access
      2. 2. Updates No access
      3. 3. Contractual Adaptations No access
      4. 4. Third Parties’ Rights No access
  4. 1. I. Remedies for Failure to Supply No access
    2. 1. 1. Withholding of Payment No access
      2. 2. Bringing into Conformity No access
      3. 3. Price Reduction and Termination No access
    3. III. Time Limits No access
    4. 1. 1. General Rule on the Combination of Remedies No access
      2. 2. Damages No access
      3. 3. Combination with the GDPR No access
    5. V. Commercial Guarantee No access
    6. VI. Transfer of Rights, International Settings, and Right of Redress No access
  5. 1. I. Criminal Sanctions No access
    2. II. Civil Sanctions No access
    3. III. Administrative Sanctions No access
  6. Bibliography No access
11. Reiner Schulze
  1. 1. 1. 1. Incorporation into the Civil Code No access
      2. 2. Integration into the System No access
    2. 1. 1. Overview No access
      2. 2. Expansion of the General Law of Obligations No access
      3. 3. Generalisation beyond Consumer Law No access
      4. 4. Structuring Concepts and Principles No access
  2. 1. I. Definitions No access
    2. II. Application across Contract Types No access
    3. III. Data as a Counter-Performance No access
    4. IV. Application to B – B-Contracts No access
  3. 1. 1. 1. Implementation for digital Products No access
      2. 2. Implementation for Sale of Goods No access
      3. 3. Equal Ranking of subjective and objective Criteria No access
      4. 4. Updating Obligations No access
    2. II. Negative Quality Agreements No access
    3. III. The "Durability" Requirement No access
    4. IV. Incorrect Installation No access
    5. V. Duty to provide Personal Data No access
    6. VI. Modification of Digital Content or Digital Service No access
    7. VII. Third Party Rights No access
    8. VIII. Relationship with Intellectual Property Law No access
  4. 1. I. Supply in a Single Act and Long-Term Supply No access
    2. II. Interruption of Long-Term Supply No access
    3. 1. 1. Impossibility No access
      2. 2. Change of Circumstances No access
    4. IV. Number-independent interpersonal Communication Services No access
    5. V. Package Contracts No access
    6. VI. Non-compliance with the GDPR No access
  5. 1. 1. 1. Contracts for Digital Products No access
      2. 2. Sale of Goods No access
      3. 3. Right to Withhold No access
    2. II. Place of Delivery and Place of Repair and Replacement No access
    3. III. Cost of Transport in the Event of a Repair No access
    4. 1. 1. Declaration No access
      2. 2. Uniform Requirements No access
      3. 3. Restitution No access
    5. V. Contractual Consequences of Withdrawal of Consent for Processing Data No access
    6. VI. Price Reduction No access
    7. 1. 1. Environmental Sustainability No access
      2. 2. Subsequent Buyer No access
  6. F. Commercial Guarantees No access
  7. 1. I. Sale of Goods No access
    2. II. Supply of digital products No access
    3. III. Notification No access
  8. H. Right of Redress No access
  9. I. Relationship with other remedies No access
  10. J. Conclusion No access
  11. Bibliography No access
12. Zafeirios Tsolakidis
  1. 1. 1. 1. State act for the transposition No access
      2. 2. Contract for the provision of digital content or digital service No access
      3. 3. Sale of Goods No access
    2. II. Notions and definitions No access
    3. III. Personal data as counter-performance No access
  2. 1. I. Sale of Goods No access
    2. 1. 1. Initial non-performance of the supplier’s obligations No access
      2. 2. Non conformity of the digital content or the digital service No access
      3. 3. Non performance of the recipient’s obligations No access
    3. III. Goods with digital elements No access
  3. 1. I. Sale of Goods No access
    2. 1. 1. Remedies of the recipient No access
      2. 2. The case of personal data as counter-performance No access
  4. D. Commercial guarantees No access
  5. 1. 1. Sale of Goods No access
    2. 2. Digital content and digital service No access
  6. F. Right of Redress No access
  7. G. Epilogue No access
  8. Bibliography No access
13. Ádám Fuglinszky
  1. 1. I. The Status quo ante: Implementation of the Consumer Sales Directive of 1999 No access
    2. II. Suggestions on the Implementation of the Twin Directives in the Hungarian Legal Scholarship No access
    3. III. Implementation of the Twin Directives into Hungarian Civil Law – an Overview No access
    4. 1. 1. Hungarian Reflections on some Original Sins No access
      2. a) Private Law No access
        b) Other Branches of Law No access
  2. 1. I. Definitions No access
    2. 1. 1. Sales Contract on Goods to be Manufactured v. Service Contract No access
      2. a) A Contract for Consideration? Some Basic Questions No access
        b) First Steps; Hints from other Fields of Law No access
        c) Withdrawal of Consent according to the GDPR: Impact on the Contract No access
    3. III. Conformity No access
    4. 1. 1. Liability of the Trader No access
      2. 2. Burden of Proof No access
      3. a) Sale of Goods No access
        b) Supply of Digital Content and Services No access
    5. 1. 1. Commercial Guarantees (Art. 17 SGD) No access
      2. 2. Modification of the Digital Content or Digital Service (Art. 19 DCD) No access
      3. 3. Right of Redress (Art. 18 SGD, Art. 20 DCD) No access
  3. C. Some Conclusions No access
  4. Bibliography No access
14. Geraint Howells, Fidelma White
  1. A. Introduction No access
  2. 1. I. Definitions No access
    2. II. Types of Contracts and Scope of Application No access
    3. III. Data as Counter-Performance and the Doctrine of Consideration No access
    4. IV. Business to Business (B2B) Contracts No access
  3. 1. I. Information Requirements in Distance and Off-Premises Contracts No access
    2. II. Spare Parts and After-Sale Services No access
    3. III. Right to Sell/Supply & Terminate; Freedom from Charges or other Encumbrances No access
    4. IV. Implied Contract Terms No access
    5. V. Exclusion or Limitation of Liability No access
    6. VI. Recipients of a Gift and Users of Motor Vehicles No access
    7. VII. The Durability Requirement No access
    8. VIII. The Duty to Inform and Supply Updates No access
    9. IX. Exclusion of Conformity No access
    10. X. Third Party Rights No access
  4. D. Liability of the Trader No access
  5. E. Remedies for the failure to supply and remedies for the lack of conformity No access
  6. F. Commercial Guarantees No access
  7. G. Time Limits No access
  8. H. Right of Redress No access
  9. I. Relationship with other Remedies No access
  10. J. Concluding Remarks No access
  11. Bibliography No access
15. Alberto De Franceschi
  1. A. Introduction No access
  2. B. Relationship between consumer law and general civil law No access
  3. 1. 1. 1. The notions of “consumer” and “trader” No access
      2. 2. The contractual role of online platforms No access
    2. II. Dual purpose contracts No access
    3. III. Data as a consideration No access
    4. IV. Bundles No access
    5. V. Second-hand goods, second-hand goods sold at public auction and living animals No access
  4. 1. I. The conformity criteria No access
    2. II. The implementation of the durability requirement contained in Art. 7, para 1, lett. d SGD, the coordination with the EC Eco-Design Directive and the forthcoming EU Eco-Design Regulation No access
  5. E. The Modification of Digital Content or Digital Service in the implementation provisions of the SGD No access
  6. F. Third party rights and the relationship with Intellectual Property Law No access
  7. 1. I. Liability Requirements No access
    2. II. Remedies for the Failure to Supply and Remedies for the Lack of Conformity No access
  8. H. Sustainability, premature and planned obsolescence and the relationship with the internal rules on unfair commercial practices Sustainability, premature and planned obsolescence No access
  9. I. The transfer of the rights against the initial seller from the initial consumer to a subsequent buyer The transfer of the rights against the initial seller No access
  10. J. Commercial Guarantees No access
  11. 1. I. Prescription No access
    2. II. Notification No access
  12. L. Right of Redress No access
  13. M. Mandatory nature No access
  14. N. Concluding Remarks No access
  15. Bibliography No access
16. Kaspars Balodis
  1. A. Introduction and General Framework No access
  2. B. Definitions and Scope of Application No access
  3. C. Conformity of Goods, Digital Content and Digital Services No access
  4. D. Liability of the seller or service provider No access
  5. E. Remedies for the Failure to Supply and Remedies for the Lack of Conformity No access
  6. F. Commercial Guarantees No access
  7. G. Time Limits No access
  8. H. Right of Redress No access
  9. I. Relationship with Other Remedies No access
  10. J. Conclusions No access
  11. Bibliography No access
17. Laurynas Didžiulis
  1. A. Introduction No access
  2. B. Definitions and scope of application No access
  3. 1. I. Conformity No access
    2. 1. 1. ‘Green’ economy No access
      2. 2. Personal data No access
      3. 3. Copyright No access
  4. D. Liability of the Trader No access
  5. E. Remedies for the failure to supply and remedies for the lack of conformity No access
  6. F. Commercial Guarantees No access
  7. G. Time Limits No access
  8. H. Right of Redress No access
  9. I. Relationship with other remedies No access
  10. J. Conclusions No access
  11. Bibliography No access
18. Laura Aade, Elise Poillot
  1. A. Method of Transposition of the Twin Directives No access
  2. B. Integration of the New Legislation into the Existing Legal Framework No access
  3. C. Conformity of Goods, Digital Content and Services No access
  4. D. Remedies for the Failure to Supply and Remedies for the Lack of Conformity No access
  5. E. Enhancing a Sustainable Regime of Conformity in Goods No access
  6. 1. I. Law of Contracts and Obligations No access
    2. II. Intellectual Property Law No access
    3. III. Law of Communications No access
    4. IV. Data Protection No access
    5. V. Geo-Blocking Regulation No access
  7. G. Time Limits No access
  8. Bibliography No access
19. Mireille M. Caruana
  1. 1. I. The Maltese Legal System: A Very Brief Overview No access
    2. II. A Very Brief History of Consumer Law in Malta No access
    3. III. Civil, Commercial and Consumer Protection Law No access
  2. 1. 1. 1. Where the thing sold is not of ‘quality promised’ No access
      2. 2. Warranty in respect of Latent Defects of the Thing Sold No access
  3. 1. I. Definitions and scope of application No access
    2. 1. 1. Subjective and objective requirements for conformity No access
      2. 2. “Durability” and Environmental Sustainability No access
      3. 3. Incorrect Installation of Digital Content or Digital Service No access
      4. 4. Third party rights No access
    3. III. Liability of the Trader No access
    4. IV. Remedies for the failure to supply and remedies for the lack of conformity No access
    5. V. Commercial Guarantees No access
    6. VI. Time Limits No access
    7. VII. Right of Redress No access
    8. VIII. Conclusion No access
  4. Bibliography No access
20. M.B.M. Loos
  1. 1. I. Layered System No access
    2. II. Digital Content Contracts before Transposition of the Digital Content Directive No access
  2. 1. I. Consumer Contracts or beyond? No access
    2. II. Sale of Second-hand Goods No access
    3. III. Sale of Animals No access
  3. C. Contracts in exchange for Payment of a Price No access
  4. 1. I. Personal Data as Counter-performance No access
    2. II. Consent to Processing of Personal Data and Withdrawal of Consent No access
    3. III. No Liability for the Failure to Provide (correct) Personal Data and Processing thereof No access
    4. IV. The Poor Pay More – with their Privacy No access
  5. 1. I. Mixing Conformity Period, Reversal of the Burden of Proof, and Duty to Notify No access
    2. II. Updates No access
    3. III. Durability and Sustainability with regard to Updates of Goods with Digital Elements No access
    4. IV. Producer’s Liability? No access
    5. V. Durability and Sustainability with regard to ‘Ordinary’ Goods No access
  6. F. Conclusion No access
  7. Bibliography No access
21. Fryderyk Zoll, Katarzyna Południak-Gierz, Wojciech Bańczyk
  1. A. Introduction – does it make sense to write this article? No access
  2. B. The brief story on the Polish implementations of the sales directives No access
  3. C. The interpretation of the civil code after the lapse of the period for implementation of the Sales Directive The interpretation of the civil code No access
  4. D. Conclusion No access
  5. Bibliography No access
22. Jorge Morais Carvalho
  1. A. Introduction No access
  2. B. Guided Tour of Decree-Law 84/2021 No access
  3. C. Scope and Definitions No access
  4. D. Conformity No access
  5. E. Liability of the Trader and Burden of Proof No access
  6. F. Remedies for Lack of Conformity No access
  7. G. After-Sales Service and Parts Availability No access
  8. H. Commercial Guarantees No access
  9. I. Direct Liability of the Producer No access
  10. J. Direct Liability of the Online Marketplace Provider No access
  11. K. Right of Redress No access
  12. L. Conclusion No access
  13. Bibliography No access
23. Juanita Goicovici
  1. 1. 1. 1. General guidelines for determining the scope of legal regulations No access
      2. 2. Situations exempted from the scope of application of the special legal provisions No access
      3. 3. Synopsis of the main specific obligations’ incumbent on professionals No access
      4. 4. Trader’s liability for non-compliant delivery of autonomous and embedded digital content No access
    2. II. Reverberations of the transposition of the Directives on the structure of the existing general and specialised law No access
    3. 1. 1. Reversing the general rule of the non-contractual nature of advertising content No access
      2. 2. Situations exempted from the binding force of the professional trader’s statements No access
    4. IV. Consumer’s (procedural) obligation to cooperate with the trader in establishing technically available means No access
  2. B. Definitions and scope of application No access
  3. 1. 1. 1. Interconnected levels of conformity No access
      2. 2. Subjective (atypical) criteria for assessing the conformity of products No access
      3. 3. Expressly agreed introduction of atypical features in the contractual content No access
      4. 4. Objective criteria for assessing conformity compliance in B2C contracts No access
      5. 5. Conformity assessed in relation to consumer’s legitimate / reasonable expectations No access
    2. II. Specific information on omitted characteristics No access
    3. III. Availability of spare parts and corresponding duty of information No access
    4. IV. Non-conformity resulting from incorrect installation of products No access
    5. V. Conformity remedies in hypotheses of personal data provided as a counter-performance No access
    6. VI. Trader’s attempt to unilaterally modify the contractual content No access
  4. 1. I. Exonerating effects of fortuitous events No access
    2. II. Remedies for the failure to supply and remedies for the lack of conformity No access
    3. III. Consumer’s right to withhold payment No access
    4. IV. Repair and replacement of products No access
    5. V. Contractual consequences of consumer’s withdrawal of consent for processing personal data No access
    6. VI. Environmental sustainability issues and fighting premature or planned obsolescence of products No access
    7. VII. Transfer of consumer’s rights to subsequent parties No access
  5. E. Commercial Guarantees No access
  6. F. Time limits and temporality bars No access
  7. G. Seller’s right of redress No access
  8. H. Reverberations on other legal remedies No access
  9. I. Concluding remarks No access
  10. Bibliography No access
24. Zuzana Adamová
  1. A. Introduction and General Framework No access
  2. B. Definitions and Scope of Application No access
  3. 1. I. Information Obligation No access
    2. II. Service Life and Spare Parts No access
    3. III. Compliance with the Ecodesign Directive No access
    4. IV. Incorrect Installation of Digital Content or Digital Service No access
    5. V. Providing of Personal Data as a Counterperformance No access
    6. VI. Changing (Modifying) Digital Performance No access
    7. VII. Rights of Third Parties No access
    8. VIII. Resale Right No access
  4. 1. I. Single Performance, Set of Single Performances and Continuous Performance over a Period of Time No access
    2. II. Obstacles No access
    3. III. Premature Termination of a Number-independent Interpersonal Communication Service No access
    4. IV. Service Packages and the Impact of the European Electronic Communications Code on Slovak Civil Law No access
  5. 1. I. Right to Refuse to Pay the Price No access
    2. II. Personal Data as a Consideration No access
    3. III. Pointing out a Defect No access
    4. IV. The Impact of Environmental Sustainability on the Choice of Entitlements No access
  6. F. Commercial Guarantees No access
  7. G. Time Limits No access
  8. H. Right to Compensation No access
  9. Bibliography No access
25. Damjan Možina, Jernej Renko
  1. A. Introduction No access
  2. 1. I. Scope of application No access
    2. II. Suitability for application to the B2B contracts No access
  3. 1. I. Transposed regime in the CPA-1 No access
    2. II. Third party rights No access
    3. III. Durability requirement No access
    4. IV. Modification of digital content or digital service No access
  4. D. Liability of the Seller/Trader No access
  5. 1. I. Remedies for the failure to supply and remedies for the lack of conformity No access
    2. 1. 1. General No access
      2. 2. Rejection and/or termination? No access
      3. 3. Repair or replacement No access
      4. 4. Place of delivery and place of repair or replacement No access
      5. 5. Price reduction and termination No access
      6. 6. Restitution after termination in contract for the supply of digital content and services No access
      7. 7. Damages No access
    3. III. Consumer’s obligation to provide personal data – enforceability and trader’s right to terminate the contract No access
    4. IV. Transfer of the rights against the initial seller from the initial consumer to a subsequent buyer No access
  6. 1. I. Commercial guarantees No access
    2. II. Mandatory guarantee No access
  7. 1. I. Warranty period No access
    2. II. Further time period for the exercise of remedies No access
    3. III. Notification requirement No access
  8. H. Right of Redress No access
  9. I. Conclusions No access
  10. Bibliography No access
26. Esther Arroyo Amayuelas
  1. A. Introduction No access
  2. 1. I. Legislative technique No access
    2. II. Some new developments No access
  3. 1. I. The relationship between consumer law and general contract law No access
    2. II. The relationship of consumer contract law with other matters No access
  4. 1. I. The contractual types No access
    2. II. In particular, Sales of goods No access
    3. III. Mixed contracts No access
    4. IV. Data as consideration No access
  5. E. Subjective scope of application No access
  6. 1. I. Durability No access
    2. II. Updates No access
  7. G. The modification of the digital content and digital services contract No access
  8. 1. I. Periods of liability No access
    2. II. Identifying the day of delivery or supply No access
    3. III. The reversal of the burden of proof No access
    4. IV. Suspension of the liability period No access
    5. V. Prescription of claims No access
  9. 1. I. General points No access
    2. II. Repair and replacement No access
    3. III. Price reduction No access
    4. IV. Termination No access
    5. V. Withholding payment and damages No access
  10. J. Redress and direct claim No access
  11. K. Overall assessment No access
  12. Bibliography No access
27. Jori Munukka
  1. 1. I. The Transpositions of the Twin Directives No access
    2. II. Statutory Structure No access
  2. B. Definitions and Scope of Application No access
  3. 1. I. Digital Supply as Performance No access
    2. II. Personal Data as Sufficient Counter-Performance Outside of The Twin Directives No access
    3. III. Personal Data as Counter-Performance in B2B Contracts No access
  4. 1. I. Delivery No access
    2. II. Subjective and Objective Requirements for Conformity No access
    3. III. The Durability Requirement No access
    4. IV. Duties to Inform about and to Supply Necessary Updates No access
    5. V. The Consumer’s Duty to Install Updates No access
    6. VI. Restricted Use Due to the Trader’s Infringement of Third-Party Rights No access
    7. VII. The Consumer’s Acceptance of Specific Characteristics of the Product No access
    8. VIII. Incorrect Installation No access
  5. 1. I. The Distinction of Liability between Single Acts of Supply and Continuous Supply No access
    2. II. Impossibility, Force Majeure and Changed Circumstances No access
    3. III. Electronic Communication Services No access
    4. IV. The GDPR and the Twin Directives No access
  6. 1. I. The Remedies No access
    2. II. Withholding Payment No access
    3. III. Repair and Redelivery No access
    4. IV. Termination No access
    5. V. Damages No access
    6. VI. Passing on Rights to Subsequent Buyers No access
  7. G. Commercial Guarantees No access
  8. H. Intermediaries and Online Platforms No access
  9. 1. I. Obligation to Notify of Defects No access
    2. II. The Trader’s Right of Redress No access
  10. J. Final Words No access
  11. Bibliography No access
1. Friedrich Graf von Westphalen
  1. 1. 1. 1. Art. 305 sequ. BGB No access
      2. 2. Special Rules on Interpretation No access
      3. a) Art. 307 Sec. 2 No. 1 BGB No access
        b) Restrictions on the validity of disclaimers No access
      4. 4. Interim Conclusion No access
    2. II. Scope of Art. 2 No. 10 No access
    3. III. Scope of the unfairness test of Art. 8 No access
  2. 1. I. Definition No access
    2. 1. 1. Recital 15 No access
      2. 2. Up-front analysis No access
      3. 3. Art. 5 of Directive 93/13/EEC as guidance No access
      4. 4. Transparency of the language actually used No access
      5. a) Incorporation of Art. 5 of Directive 93/13/EEC No access
        b) Three principles established by German Courts as guidelines No access
    3. III. Interim Conclusion No access
    4. 1. 1. On the basis of Art. 3 Sec. 3 No access
      2. 2. On the basis of Art. 306 Sec. 2 BGB No access
  3. 1. I. Outline No access
    2. 1. 1. Within the text No access
      2. 2. Within the Recitals No access
    3. 1. 1. Requirements and Consequences No access
      2. 2. Outline of main issues to be resolved No access
    4. IV. Unfairness control to the benefit of the consumer No access
    5. V. Unfair commercial practice due to the supply of unfair contract terms (Art. 3a UWG) No access
    6. VI. Interim conclusion No access
  4. 1. I. Outline No access
    2. 1. 1. Art. 3 Sec. 1 lit. c) No access
      2. 2. Art. 4 Sec. 1 No access
      3. 3. Interim conclusion No access
    3. 1. 1. Perspective of the business user No access
      2. 2. Perspective of the consumer No access
    4. 1. 1. Outline No access
      2. a) No conflict with Union law No access
        b) Possible conflict with Art. 307 Sec. 2 No. 1 BGB No access
  5. E. Summary No access
  6. Bibliography No access
2. Hans Schulte-Nölke
  1. 1. I. Quick adoption No access
    2. II. Scope and main content of the DSA No access
  2. 1. I. Article 6 DSA: Liability of online platforms No access
    2. II. Article 14 DSA: Terms and Conditions No access
    3. III. Article 30 DSA: Traceability of traders No access
  3. C. The (now filled?) enforcement gap in the DSA No access
  4. D. Conclusions: The DSA as ‘regulatory private law’ with potentially far-reaching consequences No access
  5. Bibliography No access
3. Philipp Fabbio
  1. A. Introduction No access
  2. 1. I. Core platform services No access
    2. II. The gatekeeper status No access
    3. III. Prohibited practices No access
    4. IV. Public enforcement No access
    5. V. Summary No access
  3. 1. I. Focus on practices, not contracts No access
    2. II. Contractual and non-contractual practices No access
    3. III. Mostly negative obligations No access
    4. IV. Contracting party status and group of companies No access
    5. V. Adjusting to changes in the regulatory situation No access
  4. 1. I. Availability of private law remedies No access
    2. II. ‘Shield-actions’ No access
    3. III. ‘Sword-actions’ No access
  5. Bibliography No access
1. Hans Christoph Grigoleit
  1. A. Introductory Remarks No access
  2. 1. I. Conventional Tendencies – Remedies No access
    2. II. Unconventional Tendencies – Deviating from contract types, expansive tendency, replacing market standards No access
  3. 1. I. Tackling the Digital Age – Specific Common Market Relevance No access
    2. II. “Issue-related approach” as a Tool to Focus Rules No access
    3. III. Comprehensive Legislation No access
  4. 1. I. Tendency towards Mandatory Legislation No access
    2. II. Breaking the Chains of Consumer Protection? No access
    3. III. The Issue of Multi-Layerism No access
    4. IV. The Mystery of Maximum Harmonization No access
    5. V. The Procedural Gap No access
  5. E. Concluding Remarks No access
  6. Bibliography No access
2. Sjef van Erp
  1. A. The culture shock of ‘code is law’ No access
  2. B. Smart contracts: Notion or definition? No access
  3. 1. I. Overview of the ELI project No access
    2. II. Legal relevance of transactions on a blockchain No access
    3. III. A typology of smart contracts No access
    4. IV. Smart contracts and consumer protection No access
    5. V. Duties to (re)code No access
  4. D. Concluding remarks No access
  5. Bibliography No access
3. Hugo-Maria Schally
  1. Bibliography No access